Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An overview of the sex hormones is presented. Testosterone is a natural androgen produced in the testes, adrenal glands, and ovaries. It has anabolic as well as androgenic effects. Testosterone is used to treat inoperable breast cancer and osteoporosis, and to stimulate erythropoesis. Androgens are absolutely counterindicated in cases of prostate cancer. Estrone, estradiol, and estriol are natural estrogens produced in the ovaries, placenta, testes, and adrenal glands. These hormones also influence the production of gonadotropins by the pituitary gland. Estrogens are used to treat menopausal disorders, ovarial insufficiency, estrogen-independent breast cancer, prostate cancer, and in some cases pregnancy disorders. Estrogens and progestagens are 2 components used in oral contraceptives. Progesterone, a natural progestagen, is produced by the corpus luteum. It promotes the proliferation phase of the endometrium, fertilization, and nidation, and it works to maintain pregnancy. Progesterone is used to treat spontaneous abortion, corpus luteum insufficiency, and endometrial cancer.
 ...
PMID:[Sex hormones]. 24 26

E.F. Diamond questions the use of DES (Diethylstilbestrol) as a method of pregnancy prevention after rape because of the increased risks of vaginal cancer in women exposed to DES in vitro; the relationship to congenital anomalies and to endometrial carcinoma; and the actual number of pregnancies resulting from rape. According to Diamond, studies have shown that an insignificant number of pregnancies occur because of rape and to support this claim he cites a study conducted in Minnesota where 4,000 rapes resulted in 0 pregnancies. Diamond also assails the Catholic health care institutions which permit the use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive claiming that they are in actuality performing early abortion by medication.
 ...
PMID:Physician notes hazards of DES use to prevent pregnancy. 63 11

Gynecologic affections such as diabetic vulvitis, vulvo-vaginal mycosis, some dysfunctions of the ovary, recurrent abortion, secondary frigidity and sometimes carcinoma of the endometrium, may be the first signs of a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism. Contraception is particularly indicated in diabetic women. The methods are discussed.
 ...
PMID:[Gynecologic diseases in the diabetic woman]. 79

In 90 patients with metrorrhagia, aged 20-75, aspiration curettage with constant aspiration by a vacuum pump was applied. The most frequent clinical diagnosis was metrorrhagia dysfunctionalis (in 55 patients). The aspiration was performed without cervical dilatation, by using one ampoule of valoron i. v. by a cannula 3 mm in diameter and a chamber with a built-in sieve for collecting aspiration material. Histological analysis revealed endometrial carcinoma in 4 cases, post-abortion conditions in 29 cases, endometrial hyperplasia in 28 cases, while in the remaining patients the endometrium was normal. In 4 cases there was not enough material for analysis.
 ...
PMID:[Use of aspiration curettage in ambulatory patients]. 102 36

For women beyond the desire for childbearing, the contraceptive options are discussed as appropriate for the age and in light of risks and benefits. Reeducation and careful history taking are important. A pregnancy for a woman 40 years places a woman at greater risk for an elective abortion and greater risk of maternal mortality from abortion; low dose contraceptive use can have beneficial effects for menopausal women. Methods are grouped as contraceptive steroids (combination pills, progestin-only pills, oral preparations, implants, and injections), IUDs, barrier methods (diaphragms, cervical caps, vaginal sponges, spermicides, and contraceptive film), condoms, sterilization, and natural family planning. Empowering women means providing current scientific information and urging women to examine their lives, and to review how and why contraceptive choices were made, and the consequences of the choices. Sexually transmitted disease counseling is appropriate for women in new relationships. A positive attitude toward menopause needs to be conveyed. Combination pills at the lowest dose possible are recommended for women 35 years who are healthy, nonsmoking (or smoking 15 cigarettes/day), blood group O, and able to derive benefits from the pill. Benefits include a 30% reduction in uterine fibroids and protection against endometrial cancer, and decreased risk of ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and iron deficiency anemia. Multivitamin use with the pill is recommended due to reduced liver stores of vitamin A. Women 40 years with a parent dying of cardiac disease 50 years or with a history of hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia are not suitable candidates. 35 mcg preparations are recommended for women 35-45 years, and 20 mcg for women over 45 years. Progestin-only pills are recommended for those with contraindication to estrogen, but have a higher pregnancy rate. IUD use among older women may be difficult due to cervical or pelvic surgery; there is a higher incidence of PID and ectopic pregnancy with IUD use. Barrier methods are more successful for older women due to the changing vaginal anatomy. Vasectomy is the safest sterilization procedure.
 ...
PMID:Contraception for midlife women. 159 31

