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Query: UMLS:C0451641 (urolithiasis)
 3,973 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The safety and effectiveness of sodium cellulose phosphate (SCP) in the treatment of calcium urolithiasis of absorptive hypercalciuria was explored. Eighteen patients with absorptive hypercalciuria with intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium, normal or suppressed parathyroid function, and active stone disease received 10 to 15 Gm SCP daily (2.5 to 5 Gm with meals) and 2 to 3 Gm magnesium gluconate daily (1 to 1.5 Gm twice daily orally separately from SCP) for eight to 54 months, while maintained on a moderate calcium and oxalate restriction. During treatment, serum calcium, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone, and urinary cyclic AMP remained within the normal range. Serum alkaline phosphatase and bone density (measured by photon absorptiometry) did not change significantly or remained within normal limits. Serum concentrations of magnesium, copper, zinc, and iron and blood hematocrit were not significantly altered by therapy. However, urinary calcium returned toward normal, and incidence of renal stone formation markedly decreased. The results suggest that SCP is a safe and an effective drug for absorptive hypercalciuria.
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PMID:Clinical pharmacology of sodium cellulose phosphate. 48 64

A newly designed urolithiasis model for rats, inducing a mild urinary tract infection, exhibiting reduced renal damage without pyelonephritis and causing reliable stone formation, was established. This was accomplished by implanting a zinc disc in the bladder and then performing transvesical inoculation of Proteus mirabilis into the bladder. Five days after challenge with 10(7) colony forming units (CFU) of P. mirabilis in each rat, the number of organisms in the bladder urine reached a level of over 10(5) colony forming units per ml. The infection was mostly restricted to the urinary tract organs. Infectious bladder stones were formed 5 days after infection and developed day by day, weighing 88.3 +/- 18.8 mg. on the 21st day. Blood urea nitrogen values stayed in the normal range in all test animals during this experiment. The main composition of the stones formed was shown to be struvite (MgNH4PO4 X 6H2O).
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PMID:A newly designed model for infection-induced bladder stone formation in the rat. 638 7

The fresh juice of Musa stem (Puttubale) was tested for its antilithiatic activity. Zinc discs were implanted in the urinary bladder of albino rats to induce urolithiasis. The stones formed were mainly of magnesium ammonium phosphate with traces of calcium oxalate. Musa stem juice (3 mL/rat/day orally) was found to be effective in reducing the formation and also in dissolving the pre-formed stones.
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PMID:Evaluation of Musa (Paradisiaca Linn. cultivar)--"Puttubale" stem juice for antilithiatic activity in albino rats. 811 13

The possible effects of Zn and Cu in oxalocalcic urolithiasis were investigated. The formation of calcium oxalate crystals in the presence of Zn and Cu demonstrated that their morphology is clearly affected by these ions. Thus, when such ions were present in a number of higher concentrations, a notable increase in the primary aggregation was clearly detected. On the other hand, Zn and Cu urinary levels were determined in groups of stone-formers and healthy people. Zinc urinary concentration was significantly lower for lithiasic than for healthy people and the copper urinary concentration was lower for lithiasic than healthy males, but both female groups had a similar copper urinary concentration. The mentioned differences disappeared when serum levels were considered. These obtained results have been comparatively evaluated with those obtained by other authors. When considering all the commented aspects, it is concluded that no important direct action of zinc and copper on oxalocalcic calculi genesis takes place.
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PMID:Zinc, copper and oxalocalcic urolithiasis. 850 91

Zinc has an important place amongst inhibitors of crystallisation and crystal growth. These views are supported by in vivo and in vitro studies which suggest that the urinary zinc level is a significant factor in urolithiasis. Some recent studies have given contradictory results. Blood serum and urinary zinc levels were measured in 30 normal healthy controls and 42 stone forming patients (renal, ureteric and vesical). Statistically significant levels were found in all groups, varying according to the number of calculi. Increased urinary zinc levels and decreased serum zinc levels appear to be secondary to the process of stone formation. The role of zinc as an inhibitor of urolithiasis is questionable.
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PMID:Serum and urinary zinc levels in urolithiasis. 851 57

Urolithiasis is the most frequent disease of urinary system. It affects about 3% of people of the productive age. One half of the hospitalized in Departments of Urology is made up of patients with urinary calculi. In some regions of the globe, urolithiasis is a very common pathological disorder. Upper Silesia being such a region in Poland. The objective of the paper is: 1) systematization of calculi according to their mineral composition with regard to eventual prophylaxis of urolithiasis, 2) comparison of mineral components of calculi in the aspect of pollutions for Upper Silesia and West Pomerania territories, and the effect of external factors on the constitution of the formed calculi, 3) making use of X-ray microanalysis in complex determinations of mineral compositions of stones, particularly the trace elements. For that purpose a total of 185 urinary calculi stemming from individuals of both sexes, aged 24 to 82 years were used. The content of calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron was determined by atom absorption method, that of aluminium, chloride, sulphur and copper by X-ray microanalysis method, fluoride by gas chromatographic method, phosphates and urates by colorimetric method. The content of cystine was defined by thermic decomposition and characteristic smell. The results were subjected to statistical analysis. With reference to the first task, the following chemical classification of stones has been suggested, namely; class I: ammonium stones being magnesium-ammonium phosphate, class II: stones with elevated calcium content, calcium oxalate, class III: stones with elevated magnesium content, class IV: calculi rich in calcium and magnesium, class V: calculi deficient in calcium and magnesium, class VI: organic uric stones, class VII: organic cystine stones. The second task consisted in comparing the mineral composition of stones from subjects inhabiting two remote from each other regions-industrialized Silesia and Pomerania (Tab. 10). The statistical analysis has revealed differences being statistically significant only with regard to calcium and magnesium in Silesia and Pomerania groups. Undoubtedly that is of importance when one takes into consideration that calcium and magnesium display high affinity to fluoride, the presence of which was detected in all the stones and which may influence the physicochemical properties of the urinary calculi, first of all their hardness and solubility. The third task consisted in evaluating the possibility of applying the X-ray microanalysis for searching the stone for further elements principally microelements. The performed study comprised 10 stones: Silesia region and Pomerania region, whose composition was compared pairwise. The pairs were selected in such a manner that they should have some features in common found out by previously described atom absorption methods. The established results concerning calcium, magnesium and phosphorus showed in general compatibility of results obtained by the two methods. However, by X-ray microanalysis method it was possible to detect further elements: sulphur, aluminium, chloride and copper. The following conclusions have been drawn, namely: 1) analytic examinations of mineral composition of urinary calculi are the base of their chemical composition with regard to eventual prophylaxis of urolithiasis, 2) a varied composition of urinary calculi from two different regions of Poland may be the reflection of actual state of natural environment pollution in those regions, 3) presence of fluoride in all the urinary calculi allows us to suppose that it is permanent element of urinary calculi.
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PMID:[Analytical evaluation of urinary calculi mineral composition]. 861 50

