Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0451641 (urolithiasis)
 3,973 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis diagnosed following nephrectomy is described, considering its outstanding characteristics such as male adolescent, right kidney, involvement with normal function and without pathological history for which there is no explanation to date. This disease usually occurs in women 60 years or older, suggesting a renal tumor. In 50% of the cases, urine cultures are positive for Escherichia coli or Proteus mirabilis; in accordance with different reports renal tissue cultures are positive in more than 90%. Malnutrition, calcification, urolithiasis and renal failure with hydronephrosis are common findings. The left kidney is more frequently involved. The etiology is unclear: many hypotheses are discussed, with malnutrition and peroxidase deficit as important causes.
 ...
PMID:[Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in an adolescent]. 248 45

Disorders of purine metabolism are well recognized clinical entities in modern medical practice. However, there are lesser known aberrations of purine and pyrimidine metabolism that can manifest as disease states. Deficiency of the enzyme adenine phosphoribosyltransferase is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder resulting in 2,8-dihydroxyadenuria, and possible urolithiasis and renal insufficiency. A woman with a pure 2,8-dihydroxyadenine ureteral calculus is reported, who represents the third reported case in the United States. Stones comprised of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine are difficult to distinguish from uric acid clinically, making sophisticated crystallographic analysis essential for accurate diagnosis. Treatment differs from that appropriate for uric acid lithiasis due to the limited solubility of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine at pH levels of less than 9. Prevention requires purine restriction and allopurinol.
 ...
PMID:2,8-Dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis: report of a case in a woman in the United States. 274 54

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis usually occurs in women 50 to 60 years old, and has the distinct clinical presentation suggestive of a renal mass. Since 1963 an increasing number of children with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis have been reported in the literature, with data suggesting that the characteristics of the disease are different from those in adults. We compared our children with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis to adults who had been described in the literature and to our cases of chronic pyelonephritis to determine whether xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children is an entity as clearly different from chronic pyelonephritis as it is in adults. Twenty-one cases were eliminated from the study because of incomplete charts. We found 39 cases in which nephrectomy had been done for an anatomical diagnosis of chronic or xanthogranulomatous (8) pyelonephritis. Average age at presentation, duration of clinical course and sex distribution were similar in both groups. The left kidney was involved more often in both groups. Severe malnutrition, urolithiasis, reno-cutaneous fistula and negative urine cultures were more frequent in cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, while obstructive nonlithiasic uropathy occurred more often in cases of chronic pyelonephritis. Microorganisms were similar in both groups and Escherichia coli was isolated most frequently. All cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis were of the diffuse type with areas corresponding to all histological stages. Our study suggests that perhaps in children xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis occurs the same as chronic pyelonephritis, and is determined possibly by an affected immune response secondary to malnutrition and by the presence of urolithiasis.
 ...
PMID:Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children. 396 40

Two 8-wk experiments were conducted with Sprague-Dawley weanling rats to determine whether interactions occurring between Zn and Si, or a nutritional deficiency of either Cu or Zn, affect silica urolith formation. In Exp. 1, concentrations of 0, 540, and 2,700 mg of Si/kg of diet from tetraethylorthosilicate were used with dietary Zn concentrations of 4, 12, and 500 mg/kg of diet in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement. In Exp. 2, copper at 1 or 5 mg/kg of diet and Zn at 4, 12, and 500 mg/kg of diet were used in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. All diets in Exp. 2 contained 2,700 mg of Si/kg. Silica uroliths occurred in all treatments providing, 2,700 mg of Si/kg of diet. There was a trend (P = .17) toward a reduction of silica urolith incidence with increasing concentrations of dietary Zn in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, a deficiency of Zn, and a Cu deficiency exacerbated by 500 mg of Zn/kg of diet, increased (P < .05) silica urolith formation. An antagonism between Si and Zn, as demonstrated previously in the rat, may not be of a sufficient magnitude to be applicable to the prevention of silica urolithiasis. The data further demonstrate that Zn deficiency and, to a lesser extent, Cu deficiency contributed to silica urolith formation in rats fed diets having a high content of absorbable Si. However, 540 mg of Si/kg of diet may potentiate the metabolic activity of Zn, as indicated by a 23% Si-mediated weight gain response in Zn-deficient rats.
 ...
PMID:Silicon-zinc interactions and potential roles for dietary zinc and copper in minimizing silica urolithiasis in rats. 838 18

