Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGF-R) in gynecological malignant tumors was investigated immunohistochemically. 1) With respect to the expression of EGF-R in the uterine cervix, it was seen in 20.0% with benign lesion. In cases of dysplasia, it was expressed in 62.5% of the cases with mild dysplasia, 81.8% with moderate dysplasia and 53.3% with severe dysplasia. In cases of CIS, it was seen in 46.7% and in cases of invasive cancer, it was seen in 22.2%. By hystological type, the expression rates were 27.3% for keratinized squamous cell carcinoma and 33.3% for large cell non-keratinized squamous cell carcinoma. No expression was seen in three cases of small cell non-keratinized squamous cell carcinoma or four cases of adenocarcinoma. In cases of benign lesions, EGF-R was localized in the cell walls of the basal layer, but in cases with dysplasia, it was found in the cell walls and also in the cytoplasm in all layers of the epithelium. 2) The expression rate in endometrial carcinoma was 14.3% and all of these cases were well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. There was no reverse correlation with estrogen receptors. 3) The expression rate for advanced malignant ovarian tumors was 31.4% and there was no clear correlation with the histological type. The prognosis tended to be better in cases expressing EGF-R than in those not. These results indicated that EGF-R appears to be related to the degree of advance of cervical dysplasia, but it was clear that the frequency of expression of EGF-R decreased when the cancer became invasive. In cases of malignant ovarian tumors, the expression of EGF-R tended to be related to the prognosis.
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PMID:[Immunohistochemical studies on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) in gynecological malignant tumor]. 206 13

Effects of oral contraception on cancers of the female breast and reproductive tract are critically reviewed from human studies reported since 1980. The cumulative risk of breast cancer through 59 years of age appears to bear no relationship to oral contraceptive (OC) use whatsoever. Studies restricted to women under age 45, however, raise concern about a possible adverse effect from OC use before a 1st term pregnancy. A duration-related protective effect against endometrial cancer occurs from the use of combined OCs. The risk is reduced by about 40% with 2 years of use, and by about 60% with 4 or more years of OC use. OC use in excess of 3 years protects against ovarian cancer. 4 years of use confers a 50% reduction in risk, and 7 or more years of use confers a 60-80% reduction in ovarian cancer risk. Studies of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ suggest elevated risks with 2 or more years of OC use, although results are difficult to interpret in view of numerous factors that might distort the findings. The risk of invasive cervical cancer appears to be unaffected by up to 5 years of oral contraception. Beyond this, there is evidence suggesting an elevated risk which approaches a 2-fold increase at 10 years of use. Cancers of the vagina and fallopian tube are extremely rare. Their risks have yet to be characterized in relation to OC use.
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PMID:Cancer of the breast and reproductive tract in relation to use of oral contraceptives. 267 58

Since 1971, cytological evaluation of cervical smears and endometrial aspirates was carried out in 604 women wearing CuT200 intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) for periods ranging from 6 mo to 15 yr. No cases of cervical neoplasia or endometrial carcinoma were encountered, even after continuous use of the device for 15 years. Dysplastic cervical smears were, however, found in 45 postinsertional smears, and endometrial hyperplasia was detected in seven aspirates; in no cases was the dysplasia or hyperplasia higher than of moderate degree. Thirty-nine of the 45 women with postinsertional dysplastic smears were followed for 3-4 yr; in no case did the lesion progress to a higher grade or to frank malignancy. However, persistence and recurrence of dysplasia were seen in 10 women, necessitating removal of the IUDs. The incidence of cervical dysplasia and endometrial hyperplasia was found to be much higher when the IUDs had been changed than when the original devices were worn continuously. The rate of removal of IUDs because of persistent or recurring dysplasia was also much higher in the former group. Since no pregnancies were reported in any of the women wearing the original device for as long as 15 yr, we do not advocate the practice of changing the device at the end of 3 yr for maintaining contraceptive efficacy as recommended by the manufacturers; instead, we recommend the uninterrupted retention of the original device for periods not longer than 5 yr in view of occurrence of endometrial hyperplasia in two 6-yr wearers.
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PMID:Cytopathological changes in human cervix and endometrium following prolonged retention of copper-bearing intrauterine contraceptive devices. 279 30

