Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0451641 (urolithiasis)
 3,973 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Muraglitazar, a PPARalpha/gamma agonist, dose-dependently increased urinary bladder tumors in male Harlan Sprague-Dawley (HSD) rats administered 5, 30, or 50 mg/kg/day for up to 2 years. To determine the mode of tumor development, male HSD rats were treated daily for up to 21 months at doses of 0, 1, or 50 mg/kg while being fed either a normal or 1% NH4Cl-acidified diet. Muraglitazar-associated, time-dependent changes in urine composition, urothelial mitogenesis and apoptosis, and urothelial morphology were assessed. In control and treated rats fed a normal diet, urine pH was generally > or = 6.5, which facilitates formation of calcium-and magnesium-containing solids, particularly in the presence of other prolithogenic changes in rat urine. Urinary citrate, an inhibitor of lithogenesis, and soluble calcium concentrations were dose dependently decreased in association with increased calcium phosphate precipitate, crystals and/or microcalculi; magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals and aggregates; and calcium oxalate-containing thin, rod-like crystals. Morphologically, sustained urothelial cytotoxicity and proliferation with a ventral bladder predilection were noted in treated rats by month 1 and urinary carcinomas with a similar distribution occurred by month 9. Urothelial apoptotic rates were unaffected by muraglitazar treatment or diet. In muraglitazar-treated rats fed an acidified diet, urine pH was invariably < 6.5, which inhibited formation of calcium-and magnesium-containing solids. Moreover, dietary acidification prevented the urothelial cytotoxic, proliferative, and tumorigenic responses. Collectively, these data support an indirect pharmacologic mode of urinary bladder tumor development involving alterations in urine composition that predispose to urolithiasis and associated decreases in urine-soluble calcium concentrations.
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PMID:Urothelial carcinogenesis in the urinary bladder of male rats treated with muraglitazar, a PPAR alpha/gamma agonist: Evidence for urolithiasis as the inciting event in the mode of action. 1717 91

Urolithiasis is a common urologic disease. Stones may occur in the kidney, ureter, or urinary bladder. We collected 1,000 stone samples in the subtropical area of southern Taiwan. Stone components were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Mixed components of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate were the most common form of stones (52.3%), followed by calcium oxalate (27.8%) and calcium phosphate (9.3%). Uric acid stones accounted for 7.6%. Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones accounted for 3.0%. Only one cystine stone was found. In the study of urinary stone formation mechanism and prevention of recurrent urolithiasis, knowing the stone composition is important.
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PMID:Urinary stone analysis of 1,000 patients in southern Taiwan. 1733 67

Hypoparathyroidism, deafness and renal dysplasia (HDR) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness and renal dysplasia. Herein, we report a case of HDR syndrome associated with nephrocalcinosis and distal renal tubular acidosis. A 34-year-old woman was admitted to investigate recurrent stone formation and bilateral nephrocalcinosis. As a 3-year-old child, she had been diagnosed with HDR syndrome without chromosome evaluation. She had spontaneous stone passages on several occasions. On laboratory examination, serum calcium and intact parathyroid hormone at lower levels. Urinary citrate excretion was extremely low at 51.6 mg/day. On an ammonium chloride loading test, complete distal renal tubular acidosis was proved. To prevent the nephrocalcinosis from deteriorating, she was given potassium-sodium citrate. Since administration, she has not experienced spontaneous stone passage or renal colic. Nephrocalcinosis and recurrent urolithiasis will strongly affect renal prognosis in this case and we consider that citrate medication is an effective therapy in avoiding progress of her nephrocalcinosis.
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PMID:Case of hypoparathyroidism, deafness and renal dysplasia (HDR) syndrome associated with nephrocalcinosis and distal renal tubular acidosis. 1751 29

Despite considerable progress in medical therapy, there is no satisfactory drug to treat kidney stones. Therefore, the current study aimed to look for an alternative by using Trigonella foenum graecum (Tfg) on nephrolithiasic rats as a preventive agent against the development of kidney stones, which is commonly used in Morocco as a phytotherapeutic agent. The inhibitory effect of the aqueous extract of Tfg seeds was examined on the formation of calcium oxalate renal stones induced by ethylene glycol (EG) with ammonium chloride. At the end of the experiment all kidneys were removed and examined microscopically for possible crystal/stone locations and the total calcium amount in the renal tissue was evaluated. The blood was recovered to determine the levels of calcium, phosphorus, creatinine and urea. The results showed that the amount of calcification in the kidneys and the total calcium amount of the renal tissue in rats treated with Tfg were significantly reduced compared with the untreated group. Consequently, Tfg may be a useful agent in the treatment of patients with calcic urolithiasis.
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PMID:Prophylaxis effect of Trigonella foenum graecum L. seeds on renal stone formation in rats. 1758 93

