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Query: UMLS:C0451641 (urolithiasis)
 3,973 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The efficacy of a diet designed to facilitate dissolution of feline magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) uroliths was evaluated in 30 cases of urolithiasis, sterile struvite uroliths dissolved in a mean of 36 days after initiation of dietary treatment. In 5 cases of urolithiasis, struvite urocystoliths associated with urease-negative bacterial urinary tract infection dissolved in a mean of 23 days after initiation of dietary and antimicrobial treatment. In 3 cases of urolithiasis, struvite urocystoliths associated with urease-positive staphylococcal urinary tract infection dissolved in a mean of 79 days after initiation of dietary and antimicrobial treatment. Dissolution of uroliths in cats fed the treatment diet was associated with concomitant remission of dysuria, hematuria, and pyuria, and reduction in urine pH and struvite crystalluria. In one case, a urocystolith composed of 100% ammonium urate, and in another case, a urolith composed of 60% calcium phosphate, 20% calcium oxalate, and 20% magnesium ammonium phosphate did not dissolve.
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PMID:Medical dissolution of feline struvite urocystoliths. 232 73

A nationwide survey on urolithiasis in Japan between 1965 through 1987 was carried out, succeeding the previous 1955 and 1966 studies, in an effort to evaluate chronological and geographical changes in urolithiasis among the Japanese people who are relatively racially homogenous and living with similar customs and habits, which have changed dramatically from the old Japanese to westernized modes in a very short period after the Second World War. Incidence of calcium-containing urinary stones in the upper urinary tract has been increasing in Japan since the Second World War with increasing westernization of life-style and industrialization, with the annual incidence of urolithiasis steadily increasing from 53.8/100,000 general population in 1965 to 92.5 in 1985. According to the data, 5.4% of the population may be expected to develop a urinary calculus at least once in their life time. Analysis of 69,949 stones obtained during the years from 1978 to 1987 with infrared analysis showed that 79.4% were calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate stones, 7.4% were struvite with or without carbonate apatite, 5.2% were uric acid or urate, and 1.0% were cystine. In the era of new treatment modalities such as the endourological surgery and the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, open surgical treatments were replaced with new types of treatment in about 75% of the cases in 1985.
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PMID:Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Japan: a chronological and geographical study. 233 Jun 56

Between 1972 and 1984 148 children with urolithiasis were studied and managed at the University Clinic Children's Hospital of Teheran. In 125 children the calculi were in the upper and in 23 children in the lower urinary tract. The maximum incidence was between the ages of 5-8 and 12 years. 25 children had malformations and 16 had metabolic disorders. Cystinuria was observed in 6 and xanthinuria in 3 cases. The main constituents of calculi analyses in the upper urinary tract were calcium oxalate followed by ammonium acid urate. In the lower urinary tract ammonium acid urate and oxalate were seen with equal frequency, followed by uric acid. 16 children had staghorn calculi with an age profile of 5-13 years. Predominant symptoms were flank pain and gross hematuria. In 4 cases the calculi were bilateral. The calculi were removed successfully by pyelotomy and extensive pyelolithotomy. In 2 cases with more branched-out staghorn calculi and separate fragments, a logitudinal extensive nephrotomy was performed. In the absence of recurrent stones, renal growth and function were satisfactory postoperatively. In the majority of the cases the analyses of the staghorn calculi revealed phosphate.
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PMID:Childhood urolithiasis in Iran with special reference to staghorn calculi. 233 Jun 66

Thirty eight patients with medullary sponge kidney (MSK) were detected (4.3%) in 881 patients with urolithiasis diagnosed by drip infusion pyelography in 12 years from January 1974 to December 1985. Those with MSK were studied clinically and as to metabolism of urolithiasis. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Age distribution of the patients with MSK was the same as that of general stone formers. 2) Hematuria was observed in 20 patients (52.6%) and pyuria in 7, in whom 4 were positive by urine culture (E. coli in 3 and P. mirabilis in 1) and 2 of them had infective stones. 3) Renal function of the patients examined by PSP test (20 patients) and creatinine clearance test (21 patients) was normal in all of the patients but three with ureteral caliculi. Concentration tests performed by Fishberg method (12 patients) were disturbed in half of them. 4) Affected lesions wer detected at more than three pyramides in each kidney and the bilaterals were found in 32 patients (84.2%) and at less than two pyramides in each kidney and the unilateral or the bilaterals were shown in the other 6. 5) When urinary levels of calcium, phosphate, uric acid and citrate using 24 hours urine were compared with 37 patients with MSK and 100 general stone formers, there was no difference in hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria accounting for the frequency of the patients with MSK and the general stone formers, but there was a tendency of increased frequency about hyperphosphaturia and hypocitraturia in the patients with MSK.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Clinical studies on medullary sponge kidney evaluated from urolithiasis]. 235 14

