Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: UMLS:C0451641 (urolithiasis)
3,973 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Male patients with recurrent calcium (Ca) urolithiasis (RCU) with idiopathic hypercalciuria (I-HC, n = 12) or normocalciuria (NC, n = 12), and age, sex, and weight-matched controls (C, n = 12) were evaluated before and after a carbohydrate-rich synthetic meal for blood glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), alpha-amino-nitrogen, several glucometabolic hormones and parathyroid hormone (PTH), and urine Ca, phosphate, oxalate, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels as well as saturation. Fasting serum Ca was significantly higher and PTH significantly lower in I-HC than in controls, whereas in fasting urine cAMP and phosphate were unchanged. There were only minor differences between fasting blood glucose levels and postprandial glucose tolerance of RCU patients and controls. However, serum insulin was significantly elevated in I-HC versus C, but serum C-peptide, plasma glucagon, and somatostatin levels were comparable in RCU and C. FFA were significantly lower in RCU than C. Postprandial phosphaturia and urinary saturation with Ca-phosphates were significantly higher in RCU versus C, whereas urinary cAMP, pH, and oxalate were similar. We conclude that: (1) in RCU patients some postabsorptive steps in glucose metabolism may be abnormal; (2) those with I-HC have enhanced postprandial Ca and phosphate excretion concomitantly with disordered insulin metabolism; and (3) RCU patients may suffer from a postprandial renal phosphate leak, which may make their urine more lithogenic.
...
PMID:Blood levels of glucometabolic hormones and urinary saturation with stone forming phases after an oral test meal in male patients with recurrent idiopathic calcium urolithiasis and in healthy controls. 257 28

The effect of high levels of dietary magnesium (1.4%) alone or in combination with elevated calcium (1.8%) or phosphorus (1.6%) on growth and health of male calves was evaluated during a nine week feeding trial after weaning. Twenty calves were randomly divided into 4 feeding groups consisting of controls, high magnesium, high magnesium and calcium or high magnesium and phosphorus. Elevated dietary minerals caused decreased feed intake and growth rate. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were greatly elevated in calves fed high magnesium or magnesium and phosphorus and serum urea nitrogen was moderately elevated in calves fed high magnesium and calcium. These elevations suggested the occurrence of renal damage as a result of microcrystalline obstruction of renal tubules. Serum magnesium levels were three times normal in calves fed high magnesium or magnesium and phosphorus, but only twice normal in calves fed high magnesium and calcium. High dietary magnesium resulted in a significant depression in blood calcium level. This effect was somewhat overcome by additional dietary calcium Three calves fed the high magnesium diet and two calves fed the high magnesium and phosphorus diet developed urinary tract obstruction. The chemical composition of uroliths recovered from these calves was calcium apatite. Elevated dietary magnesium has been shown to be a cause of urolithiasis in growing male calves. Additional dietary calcium, but not phosphorus, appears to protect calves against urolithiasis induced by elevated dietary magnesium.
...
PMID:Dietary magnesium and urolithiasis in growing calves. 380 29

A newly designed urolithiasis model for rats, inducing a mild urinary tract infection, exhibiting reduced renal damage without pyelonephritis and causing reliable stone formation, was established. This was accomplished by implanting a zinc disc in the bladder and then performing transvesical inoculation of Proteus mirabilis into the bladder. Five days after challenge with 10(7) colony forming units (CFU) of P. mirabilis in each rat, the number of organisms in the bladder urine reached a level of over 10(5) colony forming units per ml. The infection was mostly restricted to the urinary tract organs. Infectious bladder stones were formed 5 days after infection and developed day by day, weighing 88.3 +/- 18.8 mg. on the 21st day. Blood urea nitrogen values stayed in the normal range in all test animals during this experiment. The main composition of the stones formed was shown to be struvite (MgNH4PO4 X 6H2O).
...
PMID:A newly designed model for infection-induced bladder stone formation in the rat. 638 7

