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Query: UMLS:C0451641 (urolithiasis)
 3,973 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In examination of the patients with tumors (25), ulcer disease of the stomach and duodenum (9), urolithiasis (11), cholelithiasis (5), occlusive lesion of the arteries of the extremities (17), it was established that the most significant decrease in electrokinetic blood properties was observed in a high prothrombin index, plasma fibrinogen and electrolytes content in the blood serum. For correction of the disorders revealed, rheopolyglucin , hemodes , heparin, trental were administered intravenously.
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PMID:[Disorders of electrokinetic properties of blood in patients with surgical diseases]. 156 52

Demineralization of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals precipitated from human urine in vitro yields an organic crystal matrix extract (CME) consisting predominantly of a single protein which we originally named crystal matrix protein but have subsequently shown to be a urinary form of prothrombin activation peptide fragment 1 (F1). The aim of this study was to determine whether CME is a promoter or inhibitor of CaOx crystallization. The effect of CME on CaOx crystal growth and aggregation was tested using a standard seeded crystallization system, and its effect quantified by use of particle size analysis and a computer model. In addition, the effect of CME on the crystallization of CaOx was tested in undiluted, ultrafiltered human urine using Coulter Counter analysis and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that CME is a potent inhibitor of CaOx crystal growth and aggregation in a seeded metastable solution. However, of greater significance is that at a concentration of 10 mg/l it completely reversed the formation of large crystalline aggregates that form upon the removal of urinary macromolecules from undiluted urine. It was concluded that CME is the most potent macromolecular urinary inhibitor yet to be tested in urine in vitro. By preventing the aggregation of newly formed crystals, the components of CME may significantly reduce the probability of particle retention in vivo and therefore the occurrence of urolithiasis.
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PMID:Calcium oxalate crystal matrix extract: the most potent macromolecular inhibitor of crystal growth and aggregation yet tested in undiluted human urine in vitro. 761 36

The short history of crystal matrix protein began in 1991, when it was shown to be the predominant protein present in the organic extract of calcium oxalate crystals precipitated from fresh human urine. Here, we review what has subsequently come to be known about the protein, from its highly specific immunohistochemical distribution in the human nephron, to its finding in kidney stones, to the discovery of its relationship with the human blood coagulation zymogen prothrombin, and, finally, its identification as a urinary form of prothrombin activation fragment 1. A vitamin K-dependent glycopeptide, fragment 1 possesses the so-called GLA domain of its parent molecule; its known properties suggest that it may fulfil a determinant role in calcium oxalate urolithiasis as a potent urinary inhibitor of crystal growth and aggregation.
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PMID:Crystal matrix protein--getting blood out of a stone. 778 3

The fact that organic material is always present and distributed throughout each renal calculus suggests that it may play a role in stone formation. The organic matrix of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals freshly generated in urine in vitro contains urinary prothrombin fragment 1 (UPTF1) as the principal protein. In this initial study, matrix was extracted from 12 renal calculi and evaluated for the presence of UPTF1 using Western blotting. UPTF1 was present in all eight stones whose principal component was CaOx, and in one of two stones which consisted mainly of calcium phosphate (CaP). UPTF1 was absent from the two struvite calculi examined. The relationship between CaP and UPTF1 was explored further. Matrix harvested from CaP crystals freshly generated in urine in vitro was also shown to contain UPTF1 as its principal component. Our inability to detect UPTF1 in one mixed CaOx/CaP stone may be related to our methods of matrix retrieval, while its absence from two struvite stones argues against it being present in the other stones merely as a consequence of passive inclusion. This absence may be related to the alkaline environment typical of struvite stone growth. The finding that UPTF1 is present in some renal stones provides the first direct evidence that links blood coagulation proteins with urolithiasis.
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PMID:Further evidence linking urolithiasis and blood coagulation: urinary prothrombin fragment 1 is present in stone matrix. 864 33