Published data on the association between calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization and kidney stone disease in children are scarce. The aims of this study were to determine CaOx crystallization using the Bonn Risk Index (BRI) in children with urolithiasis in comparison to healthy controls, to evaluate the relationships between BRI and urinary parameters, such as pH, calciuria, oxaluria and citraturia, and to assess the association between BRI and the size of renal stones. We compared the BRI in 142 Caucasian children and adolescents (76 girls, 66 boys) aged 3-18 years with kidney stones and 210 healthy age- and sex-matched controls without urolithiasis. Urinary ionized calcium ([Ca2+]) was measured using a selective electrode, while the onset of spontaneous crystallization was determined using a photometer and titration with 40 mmol/L ammonium oxalate (Ox2-). The calculation of the BRI value was based on the Ca2+:Ox2- ratio. High-resolution renal ultrasonography was carried out to estimate the size of the renal stones. The BRI values were 15-fold higher in children with renal stones than in healthy children without stones. The same trend was shown by BRI/kg body weight (tenfold greater in children with renal stones than in healthy children without stones), BRI/per 1.73 m2 body surface (13-fold greater) and BRI/body mass index (23-fold greater). No association was observed between BRI and the diameter of stones. Children with kidney stones, both males and females, had an increased BRI compared with subjects without urolithiasis. High BRI suggests an association with lower urinary pH, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria or hypocitraturia, which are all risk factors of kidney stones. An increased BRI in children, although unrelated to renal stone size, reflects the risk of calcium oxalate crystallization and may indicate early metabolic disorders leading to urolithiasis.
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PMID:A new approach to the diagnosis of children's urolithiasis based on the Bonn Risk Index. 1833 53

The effect of high intake of Mg on urolithiasis was compared with high intake of P and K in goats being fed with a cottonseed meal and rice straw diet. Eighteen wether goats were randomly allocated into group A, B and C evenly and fed with cottonseed meal and rice straw diet for three months. From day 60 onwards, KH(2)PO(4) and K(2)HPO(4) were provided via drinking water to goats in group B to increase the intake of P, K, and MgO to goats in group C to increase the intake of Mg. Blood and urine samples were collected to analyze the concentration of P, K, Mg and Ca, and the activity product (AP) of potassium magnesium phosphate (MKP) in urine was also calculated. The composition of calculi and urinary sedimentary crystals were examined by chemical qualitative analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the incidence of urolithiasis in group C (6/6) was higher than that in group A (1/6) and B (1/6) (P<0.05). The calculi were mainly composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) and partly composed of MKP. MKP presented in crystals of different phases in this experiment. The high intake of Mg contributed to a significant increase of plasma Mg, but additional P, K did not cause a further increase of plasma P, K. Urine P, K, Mg and Ca and AP of MKP in group C decreased significantly after the onset of urolithiasis. In conclusion, high intake of Mg was more important in inducing struvite calculi compared with high intake of K and P in goats under these feeding conditions. Cottonseed meal and rice straw with additional Mg is a good dietary model for inducing struvite calculi in castrated goats.
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PMID:Comparison of effect of high intake of magnesium with high intake of phosphorus and potassium on urolithiasis in goats fed with cottonseed meal diet. 1909 65

Till date various plants extract have been studied to reduce the incidence of urolithiasis but the identification of naturally occurring calcium oxalate (CaOx) inhibitory biomolecules from plants was hampered in past by limitation in identification method. The present study is aimed at examining the efficacy of Trachyspermum ammi on CaOx crystallization in vitro and further by combining conventional biochemical methods with recent advances in mass spectrometry, a novel calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal growth inhibitor was purified from the seeds of Trachyspermum ammi. An anticalcifying protein from the seeds of Trachyspermum ammi was purified by three step purification scheme; ammonium sulphate fractionation, anion exchange chromatography and molecular sieve chromatography based on its ability to inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro. An anticalcifying protein having molecular weight 107 kDa and isolectric point 6.2 was isolated. Amino acid analysis of Trachyspermum ammi anticalcifying protein (TAP) showed abundant presence of acidic amino acids (Asp and Glu). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry of TAP showed similarities with an unnamed protein product of Vitis vinifera (CAO23876) after matching peptide mass fingerprints in MASCOT search engine. Two EF hand domains were identified in unnamed protein product of Vitis vinifera (CAO23876) by SMART normal module. Due to a significant similarity of TAP with unnamed protein product of Vitis vinifera, presence of two EF hand domains in TAP was anticipated, signifying its calcium binding properties which is a feature of most kidney stone inhibitory proteins.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of an anticalcifying protein from the seeds of Trachyspermum ammi (L.). 1920 41