Urease (urea amidohydrolase; EC 3.5.1.5) catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to yield ammonia and carbamate. The latter compound spontaneously decomposes to yield another molecule of ammonia and carbonic acid. The urease phenotype is widely distributed across the bacterial kingdom, and the gene clusters encoding this enzyme have been cloned from numerous bacterial species. The complete nucleotide sequence, ranging from 5.15 to 6.45 kb, has been determined for five species including Bacillus sp. strain TB-90, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Helicobacter pylori, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Sequences for selected genes have been determined for at least 10 other bacterial species and the jack bean enzyme. Urease synthesis can be nitrogen regulated, urea inducible, or constitutive. The crystal structure of the K. aerogenes enzyme has been determined. When combined with chemical modification studies, biophysical and spectroscopic analyses, site-directed mutagenesis results, and kinetic inhibition experiments, the structure provides important insight into the mechanism of catalysis. Synthesis of active enzyme requires incorporation of both carbon dioxide and nickel ions into the protein. Accessory genes have been shown to be required for activation of urease apoprotein, and roles for the accessory proteins in metallocenter assembly have been proposed. Urease is central to the virulence of P. mirabilis and H. pylori. Urea hydrolysis by P. mirabilis in the urinary tract leads directly to urolithiasis (stone formation) and contributes to the development of acute pyelonephritis. The urease of H. pylori is necessary for colonization of the gastric mucosa in experimental animal models of gastritis and serves as the major antigen and diagnostic marker for gastritis and peptic ulcer disease in humans. In addition, the urease of Y. enterocolitica has been implicated as an arthritogenic factor in the development of infection-induced reactive arthritis. The significant progress in our understanding of the molecular biology of microbial ureases is reviewed.
...
PMID:Molecular biology of microbial ureases. 756 14

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of nephrolithiasis in radical cystectomy patients treated with either intestinal conduit or continent urinary diversion. The charts from 94 patients who had undergone radical cystectomy with urinary diversion at our institution from 1988 to 1998 were reviewed retrospectively for this study. Charts and radiographs from all patients were examined for renal function and evidence or urinary tract calculi. Two groups were compared: group I patients had undergone diversion with an intestinal conduit, and group II patients had received a continent diversion (primarily involving an Indiana pouch). Conduit diversions were typically done with a freely refluxing anastomosis (Bricker), whereas continent diversions were done with a nonrefluxing ureteral-intestinal anastomosis. Group I consisted of 54 patients who had undergone ileal conduit (50) or colon conduit (4) diversion with a mean follow-up of 2.5 years (range 0.6-7.0 years). Group II consisted of 40 patients who had undergone continent diversion (33 Indiana pouches, 7 orthotopic diversions) with a mean follow-up of 3.1 years (range 0.5-10.5 years). Laboratory studies of serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and CO(2) were similar between the two groups. Six patients in group I developed urolithiasis, all in the upper tract. Stones developed at a mean of 3.1 years after urinary diversion. Three patients required operative intervention, whereas the others were managed expectantly. One patient in group II had an upper tract stone at the time of presentation for his bladder cancer, but no patient developed new upper tract stones during the present study period. Two patients in group II developed pouch calculi at a mean of 5 years after diversion; both required surgical intervention. In our study the risk for upper tract urolithiasis seemed higher in the intestinal conduit group (group I), with 11% of the patients developing stones. In the continent diversion group, no patient developed upper tract stones, although two patients (5%) developed pouch stones. Refluxing urine may contribute to an increased risk for stone formation after urinary diversion, whereas pouch stasis may contribute to stone formation in the continent diversion group.
...
PMID:Incidence of urolithiasis in cystectomy patients after intestinal conduit or continent urinary diversion. 1055 49

A retrospective study was conducted to characterize the diseases, clinical findings, and clinicopathologic and ultrasonographic findings associated with hypercalcemia (serum calcium concentration >11 mg/dL) in 71 cats presented to North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The 3 most common diagnoses were neoplasia (n = 21), renal failure (n = 18), and urolithiasis (n = 11). Primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed in 4 cats. Lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma were the most frequently diagnosed tumors. Calcium oxalate uroliths were diagnosed in 8 of 11 cats with urolithiasis. Cats with neoplasia had a higher serum calcium concentration (13.5 +/- 2.5 mg/dL) than cats with renal failure or urolithiasis and renal failure (11.5 +/- 0.4 mg/dL; P < .03). Serum phosphorus concentration was higher in cats with renal failure than in cats with neoplasia (P < .004). Despite the fact that the majority of cats with uroliths were azotemic, their serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations and urine specific gravity differed from that of cats with renal failure. Additional studies are warranted to determine the underlying disease mechanism in the cats we identified with hypercalcemia and urolithiasis. We also identified a small number of cats with diseases that are not commonly reported with hypercalcemia. Further studies are needed to determine whether an association exists between these diseases and hypercalcemia, as well as to characterize the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism for each disease process.
...
PMID:Hypercalcemia in cats: a retrospective study of 71 cases (1991-1997). 1077 91

To compare the effects of two dietary protein sources, fish meal (FM) and corn gluten meal (CGM), fecal moisture content, nitrogen balance and urinary excretion were examined in adult cats. The dietary protein source did not cause a significant difference in daily food intake, water intake, urine volume, dry matter digestibility or urinary nitrogen excretion, but fecal moisture content was lower (P<0.02) in the CGM group. The HCl-insoluble fraction of urinary sediment tended to be higher in the CGM group (P<0.10), although urinary pH was similar in the two groups. These results suggest that CGM is comparable with FM in respect to nutritional value and the urine acidifying effect, but FM may be preferable to CGM for the prevention of constipation and struvite urolithiasis in cats.
...
PMID:Fish meal vs. corn gluten meal as a protein source for dry cat food. 1178 19