The factors precipitating clinically active calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis are not known. This study examined the relationships between urinary proteins that inhibit CaOx crystallization in vitro and the incidence of CaOx urolithiasis. The first hypothesis is that levels of urinary CaOx crystallization inhibitors differ between clinically active stone formers (SFs) and normal individuals. The second hypothesis is that lower levels of urinary CaOx crystallization inhibitors contribute to the two- to threefold greater incidence of CaOx urolithiasis in males compared with females. These hypotheses were derived from previous observations on the expression of urinary inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor trimer (IalphaTI-trimer) in normal and stone-forming individuals. The proteins of void urine samples from normal volunteers (24 males, 19 females) and CaOx-SFs (26 males, 16 females) were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunoreactive IalphaTI-trimer, osteopontin, and prothrombin were detected by immunoblot plus enhanced chemiluminescence; the relative densities of the bands were then determined. With the exception of IalphaTI-trimer (P: </= 0.026, approximately twofold), there was no difference in the relative densities of CaOx crystallization inhibitors in the urine of normal and CaOx stone-forming individuals. Thus, there does not appear to be a generalized increase or decrease in levels of CaOx crystallization inhibitory proteins between normal and CaOx stone-forming individuals. The relative density of IalphaTI-trimer was approximately threefold greater in females than in males (P: </= 0.001). Differences in the relative densities of the other CaOx crystallization inhibitors were small and of questionable physiological importance. These data do not support the hypothesis that males have a greater incidence of CaOx urolithiasis because of a generalized decrease in urinary CaOx crystallization inhibitory protein levels.
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PMID:Expression of proteins that inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro in the urine of normal and stone-forming individuals. 1113 74

In recent years there has been great interest in the putative role of prothrombin and its activation peptides, especially the urinary form of prothrombin fragment 1, in the pathogenesis of calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis. Previously, we showed that prothrombin and its activation peptides inhibit CaOx crystallization in inorganic conditions in vitro. The aim of the present study was to determine if this inhibitory activity is retained in undiluted human urine and, therefore, whether it is likely to have any influence under physiological conditions. A secondary objective was to assess the relationship between the structures of the proteins and their inhibitory activities. Prothrombin was purified from Prothrombinex-HT, cleaved with thrombin and the resulting fragment 1 (F1) and fragment 2 (F2) were purified. The purity of each protein was confirmed by SDS/PAGE, and their effects on CaOx crystallization in undiluted ultrafiltered human urine were determined at a final concentration 80.65 nmol/l using Coulter Counter and [(14)C]oxalate analysis. The precipitated crystals were visualized using scanning electron microscopy. The Coulter Counter data revealed that, whereas prothrombin and its activation peptides did not affect the urinary metastable limit and the size of the precipitated particles, F1 did significantly reduce the latter. These findings were corroborated with scanning electron microscopy which also revealed that the reduction in particle size caused by F1 resulted from a decrease in the degree of crystal aggregation, rather than in the size of the individual crystals. The [(14)C]oxalate data showed that none of the proteins added significantly inhibited the mineral deposition. It was concluded that with the exception of F1, which does inhibit CaOx crystal aggregation, prothrombin and its activation peptides do not alter the deposition and aggregation of CaOx crystals in ultrafiltered human urine in vitro. Also, the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain of prothrombin and F1, which is absent from thrombin and F2, is the region of the molecules that determines their potent inhibitory effects. The superior potency of F1, compared with prothrombin, probably results from the molecule's greater charge-to-mass ratio.
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PMID:Effect of prothrombin and its activation fragments on calcium oxalate crystal growth and aggregation in undiluted human urine in vitro: relationship between protein structure and inhibitory activity. 1191 5

Changes in concentrations of total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in blood plasma, blood coagulation and prothrombin index (PI) 9 days after exposure to extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) were studied in patients with urolithiasis. Urolithiasis patients with chronic pyelonephritis running with non-severe renal pain had often elevated concentrations of T3, T4 and blood coagulation. On day 9 after ESWL plasma concentration of T3 and coagulation decreased while T4 concentration and PI rose. The analysis of 4-year follow-up after ESWL demonstrates that high levels of T4 and PI on day 9 after ESWL may contribute to development of recurrent urolithiasis.
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PMID:[Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and recurrent urolithiasis]. 1218 58

It has been suggested that renal tubular cell damage induced by oxalic acid, one of the components of urinary calculi, may be involved in a variety of ways in the development of urolithiasis. During our study on a calculus related protein, renal prothrombin fragment-1 (RPTF-1), we noted that this is an inflammation related substance that mediates an acute inflammatory reaction, one of the original roles of prothrombin. RPTF-1 is a part of prothrombin that is a coagulation factor known to be expressed in the renal tubule. We examined whether oxalic acid may cause cytotoxic effects on tubular epithelial cells and whether such chemical stimulation may promote the translation of RPTF-1 mRNA into RPTF-1 proteins. We used Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells derived from the distal tubule of a dog kidney. In this study, the effects of oxalic acid in culture solution at different concentrations on cytotoxicity were assessed using a MTT assay. The location of active oxygen species was identified using dichlorofluorescein diacetate. After the prothrombin sequence of RPTF-1 was confirmed in MDCK cells, RPTF-1 mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR. The gene sequence of the same promoter area was ligated, and a luciferase sequence was inserted downstream of the vector. The target sequence was transfected into MDCK cells and the relation between oxalic acid and prothrombin promoter was examined. In addition, the variable expression of RPTF-1 mRNA was quantitatively compared depending on oxalic acid concentrations using real-time PCR. When cytotoxicity was investigated, cells were not damaged but, by contrast, were stimulated and activated under oxalic acid below a certain concentration. The relation between cytotoxicity on the cultured MDCK cell membrane and active oxygen species was confirmed. Luminescence in MDCK cells containing the luciferase gene was detected by the addition of oxalic acid, which activated the prothrombin promoter. A part of the prothrombin gene sequence in the MDCK cells was detected and an increase in the expression of RPTF-1 mRNA in MDCK cells by the addition of oxalic acid was confirmed using real-time PCR. Increased expression of prothrombin by adding oxalic acid has already been demonstrated in previous studies. In this study, however, RPTF-1 mRNA was promoted by oxalic acid and a direct association between oxalic acid and RPTF-1 is indicated. This finding shows that increased oxalic acid in urine induces the expression of RPTF-1 in tubular epithelial cells and thereby causes the generation of active oxygen species.
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PMID:Effects of oxalate exposure on Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in culture: renal prothrombin fragment-1 mRNA expression. 1632 15