Urolithiasis, following implantation of Zn discs in urinary bladder (foreign body insertion technique), was examined in albino rats of either sex. Marked variation was observed between sex, regarding the formation of bladder stones. Ethylene glycol (1%) mixed in drinking water for 4 weeks, was unable to augment Zn disc-induced stone deposition. Chemical nature of stones was identified as of magnesium ammonium phosphate type. Neither urinary pH nor infection in the urinary bladder/tract affected chemical nature and quantity of stone formed. There was no significant influence of electrolytes or metabolic products on the uroliths. No correlation could be drawn between the quality and quantity of uroliths formed and the urinary electrolytes concentration. M. Pudica was not effective in either preventing stone deposition or dissolving preformed stones.
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PMID:Biochemical mechanisms and effects of Mimosa pudica (Linn) on experimental urolithiasis in rats. 236 19

Male patients with recurrent calcium (Ca) urolithiasis (RCU) with idiopathic hypercalciuria (I-HC, n = 12) or normocalciuria (NC, n = 12), and age, sex, and weight-matched controls (C, n = 12) were evaluated before and after a carbohydrate-rich synthetic meal for blood glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), alpha-amino-nitrogen, several glucometabolic hormones and parathyroid hormone (PTH), and urine Ca, phosphate, oxalate, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels as well as saturation. Fasting serum Ca was significantly higher and PTH significantly lower in I-HC than in controls, whereas in fasting urine cAMP and phosphate were unchanged. There were only minor differences between fasting blood glucose levels and postprandial glucose tolerance of RCU patients and controls. However, serum insulin was significantly elevated in I-HC versus C, but serum C-peptide, plasma glucagon, and somatostatin levels were comparable in RCU and C. FFA were significantly lower in RCU than C. Postprandial phosphaturia and urinary saturation with Ca-phosphates were significantly higher in RCU versus C, whereas urinary cAMP, pH, and oxalate were similar. We conclude that: (1) in RCU patients some postabsorptive steps in glucose metabolism may be abnormal; (2) those with I-HC have enhanced postprandial Ca and phosphate excretion concomitantly with disordered insulin metabolism; and (3) RCU patients may suffer from a postprandial renal phosphate leak, which may make their urine more lithogenic.
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PMID:Blood levels of glucometabolic hormones and urinary saturation with stone forming phases after an oral test meal in male patients with recurrent idiopathic calcium urolithiasis and in healthy controls. 257 28

The authors considered an important problem of in vivo verification of urolith composition as specifying the choice of drug treatment and prevention of urolithiasis. 84 nephrolithiasis patients were allocated to 4 groups according to their concrement compositions (after spontaneous or surgical removal): 23 patients with urate calculus, 19 with oxalate, 20 with phosphate and 22 with oxalate-phosphate concrements. Polarizing microscopy, x-ray structural analysis and infrared spectrophotometry were employed for verification of calculi composition. Biochemical assay was used for the assessment of serum and circadian excretion of calcium, phosphates, sodium, potassium, uric acid, oxalates and uroacidimetric values. The findings were subjected to discriminant computed analysis which resulted in 6 linear computable functions defining 4 selective groups with regard to biochemical blood and urine data. The aforementioned functions were used in diagnostic routine for the in vivo assessment of calculous composition in 26 controls. In 61.5 per cent of the patients the diagnosis was confirmed, in 34.6 per cent it was verified, and only in 3.9 per cent the diagnosis turned to be erroneous.
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PMID:[Determination of the composition of the concretions in patients with nephrolithiasis by metabolic indices]. 267 29

