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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It is estimated that 10-15 million women use oral contraceptives in the U.S. The 2 types of pills available are combination products containing both an estrogen and progestin, and single entity products with only progestin. Although more side effects are associated with estrogen, combination pills are the preferred prescription. Most often side effects are mild and disappear after continued use or switching to another type of pill. Some of the side effects are nausea; weight gain; chloasma; cervical extrophia and leukorrhea; hypermenorrhea; spotting and breakthrough bleeding; galactorrhea and pituitary tumors; choreiform movement disorder; endometrial cancer; and, hepatic effects. Fetal exposure to exogenous estrogens and progestins has been reported to result in increased risk for the heart and neural tube defects. Teratogenic effects subsequent to discontinuation of OCs does not appear to be a risk. The beneficial side effects of oral contraceptives are that the incidence of menorrhagia, benign breast neoplasm, dysmenorrhea, iron-deficiency anemia, premenstrual tension, acne, and ovarian cysts are lower in OC users. Thryoid diseases may be reduced by OCs.
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PMID:Side effects of oral contraceptives. 50 75

Given the small number of side effects, GnRH may be a useful and ideal drug for new therapeutic hormonal approaches in many cases of both invasive and noninvasive endometrial cancer. The hypoestrogenic state thus induced as well as a local effect may lead to pronounced regression of the tumor. Any future therapy should, however, always be tailored to meet individual needs. The use of GnRH agonists may be advocated in the following circumstances: 1. In pronounced endometrial hyperplasia and adenomatous hyperplasia (particularly relevant in those cases where hysterectomy is not desirable, e.g., in young patients who have not yet completed their families). 2. In patients with endometrial cancer where surgery is contraindicated or refused. 3. In addition to or as a substitute for radium treatment preoperatively to reduce uterine volume (myomas) to make surgery technically easier; to devitalize the tumor, stop menorrhagia, and improve anemia. 4. In advanced cases as an adjunct to radiotherapy and gestagens. It is possible that this will produce synergistic effects. 5. As adjuvant treatment (replacing gestagens?) in primary stages. 6. In relapses of endometrial cancer, refractory to conventional therapy, and in pulmonary metastases.
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PMID:Treatment of endometrial cancer with GnRH analogs. 161 20

In a study carried out in Germany between 1985-89 unintended pregnancy was found in 7.9% of girls aged 15-21 in 1985 and in 5.2% in 1989. A study of 2905 young people aged 14-18 in Austria indicated that 75% of girls and 55% of boys had sexual intercourse by age 18 making contraception vital for adolescents. Among oral contraceptives (OCs) micropills with 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol barely affect the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, but the gestagen component can induce bleeding, spotting, and breast symptoms. Discontinuation quickly restores the normal connection of the hypophysis and ovary without affecting later pregnancy. 5.1 years after the end of high-dose combination OC use for 9-46 months only 3 out of 13 women did not become pregnant. OCs reduce bleeding disorders, anemia, and dysmenorrhea, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer. Their effect on breast cancer is not clear. Phenobarbital and rifampicin accelerate OC metabolism, and OCs reduce the effect of anticonvulsives and tolbutamide (for hypoglycemia). Neogynon and Stediril D are postcoital pills used within 48 hours of intercourse. IUDs are not recommended, as adnexal infection is 1.5-2 times higher in girls 14018 using IUDs. The effectiveness of the diaphragm and condom depend on motivation; creams and vaginal sponges are useful but they may cause irritation. The Billings method produced only a 2.9 Pearl-index reliability in 7000 cycles, thus natural methods often fail. Before age 14 girls must have parental consent for prescription of OCs, after 14 the physician is not liable for OC prescription, but induced abortion still requires parental consent until age 18.
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PMID:[Contraception in adolescents]. 174 70

