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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Of all cancers in the United States, 35% are estimated to be caused by dietary factors and may be preventable. Diets high in fat or calories, for example, are said to be associated with five of the six most common cancers: breast, colorectal, pancreatic, prostatic, and uterine. Conversely, some dietary components such as vitamin A, in fruits and vegetables, and fiber may help protect against certain cancers. Obesity may confer a small risk of breast cancer on a woman, but women with upper body fat localization are at significantly higher risk of developing breast cancer and endometrial cancer.
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PMID:Nutrition and cancer prevention. 132 28

The first reference concerning the multiple primary malignant neoplasms was made by Bilroth, 1880 and since then a large number of studies have been published. Furthermore, an increasing incidence of simultaneous cancers are currently observed (16,18). At the same time, several retrospective populational studies evidenced the association between breast and endometrium carcinoma. It is well known that both uterus and breast are hormone-dependent organs and are likely to be influenced by the same oncogenic stimulus, either of endocrine nature or dietary origin (2, 3, 14). The risk of developing endometrial carcinoma is higher in patients already affected by breast neoplasm and is much more evident in older women within the first five years following the diagnosis of breast tumor. Conversely, patients with endometrial carcinoma may present a second mammary neoplasm and the relative risk is around 2.0 (1, 17). Although the existence of a correlation between these two primary malignant neoplasms is clearly observed, the absence of systematic studies directed to the screening of endometrial cancer in women with breast carcinoma is surprising. This study deals with histological analysis of the endometrium of postmenopausal patients with breast cancer and aims to determine the possible changes that might have occurred in the onset of the disease.
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PMID:Histological study of the endometrium in menopausal women with breast carcinoma. 134 Oct 15

The development of tamoxifen therapy to treat selected patients, with all stages of breast cancer, has provided the clinical community with an efficacious and safe drug for long-term therapy. Issues of safety are under constant review, but justified concerns about high doses of tamoxifen acting as a promoter of liver cancer in rats or as a promoter of endometrial cancer in women have not, as yet, proved to be of clinical relevance. The situation will continue to be reviewed during the development of the prevention studies in Europe and the United States because an improvement in women's health is the ultimate goal of these programs. The hallmark for the successful development of tamoxifen has been the close cooperation between the laboratory and the clinic. The clinical strategy of long-term tamoxifen therapy is a direct application of a laboratory concept. Furthermore, potential problems in the clinic have been identified in the laboratory, and the clinical community has responded quickly to evaluate the real risks to the patient population. This close cooperation will continue. Issues of drug resistance, new antiestrogen development, and the application of the knowledge about steroid receptors to develop targeted gene therapies are being addressed so that additional treatment approaches for breast cancer will be in place by the turn of the century.
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PMID:Overview from the International Conference on Long-Term Tamoxifen Therapy for Breast Cancer. 134 4

The over-expression of the proto-oncogene HER-2 (c-erbB-2/neu) in ovarian, endometrial and mammary carcinoma is an important indicator for poor prognosis. We have previously shown in 3 out of 4 ovarian carcinoma cell lines an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-mediated reduction in HER-2 specific protein and RNA levels. The oncogene expression was lowered only in the ovarian carcinoma cell lines but not in 3 IFN-gamma-sensitive human breast cancer cell lines. We extended our observations also to IFN type I, alpha and omega. The expression of the oncogene was measured by both the p185HER-2 ELISA and in selected cases by a living cell radioimmunoassay using the monoclonal antibody (MAb) 4D5 against the extracellular domain. Both IFN types reduced the expression of HER-2 in the ovarian carcinoma cell lines OVCAR-3, HTB-77, 2774 and SKOV-6, and in the SKUT-2 endometrial carcinoma cells. In contrast, SKOV-8 human ovarian carcinoma cells were sensitive for both IFN types regarding proliferation, but only IFN-gamma reduced proto-oncogene expression. In the SKBR-3 human mammary carcinoma cells, neither IFN type had an effect on HER-2 expression. The antibodies 4D5, 7C2, 3E8, and 3H4 which bind to the extracellular domain of p185HER-2 protein specifically inhibited anchorage-independent growth of SKBR-3 and HTB-77 cells. Expression of the oncogene HER-2 is the leading prognostic factor in ovarian cancer. Its modulation might represent a mechanism by which IFNs inhibit cell proliferation.
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PMID:Effects of interferons on the expression of the proto-oncogene HER-2 in human ovarian carcinoma cells. 137 Feb 27

This paper presents an approach for the assessment of the androgen receptor (AR) status in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) tissues. Evaluation of AR was carried out in both soluble and nuclear fractions by a standard competition method, using tritiated mibolerone as radioligand. Based on our experience with breast and endometrial cancer, this approach focused on both type I (high affinity, low capacity) and type II (reduced affinity, higher capacity) binding sites, aiming mainly at establishing a putative "functional" receptor mechanism, i.e., the presence of type I AR in both cytosol and nucleus. Ancillary studies were carried out to exclude a potential overestimation of the AR content by interference with other steroid receptors, namely, progesterone (PgR) or glucocorticoid (GcR) receptors. Results showed that the interaction by PgR or GcR upon AR measurement was not relevant. The distribution of AR, namely the percent of positivity either in a single or in both cell compartments, was not significantly different in BPH (N = 32) or PCa (N = 24) tissues. For type I binding, the percent of positivity in both soluble and nuclear fractions (i.e., the "functional" AR status) was very close to that observed for other endocrine-related tumors, like breast cancer. Concentrations of type I AR appeared significantly higher in PCa than in BPH tissues; this was true for both soluble and nuclear fractions. In contrast, no significant difference was found in type II AR concentrations in either cell fraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Soluble and nuclear type I and II androgen-binding sites in benign hyperplasia and cancer of the human prostate. 137 70