Bisphosphonates bind renal calculi and inhibit calcium oxalate crystal growth in vitro. We evaluated their ability to inhibit calcium oxalate urolithiasis in a lithogenic rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (four groups, eight rats each) were fed 1.0% ethylene glycol in their drinking water for 6 weeks. All rats had implantation of a 50- to 60-mg zinc pellet in their urinary bladder at the beginning of the 6-week period. The control group received no treatment. The other three groups received six weekly intraperitoneal injections of one of three bisphosphonates: pamidronate (APD), clodronate (CLO), or methylene diphosphonate (MDP). At the end of 6 weeks, the zinc pellet was retrieved and weighed; the kidneys were sectioned and stained to evaluate inflammation, tubular dilation, and crystal deposition; and blood and urine samples were analyzed for calcium and creatinine. There were no detectable biochemical differences between the control and the treatment groups. Zinc pellets removed from control animals had a significantly greater increase in weight secondary to crystal deposition than those from the treatment groups (mean 28.4% for control v 18.9%, 15.3%, and 18.6%, respectively, for animals given APD, CLO, and MDP). The control animals also had significantly higher scores for inflammation, tubular dilation, and crystal deposition than animals treated with MDP and CLO. Older and newer-generation bisphosphonates have an inhibitory effect on calcium oxalate urolithiasis that is demonstrable at relatively infrequent dosing intervals in vivo. More frequent dosing or higher doses may allow greater inhibition of stone formation.
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PMID:Inhibition of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in a rat model of lithogenesis using bisphosphonates. 904 90

The effects of vitamin A deficiency on urolithiasis were investigated in male rats. A vitamin A-deficient diet caused important changes in the composition of the urine of the treated rats when compared with controls. One of the main effects was a decrease in the concentration of urinary glycosaminoglycans and zinc in the rats receiving the vitamin A-deficient diet. Significant differences were also found in plasma vitamin E and in the relation of vit E/vit A between treated and control groups but, in general, with no important differences in vitamin A. Nevertheless, significant differences in kidney content of vitamin A were observed between both groups. On the other hand, lesions of the cuboidal epithelium that covers the papillae in rats treated with the vitamin A-deficient diet were severe when compared with controls. The vitamin A and E plasma levels in urolithiasic humans were also investigated and compared with those found in a control group. No significant differences were observed in plasma vitamin A levels; nevertheless a significant increase in vitamin E and in the vit E/vit A ratio was clearly observed. These results could be related to a possible deficit of vitamin A in kidneys of stone formers, this being one of the diverse factors that can contribute to urolith development. Moreover, the deficit of important urinary crystallization inhibitors normally found in stone-formers, such as pyrophosphate and phytate, can also be related to the presence of low levels of renal vitamin A which prevents the enzymatic degradation of such inhibitors.
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PMID:Vitamin A and urolithiasis. 952 74

The effects of phytic acid and phytic acid/zinc mixtures on renal urolith development in an animal model of nephrolitiasis were studied. Male rats were divided into four groups of 15, 10, 10 and 12 rats each. The rats of Group I were treated with ethylene glycol; of Group II with ethylene glycol plus zinc; of Group III with ethylene glycol phytic acid; and of Group IV with ethylene glycol plus a mixture of phytic acid/zinc. Urine analysis (24 h) was carried out to determine the levels of calcium, oxalate, citrate, zinc and phytic acid in each group. At the end of the experiment all kidneys were removed and examined macroscopically and microscopically for possible crystal/stone locations and the total calcium amount in the renal papillary tissue was evaluated. In the rats treated with the aqueous phytic acid and phytic acid/zinc mixture, the number of calcifications on the papillary tips and the total calcium amount of the papillary tissue were significantly reduced compared with the controls treated exclusively with ethylene glycol or ethylene glycol plus zinc. Consequently, phytic acid and mixtures of phytic acid/zinc may be a useful agent in the treatment of patients with calcic urolithiasis.
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PMID:Effects of phytic acid on renal stone formation in rats. 976 52

The aqueous extract of the bark of Raphanus sativus was tested for its antiurolithiatic and diuretic activity. The urolithiasis was experimentally induced by implantation of zinc disc in the urinary bladder of rats. Significant decrease in the weight of stones was observed after treatment in animals which received aqueous extract in comparison with control groups. This extract showed an increase in the 24 h urine volume as compared to the control.
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PMID:Antiurolithiatic activity of Raphanus sativus aqueous extract on rats. 1062 98


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