In a study carried out in Germany between 1985-89 unintended pregnancy was found in 7.9% of girls aged 15-21 in 1985 and in 5.2% in 1989. A study of 2905 young people aged 14-18 in Austria indicated that 75% of girls and 55% of boys had sexual intercourse by age 18 making contraception vital for adolescents. Among oral contraceptives (OCs) micropills with 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol barely affect the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, but the gestagen component can induce bleeding, spotting, and breast symptoms. Discontinuation quickly restores the normal connection of the hypophysis and ovary without affecting later pregnancy. 5.1 years after the end of high-dose combination OC use for 9-46 months only 3 out of 13 women did not become pregnant. OCs reduce bleeding disorders, anemia, and dysmenorrhea, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer. Their effect on breast cancer is not clear. Phenobarbital and rifampicin accelerate OC metabolism, and OCs reduce the effect of anticonvulsives and tolbutamide (for hypoglycemia). Neogynon and Stediril D are postcoital pills used within 48 hours of intercourse. IUDs are not recommended, as adnexal infection is 1.5-2 times higher in girls 14018 using IUDs. The effectiveness of the diaphragm and condom depend on motivation; creams and vaginal sponges are useful but they may cause irritation. The Billings method produced only a 2.9 Pearl-index reliability in 7000 cycles, thus natural methods often fail. Before age 14 girls must have parental consent for prescription of OCs, after 14 the physician is not liable for OC prescription, but induced abortion still requires parental consent until age 18.
 ...
PMID:[Contraception in adolescents]. 174 70

RU-486 is a progesterone antagonist (antiprogestin), an antiglucocorticoid, and noncompetitive antiestrogen. Further, it is 1 of 400 antiprogestins produced by at least 6 pharmaceutical companies. Research shows that RU-486 has the potential to treat endometriosis in addition to its already proven ability to terminate pregnancy. Indeed more conclusive research on antiprogestins should continue because they may have many other clinical indications. They may initiate cervical dilation and myometrial contractility adjunctive to labor and delivery. They may eventually be used as a contraceptive by preventing ovulation. Moreover, antiprogestins may slow growth of some estrogen dependent neoplasias, such as breast and endometrial cancer. They may even regulate cortisol production in Cushing's syndrome. Lastly they can evacuate a fetus who died in utero in advance pregnancy. Even though there are these potential benefits of antiprogestins that are unrelated to abortion, the politics of abortion hinder research in the US. Intimidation techniques are used to coerce the Food and Drug Administration, pharmaceutical companies, and researchers not to develop or sell any antiprogestins, especially RU-486. Narrow zealousness of 1 view point which excludes all other appropriate motives challenges logic and reason. The time has come for governmental agencies, pharmaceutical companies, researchers, and those who only consider the abortion issue to see the scientific agenda on antiprogestins more broadly. There are people other than those interested in their abortifacient qualities who need to know more about them.
 ...
PMID:Antiprogestins: the political chemistry of RU486. 157 87

