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Query: UMLS:C0451641 (urolithiasis)
 3,973 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Examination of renal function have been carried out in sheep with acute prerenal (n = 6), renal (n = 15) or postrenal failure (n = 3), pyelocystitis (n = 4), and in cases of urolithiasis in rams (n = 16) and billy goats (n = 11) respectively. The calculation of parameters was done on the basis of the estimated weight dependent endogenous creatinine excretion. A control group of 56 healthy non pregnant or early pregnant (< 120th day of pregnancy) ewes have been used. The renal creatinine clearance was reduced and the absolute as well as the fractional renal water excretion was enhanced in all groups of sick animals. An elevated fractional excretion of sodium and phosphate could be seen as well. Functional disturbances could be observed in urolithiasis in like manner as in acute renal failure. There was proteinuria, glucosuria, excessive potassium excretion and often decreased plasma concentration of potassium in both syndromes. A hyperkalemia occurred only in the final state of urolithiasis. No clinical outcome of chronic nephropathies could be seen. Mortality of the described acute nephropathies was about 76%. The results of examination were suitable to control the course and restitution of renal function. They were not helpful for differential diagnosis and prognosis of acute renal failure.
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PMID:[Clinical kidney function studies in sheep. III. Pathologic function changes in nephropathies of sheep and in urolithiasis of rams and billy goats]. 778 44

We investigated the effect of urinary intestinal diversion on risk factors for calcium urolithiasis, such as calcium, phosphate, magnesium, uric acid, oxalate and citrate, in 3 groups of patients (Kock pouch, Indiana pouch and ileal conduit). Mean urinary volume was not significantly different among the 3 groups. Mean serum creatinine and 24-hour creatinine clearance in the continent reservoir group were better than in the ileal conduit group. Mean urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate and magnesium was significantly greater in the continent reservoir group than in the ileal conduit group. Although calcium excretion had a positive correlation with 24-hour creatinine clearance, calcium excretion per ml. per minute creatinine clearance still showed a significant difference. Increased calcium excretion is considered to reflect metabolic disturbances resulting from reabsorption of urinary solutes through the intestinal segments. Overall, there was no significant difference in the urinary parameters between the Kock and Indiana pouch groups. While mean urinary oxalate and citrate were within the normal range in all 3 groups, more than a third of the patients in each group were hypocitraturic (less than 100 mg. per day). In none of the 3 groups did the levels of urinary calcium, phosphate and magnesium, as well as other urinary risk parameters show any correlation with the duration of diversion. In summary, our study indicated that the continent urinary reservoir causes a long-term increase in urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate and magnesium. These urinary metabolic alterations might promote the formation of calcium urolithiasis as well as infectious stones. The degree of metabolic alterations may be greater with a continent reservoir than with an ileal conduit.
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PMID:Effect of urinary intestinal diversion on urinary risk factors for urolithiasis. 796 85

Since the approval of potassium citrate for the treatment of urolithiasis, there are many patients in other countries who have benefited from this drug. This paper describes the biochemical changes and tolerance seen in fifteen patients treated for one month with granulated potassium citrate. Some significant changes are observed in serum potassium and creatinine, and in urinary pH, citrate and potassium. Tolerance was good. Our results confirm that potassium citrate is an effective, easy to use, and well tolerated drug for the prophylaxis of oxalocalcium lithiasis.
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PMID:[Granulated potassium citrate in the prevention of calcium oxalate lithiasis]. 797 91

Hereditary xanthinuria is a rare disorder characterized by the replacement of uric acid by xanthine and hypoxanthine in urine. Two cases of classic hereditary xanthinuria in Taiwan are herein reported. Case 1: a 30-year-old woman was by chance found to have hypouricemia. Urine and plasma purines were checked through the use of high performance liquid chromatography. Urine excretion of uric acid was 0.029 mumol (0.005 mg)/mg creatinine (30 mumol/24 hr); xanthine 1.9 mumol/mg creatinine (1935 mumol/24 hr); and hypoxanthine 0.58 mumol/mg creatinine (587 mumol/24 hr). Plasma xanthine was 9.3 mumol/L; hypoxanthine 5.8 mumol/L; and uric acid 0.5 mumol/L (0.001 mg/dL). Case 2: a brother of case 1 had a previous history of urolithiasis. Urine excretion of uric acid was 0.15 mumol (0.025 mg)/mg creatinine (189 mumol/24 hr); xanthine 1.3 mumol/mg creatinine (1620 mumol/24 hr); and hypoxanthine 0.22 mumol/mg creatinine (276 mumol/24 hr).
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PMID:Hereditary xanthinuria: report of two cases. 810 5

Evidence for the suitability of spot urines for selective screening in children was obtained by comparing the 24-hour urinary oxalate excretion with the ratio of urinary oxalate to creatinine [mmol/mol] in spontaneously voided urine samples. Spot urines of 169 healthy children aged 1 day to 13 years were analysed in order to establish reference values for the urinary oxalate/creatinine ratio in relation to age and body surface area. Oxalate was measured by automated ion chromatography. Results showed an inverse relationship between the oxalate/creatinine ratio and age. The highest ratios, 131 +/- 57 mmol/mol (mean +/- 2 SD), were found in infants. At age two years, the ratio was 84 +/- 55, at age five years 56 +/- 35, and for children older than ten years 42 +/- 31. This finding can be explained by the gain of muscle mass and hence increased creatinine production with increasing age. Data for the urinary oxalate/creatinine ratio are presented according to body surface area for the assessment of children with abnormal growth. In 19 urine samples from nine patients with primary hyperoxaluria, the oxalate/creatinine ratio greatly exceeded (286-2022 mmol/mol) the above reference ranges. We therefore propose the determination of the oxalate/creatinine ratio in spot urines for the selective screening for hyperoxaluria in children with nephrocalcinosis or urolithiasis.
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PMID:Determination of oxalate excretion in spot urines of healthy children by ion chromatography. 816 90