A 37-year-old small bowel transplant recipient with a history of urolithiasis was admitted for dysuria after passing a urinary stone. His laboratory evaluation showed increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Urinalysis showed increased white blood cells and positive leukocyte esterase. A computed tomography scan revealed signs of urinary tract obstruction and prostatic enlargement. He failed to respond initially to empiric antibiotic treatment with ciprofloxacin and ampicillin sulbactam while waiting for culture results. The pathogen recovered from both urine and blood culture was subsequently identified as Nocardia asteroides complex. The isolate was sensitive to ceftriaxone and sulfa but resistant to ciprofloxacin. The patient improved on ceftriaxone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and completed a 6-month course without any relapse. Nocardia prostatitis is an uncommon infection and must be treated with a long course of antibiotics guided by susceptibility testing.
...
PMID:Nocardia prostatitis in a small intestine transplant recipient. 1297 90

Hypercalciuria is an important and common risk factor in the formation of renal stones. In this study we evaluated the incidence and the clinical presentation of hypercalciuria in 75 children over 5 years of age with the diagnosis of recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). We measured random urinary calcium/creatinine value (three times), 24-h urinary calcium excretion, serum calcium, phosphorus, electrolytes, blood gas, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Hypercalciuria was found in 32 patients (43%). The mean urinary calcium/creatinine ratio for hypercalciuric patients was 0.50+/-0.21 mg/mg (min: 0.24, max: 2.60). The mean urinary calcium/creatinine ratio for the rest of the study population--those without hypercalciuria--was 0.10+/-0.04 mg/mg (min: 0.01, max: 0.18). Presenting symptoms of the hypercalciuric patients and normocalciuric patients were similar. History of familial urolithiasis was positive in 19 patients (59%). Predisposing urinary tract abnormalities in recurrent UTI was shown in 12 of the hypercalciuric patients (12/32, 37.5%) and 8 of the normocalciuric patients (8/43, 19%) without a statistically significant difference between. We conclude that hypercalciuria is not a rare finding among recurrent UTI cases in Turkish children. Hypercalciuria does not modify the clinical presentation of UTI, and we suggest the investigation of urinary calcium excretion in children with recurrent UTI.
...
PMID:Hypercalciuria and recurrent urinary tract infections: incidence and symptoms in children over 5 years of age. 1604 26

We examined the incidence of renal function deterioration (RFD) in a population of male gout patients and to identify associated risk factors. Subjects who had been regularly followed up for more than 2 years and had visited Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center Rheumatology Clinic between June 1, 2006 and January 31, 2007 were enrolled. Four subjects were excluded as secondary gout was suspected. Group I (Gr I) comprised subjects without RFD and group II (Gr II) comprised subjects with RFD during the follow-up period. RFD was defined as absolute increment in creatinine (Cr) levels over 0.4 mg/dl for subjects with baseline Cr levels <or=1.4 mg/dl or as more than 50% increment of baseline Cr level per 12-month interval in average for subjects with baseline Cr levels >1.4 mg/dl. Clinical parameters were analyzed to study the potential risk factors of RFD. Of 318 male gout patients, 296 (93.1%) were categorized as Gr I, and 22 (6.9%) were categorized as Gr II. The observation periods for Gr I and Gr II were 81.20+/-53.29 and 92.41+/-46.72 months, respectively (p=0.338). Initial Cr levels are similar between the two groups (1.25+/-0.51 vs 1.25+/-0.61, p=0.963). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that current age, age at disease onset, disease duration, treatment duration, body weight, height, family history of gout, tophi, urolithiasis, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, history of cerebral vascular accident, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, base-line and final Cr, blood urea nitrogen level, serum uric acid level, and body-mass index were not independent risk factors. However, history of ischemic heart disease [IHD; odds ratio (OR) 7.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.99-29.70] and greater waist circumference (WC; OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.11) were two independent risk factors of RFD. Additionally, the Cox multivariable analysis disclosed that IHD (p<0.001) and greater WC (p=0.011) deteriorated kidney function in these patients. The incidence of RFD in male gout patients is 6.9%. History of IHD and greater WC are two independent risk factors for developing RFD.
...
PMID:Ischemia heart disease and greater waist circumference are risk factors of renal function deterioration in male gout patients. 1803 May 16


1 2 3 Next >>

---