Current practice of investigating abnormal uterine bleeding via dilatation and curettage is sometimes open to question, and outpatient procedures are emphasised. The therapeutic effect of curettage in normalising menstrual patterns is being discussed. In a prospective study we answered the question of diagnostic and therapeutic effects of curettage. Over a period of 6 months, all patients with curettage treated in our department were investigated (history, risk factors, previous hormonal treatment, preoperative haemoglobin value, type of anaesthesia, complications, histology). Curettages performed for the purpose of abortion, as well as in combination with conisation of the uterine cervix, were not included in the study. 234 curettages were carried out. Clinical indications were as follows: in 29% of the cases recurrent preclimacteric metrorrhagia, in 27% climacteric metrorrhagia, in 24% PMB (postmenopausal bleeding). In 19 cases we found an Hb value lower than 10.5 g%. Risk factors (obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus) for endometrial cancer were found in 38% of MB and in 20% of climacteric metrorrhagia. In 9 cases, the histological diagnosis was endometrial cancer (clinical indications: 5 PMB, 3 climacteric metrorrhagia, 1 recurrent preclimacteric metrorrhagia). Our study shows, that the indication for curettage should be applied generously, especially in cases of abnormal postmenopausal and perimenopausal bleeding.
 ...
PMID:[The value of curettage in the assessment of abnormal uterine bleeding]. 221 Mar 9

The number of users of oral contraceptives in Sweden has decreased since 1983. This decrease has been accompanied by a rise in the number of abortions, leading to the conclusion that abortion is increasingly selected as the contraceptive of choice. Surveys have shown that some of the decrease in use of oral contraceptives arises from concern about side effects, primarily breast cancer. This article summarizes the results of some recent large scale studies on the connection between oral contraceptives and breast cancer in order to give Swedish midwives the factual information they need to advise their patients. In summary, these studies have shown a connection between oral contraceptives and breast cancer with a moderate increase in risk after use over a very long period. In 1 study the relative risk was 1.74 after 8 years use of oral contraceptives, in a 2nd study the relative risk was 2.2 after 12 years use, and in a 3rd large study the relative risk was 1.5 after 8 years use. All 3 studies found no risk related to age at beginning of use or whether use began before the birth of the 1st child. The author suggests that midwives bring these considerations and positive health aspects of oral contraceptives such as protection against salpingitis, endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer to the attention of their patients as well as the medical risks of pregnancy. The author concludes that at present midwives may recommend oral contraceptives to women in good conscience as a reliable contraceptive.
 ...
PMID:[Which are the commonest questions about contraceptives and how shall we answer them?]. 236

This review briefly outlines the pharmacology of natural and synthetic estrogens, and synthetic progestins, and summarizes their beneficial and adverse effects for contraceptive and menopausal therapy. Currently, oral contraceptives contain 30-50 mc synthetic estrogen, and 1-5 mg nor-progestin; menopausal therapy may be either 0.625-1.25 mg natural estrogen or estrogen plus 10 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate daily if the woman has her uterus. The biologic effects of estrogens are : decrease in lipoproteins, increased blood coagulation factors, increased blood pressure, decreased glucose tolerance. Progestins increase blood lipids and increase insulin and glucose. Oral contraceptives increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly in smokers and in women over 35, in proportion to dose. These studies should be recapitulated in more detail with the newer low-dose pills. Orals have far more beneficial effects, besides providing an inexpensive, effective method contraception. The death rate of users of oral contraceptives is 3.7/100,000 (1.8 in nonsmokers and 6.5 in smokers), but the risk is 5.5 times higher in nonusers exposed to pregnancy and childbirth. The risk for users of barrier methods backed up by abortion is lower, but pills are cheaper and more acceptable. If woman did not take oral contraceptives, they would not be protected from cancer of the breast, ovary, endometrium, and ovarian and breast cysts. Menopausal therapy puts woman at increased risk of endometrial cancer only if the estrogen is taken alone, not if progestin is combined with the estrogen. There are no other adverse effects except decreased glucose tolerance and possible comprise of lipoproteins if a norprogestin of menopausal estrogens effectively treat hot flashes, depression, vaginal atrophy and bones loss.
 ...
PMID:The adverse effects of hormonal therapy. 351 31


1 2 3 4 5 Next >>