The study aimed at evaluating the proximal tubule function in patients with active metabolic urolithiasis with the assay of beta 2-microglobulin in the urine. The studies involved 30 patients with urolithiasis associated with chronic pyelonephritis and 31 patients with urolithiasis without pyelonephritis. Fifty healthy individuals served as a control group. Serum and urine beta 2-microglobulin concentrations were assayed with radioimmunological technique in all persons. Clearance of this microglobulin and tubular reabsorption were calculated. It was found that beta 2-microglobulin excretion with the urine is significantly higher in patients with metabolically active urolithiasis accompanied by the chronic pyelonephritis. beta 2-microglobulin clearance was significantly higher and tubular reabsorption significantly lower than those in patients without pyelonephritis and in control group. These finding suggest a dysfunction of the proximal tubule in patients with urolithiasis produced by the chronic inflammatory process in the urinary system. Negative correlation between blood serum beta 2-microglobulin levels and creatinine clearance was shown. Therefore, serum beta 2-microglobulin concentrations may be of value in evaluation of the glomerular filtration rate.
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PMID:[Usefulness of determining beta-2-microglobulin in serum and urine in patients with metabolically active kidney calculi and healthy individuals]. 817 Aug 11

We encountered a case of hypouricemia with increases both in urate clearance (Cur) and in the ratio of Cur to creatinine clearance (Cur/Ccr), the normal daily urinary excretion of urate, and urolithiasis. Pyrazinamide markedly decreased Cur and Cur/Ccr, and both probenecid and benzbromarone markedly increased Cur and Cur/Ccr, however, benzbromarone did not increase either Cur or Cur/Ccr under pretreatment with pyrazinamide in the patient. Thus, the diagnosis was made of renal hypouricemia due to enhanced tubular secretion of urate. The urinary pH of the patient tended to be acidic. Three months after the start of alkalization of the patient's urine by K+, Na(+)-citrate, both urolithiasis and the symptoms related to urolithiasis disappeared. These results suggest that renal hypouricemia due to enhanced tubular secretion of urate can result in urolithiasis and the alkalization of urine may be an effective treatment for uric acid stones.
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PMID:Renal hypouricemia due to enhanced tubular secretion of urate associated with urolithiasis: successful treatment of urolithiasis by alkalization of urine K+, Na(+)-citrate. 830 13

In order to investigate long-term effects of indwelling urinary catheters on renal functions, in 46 patients (27 male and 19 female) with ureterostomy or nephrostomy serum creatinine values were measured periodically. Average age of the patients was 60.6 years old. Duration of catheterization was more than 3 years (average 8.1 years). Renal dysfunction was defined as an elevation of serum creatinine more than 2 mg/dl. It was found that catheterization used more than 15 years evoked renal insufficiency over 50% of such patients. This period, however, was shorten to 11 years in patients with nephrolithiasis or frequent fever. It was concluded that urolithiasis and symptomatic urinary tract infections were two remarkable risk factors for the deterioration of renal functions, and that these risk factors must be avoided in patients on long-term catheterization in the upper urinary tract.
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PMID:[Renal functions of the patients with long-term catheterization in upper urinary tract]. 834 34

Urolithiasis is the least described urologic sequela of renal transplantation. We describe a renal transplant patient who presented with painless gross hematuria. An intravenous pyelogram demonstrated a 4 x 7-mm calculi in the region of the ureteropelvic junction, causing moderate hydronephrosis. The patient was treated successfully with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Serum creatinine and twenty-four-hour creatinine clearance were unchanged from levels prior to ESWL.
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PMID:Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in transplanted kidney. 842 82

Different indices of the risk of urinary calcium oxalate crystallization were compared to determine their usefulness in detecting the stone-formers particularly prone to recurrence. Urine volume and calcium, oxalate, citrate, magnesium or creatinine were determined in 55 patients presenting with an idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis, as well as in 50 control subjects. On 24-hour urine samples, these elements allowed for the calculation and comparison of different indices of lithogenous risk as proposed by Parks and Tiselius. Both Parks' indices and the urinary citrate-calcium ratio varied significantly between the two groups, but conversely Tiselius' indices were statistically comparable. The three Tiselius' indices taking the 24-hour urine volume into account were also strongly correlated. Parks' index and the urinary citrate-calcium ratio are highly discriminating and potentially relevant to select the stone-formers with a high risk of relapse. Tiselius' indices basically reflect urinary calcium oxalate saturation, and can only be used clinically to control the treatment interfering with this. In this respect, the formula based simply on urine volume, calcium and oxalate over 24 h (Ca0.71.Ox.V-1.2) appears to be sufficient.
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PMID:Idiopathic calcium oxalate urinary lithiasis: usefulness of Parks' and Tiselius' indices in the evaluation of the risk of stone formation. 853 2


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