This work is devoted to research on the selective screening possibilities of hormonodependent tumours of the female reproductive system organs (endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer). After morbidity analysis using case-control study elucidation of risk factors affecting cancer of the uterine cervix, endometrium, ovary and breast were carried out on of female population the Ashkhabad (311 cancer patients and 14872 healthy women). Using established risk factors and mathematical methods optimized computer programmes were developed processing individual risk and models forming risk groups or hormonedependent tumours which were used in practice. As a result in the risk group were found 0.9% subclinical states and hormonedependent tumours (control -0.16%). The research accomplished has shown the practical importance of hormonedependent selective screening and necessity of elucidating new disease-epidemiological and laboratory risk factors in cancer of the reproductive system's organs.
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PMID:Selective screening on hormonedependent tumours of women's reproductive system organs. 138 65

The largest case control study on the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and cancer is the US Cancer and Steroid Hormone (CASH) study. Since it did not use hospital-based patients as controls, it eliminated some biases. Since OCs suppress ovulation and suppressed ovulation is linked with reduced risk of ovarian cancer, scientists believe OCs may reduce this cancer risk. The CASH study shows that OC use indeed decreases the risk of ovarian cancer 40% (relative risk [RR]=.6 and this protection lasts for more than 10 years after OC discontinuation. Protection increases with duration of OC use (1 year RR=.6 and 10 years RR=.2). Estrogenic stimulation of the endometrium without ample progestational protection causes endometrial cancer. Thus combined OCs which have estrogen and progestin components should reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. The CASH study reveals OC use for at least 12 months reduces this risk 50%. OCs have a protective effect for at least 15 years after stopping OC use. In addition, UK national mortality data show OC use caused the decline in ovarian cancer mortality and a 40% decrease in endometrial cancer mortality over the last 20 years. A WHO 7-county case control study indicates that OC users in developing countries have the same protective effect against ovarian and endometrial cancer as those in developed countries. Studies of OC use and cervical cancer have had conflicting results due to 3 biases: cervical cancer is associated with sexual behavior and is therefore a sexually transmitted disease; detection bias. A study in Costa Rica conducted by CDC study has addressed the 1st and 3rd biases. It found no increased risk of invasive cervical cancer or carcinoma in situ with OC use. Studies of OC use and breast cancer have also had conflicting results, but the data clearly indicate that OC use does not increase the overall risk of breast cancer. In fact, OC benefits surpass breast cancer risks.
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PMID:Oral contraceptives and gynecologic cancer: an update for the 1990s. 141 42

Adjuvant tamoxifen therapy is associated with modest improvement in disease-free and overall survival in women with invasive axillary node-negative breast cancer. The preponderance of data supporting these general conclusions are from trials in postmenopausal women; in premenopausal women data appear convincing regarding disease-free, but not overall, survival. Firm conclusions regarding magnitude of benefit related to presence of different prognostic factors cannot be drawn at present. In postmenopausal women tamoxifen appears to alter favorably some risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis, which are the most common causes of mortality or morbidity in older American women. Adjuvant tamoxifen is associated with a significantly reduced risk of second primary breast cancer. Major serious risks of tamoxifen therapy include depression, and possibly thrombophlebitis and uterine endometrial cancer. Symptomatic vasomotor and gynecological side effects are frequent. Decision making with women should include assessment of these multisystem benefits and risks.
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PMID:Tamoxifen in axillary node--negative breast cancer: multisystem benefits and risks. 142 94

There are few instances in which a clear effect of hormones on cancer risk is known and in which the effects of those hormones on the cells concerned are also known. The best examples are the relationships between sex hormones and cancer in women. The effects of sex hormones both on the risk for endometrial cancer and on the cells of the endometrium are well understood, and the evidence strongly suggests that hormones act by altering the rate of cell division. The same mechanism may explain the relationships between sex hormones and the risk for breast cancer, but our understanding of cancers at this site is incomplete. Less still is known about the mechanisms of the effects of sex hormones on other hormone-related cancers, such as those of the ovary and cervix. Most sex hormones are not genotoxic.
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PMID:Sex hormones and cancer. 142 85

Tamoxifen is a nonsteroidal antiestrogen employed frequently in the treatment of breast cancer. An association between this drug and endometrial neoplasia has been reported. We report on 11 postmenopausal women with breast cancer who developed endometrial cancer while undergoing tamoxifen therapy and recommend aggressive investigation of vaginal bleeding in all women being treated with this agent.
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PMID:Tamoxifen and endometrial cancer. 143 40


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