Both animal experimental work and epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory research on the effects of endogenous hormones in the human have made it clear that some influence of administered female sex hormones on the risk of certain cancers would be anticipated, and this has turned out to be the case. This review focuses on the administration of hormones during pregnancy, around the time of the menopause, and to prevent pregnancy. In the daughters who were exposed in utero to stilbestrol during the 1950s and 1960s, the most important effect is the development of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina or cervix. Few cases of this disease have been reported before puberty, but the cumulative risk thereafter up to the age of 24 years is estimated to be between 1.4 and 4/10,000 exposed. Much less attention has been paid to the mothers who actually took the stilbestrol than to their daughters, but the published data fail to provide any convincing evidence of an increased risk of either breast or reporductive cancer among them. Regarding the administration of hormones around the time of menopause, it is well established that unopposed estrogen therapy in menopausal women can cause endometrial cancer. This has been demonstrated in a large number of case control studies reported since 1975. Most of these studies were conducted in the US and most concern the drup Premarin (conjugated equine estrogens). Some cohort studies also have been reported, and they largely support the results of the case control studies. There is now little doubt that combined oral contraceptives (OCs) protect against both epithelial ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer. Preliminary findings in the major cohort studies concerned with the longterm effects of OC use also are encouraging. A series of large case control studies conducted during the 1970s showed clearly that there is no general association between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk, but these large studies included few women with appreciable OC use at an early age and accordingly the publication by Pike et al. in 1981 caused much concern. Pike's study involved 163 women in Los Angeles County in whom breast cancer has been diagnosed at age 32 or less, together with a like number of neighborhood controls. Vessey et al. (1982) and the Centers for Disease control subsequently published results which did not support the California findings. Preliminary results from a new case control study conducted in Oxford and in London since 1980 suggest an increased risk of breast cancer in young women who have prolonged OC use before 1st pregnancy. The situation is very confusing and it may be some time before there is a conclusive answer. In a large cohort study conducted in Los Angeles, rates of progression from cervical dysplasia to carcinoma in situ were much higher in women using Ovulen than in women using IUDs.
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PMID:Exogenous hormones in the aetiology of cancer in women. 637 76

In this discussion of Depo-Provera (DMPA) attention is directed to the following: pharmacology and mode of action; clinical considerations; cervical dysplasia; breast cancer; and endometrial carcinoma. DMPA, a microcrystalline suspension of medroxy-progesterone acetate, is used widely around the world as a contraceptive, particularly in developing countries. MPA (medroxy-progesterone acetate) is a synthetic progesterone which in its mycrocrystalline depot form can be delivered by simple intramuscular injection or jet injector to that depending on the dose administered plateau contraceptive blood levels will be maintained for 90-180 days when doses of 150 mg and 300 mg respectively are used. The effect of DMPA in suppressing ovulation is at the hypothalmic level where it inhibits the gonadotrophic release responsible for the midcycle surge in luteinizing hormone responsible for ovulation. When 150 mg is administered every 3 months pregnancy rates range from 0.0-1.2/100 women years. The pregnancy rates range from 0.0-3.8/100 women years when 300 mg is administered every 6 months. The drug is usually administered initially in the first 7 days of the menstrual cycle to avoid possible effects on an established pregnancy. Menstrual disturbances are the major reason for discontinuation of DMPA. The usual side effects are amenorrhea, irregular but infrequent bleeding, and a few instances of prolonged or heavy bleeding. There is no evidence to suggest that DMPA increases the risk of invasive cancer of the cervix, but the evidence regarding the incidence of cervical dysplasia is ambiguous. There have not been any cases of breast cancer that can be related to DMPA use, but DMPA toxicology studies on beagle bitches revealed an increased incidence of benign and malignant breast tumors. It is well established that in adenocarcinoma of the endometrium DMPA is effective in causing regression and preventing recurrence of this tumor.
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PMID:Depo provera in perspective. 646 84