Although urinary prothrombin fragment 1 (UPTF1) possesses several hallmarks expected of a regulatory protein in urolithiasis, its precise role remains unknown. To determine the relationship between renal prothrombin (PT), the parent molecule of UPTF1, and lithogenesis, this study quantified and compared levels of renal PT mRNA in healthy rats (n = 10) and rats rendered lithogenic (n = 10) by ingestion of 0.75% ethylene glycol for 8 weeks. Studies included morphological and histological examination of the kidneys with scanning electron microscopy of the urinary filtrates of control and experimental animals. Haematuria and calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals occurred in the urine of all experimental rats, but not in those of controls. Histological examination showed birefringent nephroliths and associated damage in kidneys of lithogenic rats, which were not seen in the control group. The amounts of total RNA extracted from both groups of rats were similar, but the median ratio of PT to beta-actin transcript of 11.14 x 10(-4) (10.65 x 10(-4) +/- 2.24 x 10(-4)) in the control rats was significantly (p < or = 0.001) reduced to 6.47 x 10(-4) (6.57 x 10(-4) +/- 2.72 x 10(-4)) in the lithogenic group. These results demonstrate that renal PT mRNA is reduced by approximately 42% in lithogenic rats and confirm the existence of a direct association between renal PT synthesis and calculogenesis. Attempts to compare renal PT and urinary levels of PTF1 were unsuccessful because of interference from hepatic PT circulating in the blood, haematuria, and the presence of urinary CaOx crystals. This is the first report of a significant reduction in the renal expression of a urinary protein well documented to inhibit CaOx crystal growth and aggregation in undiluted human urine in vitro.
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PMID:Renal prothrombin mRNA is significantly decreased in a hyperoxaluric rat model of nephrolithiasis. 1698 Dec 43

This study was undertaken to determine whether the use of different washing procedures could explain dissident findings in published studies examining the role of urinary macromolecules in urolithiasis. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals were deposited from or added to the same sieved urine, washed with copious or limited amounts of distilled water, or with methanol, and examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Demineralized extracts were analysed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting for Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THG), human serum albumin (HSA), osteopontin (OPN) and prothrombin fragment 1 (PTF1). Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD) with Rietveld whole-pattern peak fitting and profile analysis was used to determine non-uniform crystal strain and crystallite size in crystals generated from inorganic solutions in the presence of increasing concentrations of THG and prothrombin (PT). HSA and PTF1 were present in all demineralized crystal extracts, confirming their inclusion within COM. OPN was present in all extracts except those derived from pure inorganic COM crystals, because of its occlusion within small numbers of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals contaminating the COM population. THG was absent from the demineralized extracts of all crystals washed copiously with water, but present in those washed with methanol or limited amounts of water. FESEM showed extraneous organic material associated only with crystals whose extracts contained THG, confirming that the protein does not bind permanently to the COM crystal surface and is not occluded within the mineral bulk. This was confirmed by SXRD, which showed that non-uniform strain and crystallite size remained unaltered in crystals grown in the presence of increasing THG concentrations. However, non-uniform strain increased and crystallite size decreased with increasing PT concentrations, demonstrating unambiguously that PT is included in COM crystals. It was concluded that scrupulous care must be taken to ensure the complete removal of extraneous THG adventitiously associated with CaOx crystals in order to avoid inaccurate analysis of crystal matrix protein content and possible misinterpretation of experimental data.
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PMID:The importance of a clean face: the effect of different washing procedures on the association of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and other urinary proteins with calcium oxalate crystals. 1727 22


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