Idiopathic hypercalciuria is the most important predisposing risk factor for calcium oxalate (CaOx) renal stone formation. We assessed the associations between spontaneous CaOx crystallization based on the Bonn Risk Index (BRI), urinary pH, calciuria, oxaluria, and citraturia in 140 Caucasian patients with hypercalciuria, aged 4-17 years, and compared the findings with those in 210 normocalciuric controls. Of the 140 hypercalciuric patients, 58 had renal stones, and 82 had recurrent erythrocyturia, renal colic, or urinary obstructive symptoms-but without stones. Urinary ionized calcium ([Ca(2+)]) levels were measured using a selective electrode, while the onset of crystallization was determined using a photometer and titration with 40 mmol/L ammonium oxalate (Ox(2-)). The calculation of the BRI was based on the [Ca(2+)]:Ox(2-) ratio. The BRI values were 12-fold higher in hypercalciuric children than in healthy controls, but no differences were found in the BRI between subjects with urinary stones and those with urolithiasis-like symptoms. An increased BRI suggested an association with hypercalciuria, lower urinary pH, hypocitraturia, and hypooxaluria. These data indicate that hypercalciuria is an important factor associated with increased urinary CaOx crystallization, although the causal pathways need further investigation. Determination of the BRI in children with hypercalciuria may improve the risk assessment of kidney stones.
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PMID:Spontaneous urinary calcium oxalate crystallization in hypercalciuric children. 1935 Feb 80

The chemical composition and ultrastructure of urinary calculi obtained from male Boer goats were studied using qualitative chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. The calculi came from 10 naturally-occurring cases of urolithiasis and from seven cases of urolithiasis experimentally-induced by feeding a cottonseed meal-rice straw diet supplemented with magnesium oxide. The results indicated that the major component of urinary calculi collected from naturally-occurring and experimentally-induced cases of urolithiasis was struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate). The study also identified previously unreported prismatic crystals in the uroliths of goats, similar to struvite but rich in potassium. The characteristic ultrastructure of struvite uroliths is described along with a brief discussion of their formation.
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PMID:The chemical composition and ultrastructure of uroliths in Boer goats. 1969 22

We have been using a risk index calculation for urolithiasis, which included most of the identifiable factors promoting calculogenesis. However, it was observed that the frequency of a patient getting stone problem was not uniform in spite of similarity of the risk index in the permanent setting. Also, many of the risk indices could be changed by dietary or lifestyle modifications. The objective of this paper was to calculate the temporary risk index of a patient at the time of each visit and correlate with stone activity during such periods, so that appropriate advice could be given on drugs, diet and lifestyle changes. The temporary risk index score was based on four symptoms, namely pain (0, nil; 1, vague pain; 2, mild; 3, moderate; 4, severe; 5, excruciating), haematuria (0, nil; 1, turbid; 2, cloudy; 3, reddish; 4, occasional frank blood; 5, continuous frank blood), burning sensation (0, nil; 1, minimal; 2, moderate; 3, terminal severe; 4, occasional excruciating; 5, continuous excruciating), and dysuria (0, nil; 1, minimal; 2, moderate; 3, terminal severe; 4, occasional excruciating, 5, continuous excruciating), ultrasonography for back pressure (0, nil; 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe kidney and ureter; 4, unilateral total; 5, bilateral total anuria) and eight urine deposit findings (0, nil; 1, +; 2, 2+; 3, 3+; 4, 4+; 5, plenty), red blood cells, pus cells, whewellite crystals, weddellite crystals, phosphate crystals, uric acid/ammonium urate crystals, crystal clumping and crystal aggregation making a total of 13 parameters. Each parameter was given values ranging from 0 to 5. The total score was calculated and chemotherapeutic regimes were decided base on the score, which varied from 0 to 65. Hundred randomly selected patients who had been visiting the stone clinic for a minimum of five occasions were included in the study. The total scores of temporary risk were correlated with the permanent clinical risk score mentioned earlier. The temporary risk of the 100 patients during the total of 500 visits ranged from 0 to 43 out of 65. The risk score reduced significantly from visit 1 to 5 in all the patients. On correlating the mean index of the five visits with the permanent risk index, the correlation coefficient r value was +0.39 (P < 0.01). It was observed that patients go through periods of hyperactivity of stone metabolism and present with symptoms, producing temporary phases of overactivity. It is concluded that temporary risk index is correlatable with the permanent risk index of the patients forming urinary stones. It can be used as a method for scientific prediction regarding future stone formation in any individual. The dose of drugs and need for continuing chemotherapy for patients should be based on the temporary risk index. The blind prescription of drugs should be discouraged.
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PMID:Temporary risk identification in urolithiasis. 1983 Apr 14


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