The California Department of Health Services conducted a cervical cancer screening program in 12 counties where local health agencies provided the screening services. A major purpose of the study was to screen women at high risk of cervical cancer and to assure that women with abnormal results on cervical cytology testing obtained appropriate diagnostic workup and treatment. A total of 34,318 women were screened, and 7,811 returned for up to 3 annual rescreening examinations. Final cytologic results were 33,658 normal, 100 unsatisfactory, and 560 abnormal smears. Of the abnormal smears, 484 were indicative of cervical dysplasia, 41 of in situ cervical cancer and 22 of invasive cervical cancer. In 13 women, endometrial cancer was suspected. Complete followup information on diagnostic evaluation and treatment was obtained for 80 percent of the women with abnormal Pap test results. Histological confirmation of neoplasia was reported for 173 women. The diagnoses were cervical dysplasia in 108, cervical cancer in 58 (49 in situ, 9 invasive) and endometrial cancer in 7. The program reached greater proportions of older women, the less affluent, women of Spanish origin and oriental women and a smaller proportion of blacks than were present in the general female population of California.
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PMID:12-county program: screening of 34,318 women for cervical cancer in California, 1975-78. 730 9

Endometrial cancers have been considered to be less prevalent in Japan than in Western countries. However, with the increase in life expectancy, the Westernization of the Japanese diet, and changes in the hormonal environment, the prevalence of the disease has gradually increased even in our country. Similar increases in cancers of the breasts, lungs, colons, and ovaries have been noted in recent years. Much is still unknown regarding the pathogenesis and natural history of endometrial cancer. Although endometrial hyperplasia is considered to be a precancerous lesion of endometrial carcinoma, the relationship between those diseases has not been elucidated to the same degree as that between cervical cancer and cervical dysplasia, or carcinoma in situ. Research findings in genetic oncology have revealed that tumorigenesis involves a multi-step process. It is probable that activation of multiple genes, inactivation of anti-oncogenes, and disappearance of normal inhibitor genes occur in the process of the development of endometrial cancer. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the relationship between oncogenes and the development of endometrial cancer. In addition, the significance of endometrial hyperplasia as a clinical entity is also be evaluated. The roles played by oncogenes in endometrial cancers and endometrial hyperplasias were examined using the most recent molecular biological and immunohistochemical methods. Also, the differences in cellular proliferation and tissue invasiveness were discussed. Results obtained were as follows. Evaluation of cell proliferation (PCNA, FCM) revealed that there was no difference in proliferative activity between atypical hyperplasia and well differentiated adenocarcinoma. Evaluation of oncogene abnormalities (c-myc,c-erbB-2,K-ras,p53) revealed that the development of endometrial cancer was a multistep process involving several oncogenes, as it has been noted in the development of other cancers. Evaluation of extracellular matrix and related factors (cathepsin D, laminin, type IV collagen, tenascin, CD44) showed that tissue invasiveness differed between atypical hyperplasia and well differentiated adenocarcinoma.
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PMID:[Evaluation of the degree of biological behavior in endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma: an investigation of proliferative activity, oncogene, and extracellular matrix]. 810 84

Non surgical prevention of uterine cervical cancer relies on regular performance of Pap smears and colposcopy. Screening for cervical dysplasia allows their treatment by laser vaporisation or cone biopsy, according to their grade, and therefore the prevention of invasive carcinoma. Unfortunately, 40% of the female population does not comply to cervical screening and Pap smears entail 20% false negative results. Prevention of endometrial carcinoma is even far more difficult in that endometrial smears are seldom practised. Periodic surveillance of women receiving oestrogenic hormonal therapy, addition of progesterone in order to eventually protect the endometrium, hysteroscopic detection of irregular endometrial hyperplasia, represent the only tools available today.
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PMID:[Non-surgical prevention of uterine cancer]. 952 85