Both single-agent cisplatin and the combination of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide demonstrated moderate activity against endometrial carcinoma in earlier salvage trials. Since January 1979, 102 patients with advanced primary (n = 42) or recurrent (n = 60) endometrial carcinoma were prospectively treated with cisplatin (50 mg/m2), doxorubicin (50 mg/m2), and cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m2) (PAC). PAC was administered monthly until disease progression or toxicity precluded additional therapy. Patients received a median of five treatment cycles (range 1-13). Of the 87 patients with measurable disease, 12 had a complete clinical response, while 27 had a partial clinical response, for an overall objective response rate of 45%. No differences in response rates between primary and recurrent disease patients were noted. Median time to response was 2.5 months with a median response duration of 4.8 months. Nonresponders included 33 patients with stable disease and 15 with progression. Median progression-free survival for all patients was 6 months. Dose escalation was possible in 25% of patients; however, 52% of patients required dose reductions during treatment. Clinically significant toxicities included neutropenia (65%), anemia (47%), emesis (21%), nephrotoxicity (17%), and neurotoxicity (4%). Our study indicates that endometrial cancer is significantly responsive to PAC. Enthusiasm for this regimen should be tempered by the limited duration of response and substantial treatment toxicity.
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PMID:Prospective treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma with cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide. 201 51

Epidemiologic studies of oral contraception are of two main types: case-control and cohort. The best known cohort studies are the Royal College of General Practitioners' study and the Oxford-Family Planning Association study, both of which have been conducted in the United Kingdom. Combination oral contraceptives--both the older, higher-dose type, and the newer, lower-dose type--are highly effective if used properly. Noncontraceptive benefits of combination oral contraceptives include protective effects against menstrual disorders, anemia, benign breast disease, functional ovarian cysts, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, and uterine fibroids. Adverse effects include various cardiovascular problems, liver tumors, and the temporary impairment of fertility after stopping use, especially in older, nulliparous women. Effects, if any, on breast cancer and cervical cancer are still under evaluation. The often quoted cardiovascular risks of combination oral contraceptives are derived from studies of the older, higher-dose pills used in an outmoded way. There is evidence that modern pills, used by properly selected young women who are subsequently kept under surveillance, carry a minimal cardiovascular risk. A national study is currently in progress in the United Kingdom to try to confirm this.
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PMID:Epidemiologic studies of oral contraception. 257 63

A phase II multi-center study of carboplatin for cervical carcinoma was carried out in 22 institutes throughout Japan. The patients registered consisted of 40 women with 39 cervical carcinomas and an endometrial carcinoma, of whom 31 were evaluable. Carboplatin was administered intravenously every 4 weeks at a dose of 400 mg/m2, in cases with no prior therapies and/or P.S. 0-1, and 300 mg/m2 in cases with prior therapies and/or P.S. 2-3. The overall response rate of 31 evaluable cases was 19.4% with 2 cases of CR and 4 cases of PR. The response rates by histological classification were 18.5% (5/27) for squamous cell carcinoma and 25.0% (1/4) for adenocarcinoma. Response rates analysed by lesion sites were 12.5% for primary tumors, 30.0% for local lesions and 20.0% for metastases. The response rate among patients without prior therapies was 14.3%, while those for patients with prior radiotherapy and for prior radiotherapy and chemotherapy were 33.3% and 13.3%, respectively. Major adverse effects observed were nausea and/or vomiting (52.9%), anorexia (44.1%) and malaise (35.3%). Hematologically, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and anemia were frequently observed (52.9%, 35.3% and 32.4%, respectively). As for renal toxicity, elevation of BUN (2.9%) or serum creatinine (2.9%) and the decrease of creatinine clearance (14.3%) were observed, but they were mild, and tolerable. These results suggest that carboplatin is one of the most useful drugs against cervical carcinoma.
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PMID:[Phase II study of carboplatin in cervical carcinoma]. 305 77