In this paper, urolithiasis is remarked from the standpoint of descriptive epidemiology, which examines the frequency distribution of a given disease in a population in terms of time, place and personal characteristics with an aim of identifying risk factors or some clues to the etiology. Some descriptive epidemiological features of urolithiasis are summarized. Prevalence rate is around 4% (4-15% in males and 4-8% in females), and incidence rate varies from area to area: 53.2 per 100,000 population in 1975 in Japan, 364 in 1976 in Malaysia, and 540 in 1979 in West Germany. Prevalence and/or incidence rates have, in general, increased in the developed countries since World War II and in the developing countries as well, where upward trends are quite analogous to the trends observed in the nineteenth century in Europe. Recurrence rate, which is much higher in males than in females, ranges from 31% to 75%, depending on the follow-up periods. In the industrialized countries, upper urinary (renal and ureteral) stones account for more than 90% of total stones, which are ordinarily calcium complexes in composition. More common in the developing countries are lower urinary (bladder and urethral) stones, frequently composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate, which indicates a close association with urinary tract infections. Variations in frequency are evident by season and by region within a country. Age and sex differentials in urinary stone formers are substantial: more common in males 30-40 years old in the industrialized countries and in children under 10 years old in the developing countries. Racial differentials are also noted; blacks appear to suffer less frequently than whites. Stone formers experience more frequent episodes of stone formation in their family members, particularly father and brothers, than non-stone formers. These findings on racial differentials and family preponderance suggest the possible relevance of genetic factors in stone formation. Stone formers are more likely to be occupationally sedentary and socially affluent. This observation and differentials by age and sex suggest the probable relevance of lifestyle and environmental factors in stone formation. Epidemiological factors incriminated for stone formation will be discussed in a separate paper.
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PMID:[Descriptive epidemiology of urolithiasis]. 267 77

In this paper, urolithiasis is reviewed from the standpoint of analytical epidemiology, which examines a statistical association between a given disease and a hypothesized factor with an aim of inferring its causality. Factors incriminated epidemiologically for stone formation include age, sex, occupation, social class (level of affluence), season of the year and climate, dietary and fluid intake and genetic prodisposition. Since some of these factors are interlinked, they are broadly classified into five categories and epidemiologically looked over here. Genetic predisposition is essentially endorsed by the more frequent episodes of stone formation in the family members of stone formers, as compared to non-stone formers. Nevertheless, some environmental factors (likely to be dietary habits) shared by family members are believed to be relatively more important than genetic predisposition. A hot, sunny climate may influence stone formation through inducing dehydration with increased perspiration and increased solute concentration with decreased urine volume, coupled with inadequate liquid intake, and possibly through the greater exposure to ultraviolet radiation which eventually results in an increased vitamin D production, conceivably correlated with seasonal variation in calcium and oxalate excretion to the urine. Urinary tract infections are importantly involved in the formation of magnesium ammonium phosphate stones in particular. The association with regional water hardness is still in controversy. Excessive intake of coffee, tea and alcoholic beverages seemingly increase the risk of renal calculi, though not consistently confirmed. Many dietary elements have been suggested by numerous clinical and experimental investigations, but a few elements are substantiated by analytical epidemiological investigations. An increased ingestion of animal protein and sugar and a decreased ingestion of dietary fiber and green-yellow vegetables are linked with the higher probability of stone formation in the industrialized countries. No trace elements in foodstuffs and liquids have been epidemiologically associated. The dietary guidelines for avoiding stone formation and/or recurrence are summarized in this paper, including other daily-life recommendations.
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PMID:[Analytical epidemiology of urolithiasis]. 267 78

Judging from the abundance of papers published in the medical journals there appears to be a global increase in the incidence of urolithiasis. Urinary excretion of various stone-forming salts in a 24-hour urine specimen is the mainstay of the metabolic workup done in stone-formers. According to the findings patients have been classified into neat categories depending on whether they were hypercalciuric, hyperuricosuric, etc. As a group their excretion of calcium, oxalate, and urate was not different from the controls. However, they excreted significantly more phosphate and had lower 24-hour urine volumes than the controls.
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PMID:Pattern of urolithiasis in a general hospital. A prospective study. 271 47


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