The aim of this study was to define the clinical implications of semi-quantitative telomerase activity in gynecological tumors by comparing the telomerase activity of cancerous lesion and the adjacent non-cancerous lesion. In 118 cases of gynecologic tumors, including 41 uterine cervical tumors, 43 uterine body tumors and 34 ovarian tumors, telomerase activities were determined using TRAPeze telomerase detection kit for the extension reaction of the telomere sequence and the PCR reaction for amplification of the sequence, and using fluorecence-based telomere repeat amplification protocol (F-TRAP) method for the detection. In all gynecologic cancers examined, telomerase activity of the cancerous lesion was significantly higher than that of the non-cancerous lesion. Telomerase activity in the uterine cervix increased in the following order of the normal uterine cervix, cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. Regarding the endometrial cancer, telomerase activity at the primary lesion in patients with lymph node metastases was significantly higher than that in patients without lymph node metastases. When telomerase activity was compared by histologic subtypes of the ovarian cancer, clear cell adenocarcinoma showed significantly lower telomerase activity than the other subtypes, especially endometrioid adenocarcinoma. In all gynecologic cancers examined, there was no clear correlation between the telomerase activity and age at diagnosis or age of menopause. Although all tumors with 100 units or more telomerase activity were cancerous, the sensitivity was 39% in cervical cancer, 41% in endometrial cancer and 21% in ovarian cancer, respectively. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) had already increased telomerase activity and endometrial cancer with lymph node metastases had also greater activity than that without lymph node metastases. Although telomerase activity in ovarian cancer tended to increase as stage advances, it is noteworthy that clear cell adenocarcinoma showed significantly lower telomerase activity than endometrioid adenocarcinoma.
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PMID:Telomerase activity in gynecological tumors. 1094 30

The problems of oral contraception considered are: possible carcinogenesis, thrombophlebitis or thromboembolism, and possible effect on the reproductive or genetic potential of the ova. Estrogen-progestogen combinations produce characteristic effects of estrogen, indicating that the estrogen given exceeds normal endogenous estrogen production. In humans all known carcinogenic agents involve a latent period, many for a decade or more. Both endogenous and exogenous estrogens have been shown to modify the activity of established breast cancer in humans. The effect on the preclinical phases is unknown. Effects of prolonged use of estrogens on breast cancer will require more extensive studies. Endometrial cancer has been reported to undergo regression under intensive progesterone therapy. Other known carcinolytic agents such as X-rays and alkylating substances are known to be carcinogenic under some conditions. One may, therefore, question the advisability of derangement of such endocrinological relationships. Distinctive histological changes in the endometrium after use of estrogen-progestogen mixtures have been described. Such atrophic changes represent drug-induced pathology. Although these changes disappear when therapy is discontinued, the latent effect is unknown. Since the pathogenic period for cancer of the cervix is estimated to be 7-10 years, studies of this possible effect should exceed this time span and be carefully devised so that data can be compared. Data reported so far do not provide a sound statistical basis. Immediate effects on cervical dysplasia have not been shown to be unfavorable. Thrombophlebitis and thromboembolic phenomena have been reported but on the basis of available data no significant increase in risk has been demonstrated. Studies of carcinogenesis in animals are readily reproduced. However, the human population is so heterogenous that the genetic factor is uncertain. The ultimate effect of oral contraceptives on the ova is unknown. So far observations have shown none. Each physician prescribing these drugs should evaluate the risks involved with due regard for the results of alternate methods of contraception available.
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PMID:An appraisal of certain problems involved in the use of steroid compounds for contraception. 1225 50


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