A phase II group study of cisplatin for cervical and endometrial carcinomas was carried out in 19 institutes throughout Japan. The patients entered consisted of 62 women with cervical and 7 with endometrial carcinoma of whom 39 and 4 were evaluable, respectively. Cisplatin was administered in either of two regimens; 10-20 mg/m2 i.v., on days 1-5, or 50-100 mg/m2 i.v., on day 1, every 3 to 4 weeks. The responders comprised 4 CRs and 10 PRs for cervical carcinoma and 1 CR and 2 PRs for endometrial carcinoma, and the response rates were 35.9% and 75.0%, respectively. The response rates by histological classification were 39.4% (13/33) for squamous cell carcinoma and 16.7% (1/6) for non-squamous cell carcinoma. Response rates analysed by lesion site were 33.3% for primary tumors, 36.8% for local lesions and 33.3% for metastases. Furthermore, the response rate among patients without any prior chemotherapy was 44.4% vs. 16.7% for those with prior chemotherapy. Adverse effects included nausea and vomiting (95.3%), anorexia (93%), anemia (72.1%), leucopenia (60.5%) and elevation of BUN (16.3%). Adverse effects were tolerable. We concluded from these results that cisplatin is among the most efficacious and useful drugs against cervical (and endometrial) carcinoma(s).
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PMID:[Phase II study of cisplatin in cervical and endometrial carcinomas]. 356 7

The new generation of oral contraceptives (OCs) contains less than 50 mcg of estrogen compared to previous levels of 100-150 mcg, and as a result have fewer undesirable side effects. In addition, it appears that the newer OCs decrease the susceptibility to many diseases. For example, the pill decreases by 40% the risk that a woman under 55 years of age will develop ovarian cancer. The risk of endometrial cancer is reduced by 50% in OC users. The pill also significantly lowers the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease--a condition that is involved in almost 20% of all gynecologic problems and is a leading cause of infertility. OC use reduces the risk of ectopic pregnancy. Further, by decreasing menstrual blood flow, the pill protects against iron-deficiency anemia. The pill is claimed to decrease premenstrual tension, menstrual cramps, and even acne. It has a protective effect against ovarian cysts and benign breast cancer. Finally, there is the possibility that OCs protect against the development of rheumatoid arthritis and duodenal ulcers.
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PMID:Oral contraceptives come of age. 385 23

The usefulness of oral contraceptives (OCs) has been fully reappraised in recent years, and numerous beneficial effects on general health have been demonstrated over and above contraceptive action. Examination of several prospective and retrospective epidemiological studies has pointed to a reduced incidence of ovarian functional cysts and ovarian carcinoma in women taking OCs. Dysmenorrhea and premenstrual tension are also diminished while the risk of iron-deficiency anemia is decreased by 50% owing to a reduction in menstrual flow. There is approximately a 50% reduction in endometrial carcinoma risk, coupled with a significant reduction in the incidence of benign breast diseases. OCs also offer protection against rheumatoid arthritis and pelvic inflammation. Lastly, it is pointed that fears concerning augmented risk for cardiovascular disease while on OCs have proven to be false alarms. (author's modified)
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PMID:[Positive effects of oral contraceptives]. 668 43

Biopsy specimens of the endometrium obtained from the 154 cases diagnosed as glandular cystic hyperplasia were classified into 3 types. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The number of cases thus classified was 43 for type I, 78 for type II and 33 for type III. 2) Clinical diagnosis showed that functional uterine bleeding had the highest incidence, followed by myoma of the uterus, endometrial carcinoma and abortion in this order. 3) By age, 69.0% of the cases was concentrated in the fifth decade, the average age being 44.7 years. 4) Major clinical symptoms were 1) irregular cycle of menstruation, 2) prolonged genital bleeding, 3) anemia and 4) recurrence of symptoms. These symptoms were observed most frequently in type I, followed by type II and type III. Similar tendency was observed also in the incidence of complications with some of these symptoms. 5) The degree of endometrial hypertrophy was 3.7 +/- 1.0 mm for type I, 2.8 +/- 0.9 mm for type II and 1.6 +/- 0.9 mm for type III. 6) The incidence of the endometrial glandular epithelium in its active form was 70.7% for type I, 26.7% for type II and 25.9% for type III. 7) Stromal hyperplasia was found in 70.7% of the type I, 50.0% of the type II and 29.6% of the type III respectively.
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PMID:A clinicopathological study on glandular cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium. 686 18


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