The epidemiology of urolithiasis differs according to geographical area and historical period: changing socio-economic conditions have generated changes in the incidence and type of lithiasis in terms of both the site and the physical-chemical composition of the calculi. Reno-ureteral calculosis typical of adult age and featuring mainly calcium oxalate and phosphate is currently more frequent in economically developed countries, where the prevalence rate hovers between 4% and 20% and the annual incidence of hospitalization for calculosis ranges from 0.03 to 0.1%. On the contrary "primitive" vesical calculosis is fairly widespread in Asia, with calculi composed of ammonium urate and calcium oxalate. Vesical calculosis, due to malnutrition in the very early years of life, is currently frequent in huge areas of Turkey, Iran, India, China, Indochina and Indonesia, although the incidence is decreasing in proportion as social conditions gradually improve. At the beginning of the 20th century primitive vesical calculosis was relatively frequent in Europe also, but in the course of the last 100 years, there has been a gradual decrease in its incidence, while the reno-ureteral calculosis has become more common. This trend definited as "stone wave" has been explained in terms of changing social conditions and the consequent changes in eating habits. In Europe, Northern America, Australia, Japan, and, more recently, Saudi Arabia affluence has spread to all social classes, and with it the tendency to eat "rich" food in large quantities. Calcium oxalate and/or phosphate stones account for almost 70% of all renal stones observed in economically developed countries. The prevalence of this type of stones varies considerably on account of environmental factors, especially dietary intake and lifestyle, while radiolucent and infection stones seem to be less influenced by environmental conditions. In the seventies the pathogenetic role for calcium oxalate stones of a diet rich in proteins, refined carbohydrate and sodium has become evident, while the effect of alimentary calcium and oxalate is still debated. However, the concurrence of a genetic predisposition seem to be crucial for calcium stone formation. In fact the importance of family history for idiopathic calcium stone disease is clearly demonstrated, although little is known about the metabolic alterations underlying this predisposition and their genetic transmission mechanisms.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology of urolithiasis. 893 16

The postmortem records of 160 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) submitted for necropsy examination from 59 separate Pennsylvania captive deer farms over a 3.5-year period were reviewed to determine the primary cause of death of each animal. The most common causes of death were bronchopneumonia (39 cases), enterocolitis (30 cases), malnutrition (13 cases), and trauma (11 cases). Other causes of mortality included severe gastrointestinal parasitism (6 cases), cellulitis with septicemia (5 cases), degenerative myopathy (4 cases), ruminal acidosis (4 cases), and nephritis (4 cases). The cause of death was undetermined in 13 of the 160 animals. Arcanobacterium pyogenes (19 cases), Fusobacterium necrophorum (10 cases), Escherichia coli (7 cases), and Mannheimia haemolytica (4 cases) were the most commonly isolated bacteria from the pneumonic lungs. Bacterial agents associated with enterocolitis included Clostridium perfringens (15 cases), E. coli (12 cases), and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (2 cases). The majority (52.2%) of the death loss in white-tailed deer of known ages occurred in animals 1 year of age or less, with 46.2% of the bronchopneumonia cases and 50.0% of the enterocolitis cases occurring during this time period. Cases of degenerative myopathy, myocardial degeneration, hepatic necrosis, meningoencephalitis, peritonitis, and urolithiasis considered severe enough to be the primary cause of death appeared early in life, affecting deer 6 months of age or less in all cases. In conclusion, bronchopneumonia, enterocolitis, malnutrition, and trauma were considered the most common causes of death in confined white-tailed deer in this study.
 ...
PMID:A retrospective study of mortality in Pennsylvania captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): 20000--2003. 1558 66

In people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) both the CD4 T-cell count and the viral load are used to monitor disease progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). CD4 counts of <500/mm(3) are associated with opportunistic infections and certain malignancies, so-called 'AIDS-defining' conditions. Highly active antiretroviral therapy, using combinations of reverse transcriptase inhibitors and/or protease inhibitors, can improve considerably the prognosis of people who are HIV-positive, but such therapy is not yet widely available in many developing countries. People with AIDS are predisposed to urinary tract infection (UTI) by uncommon bacteria and pathogens, e.g. fungi, parasites and viruses, which may affect any urogenital organ; treatment should be culture-specific and long-term, because there is a tendency to recurrence, infection with multiple organisms and resistant isolates. Voiding dysfunction in patients with AIDS is usually a result of neurological complications caused by opportunistic infections, and has a poor prognosis. Of patients with AIDS, 30-50% develop a cancer, especially Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). KS may involve any urogenital organ, but is usually part of systemic disease. Small lesions on the external genitalia can be treated with laser, cryotherapy or surgical excision, larger lesions with radiotherapy, and disseminated or visceral KS with multidrug chemotherapy. NHL may involve the kidneys, testes and retroperitoneal lymph nodes, thus obstructing the ureters, which may require ureteric stenting or percutaneous nephrostomy. NHL can be treated with radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy. Urolithiasis in patients with AIDS may be caused by indinavir, a protease inhibitor, but the more common types of stones may also occur. Fluid-electrolyte and acid-base disturbances are common in patients with advanced AIDS, secondary to vomiting, diarrhoea, malnutrition or septicaemia. HIV-associated nephropathy occurs in 10-30% of patients, and often leads to renal failure. Testicular atrophy is common, leading to infertility, erectile dysfunction (ED) and decreased libido. Treatment for ED must include counselling about strategies to reduce the transmission of HIV. The risk of HIV transmission after parenteral exposure to blood from an HIV-positive patient is relatively low (0.2-0.4%); the urologist can reduce the risk of transmission during surgery by adopting certain precautions. After occupational exposure to HIV, chemoprophylaxis with antiretroviral medication can significantly reduce the probability of HIV transmission.
 ...
PMID:The urological management of the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 1692 74

The aim of the study was to describe clinical cases of childhood bladder stones and associated risk factors. Forty children (9 girls), aged 1-14-years old, (means 4.7 +/- 0.5 years), who underwent surgical stone removal in the Saravane Provincial Hospital during a 13-month period, were included. Bladder stone removal accounted for 55% of all surgical procedures performed on children. Most frequent symptoms were impaired micturition (97%) and acute urinary retention (32%). Body mass index was low, at < 18.5 in 92% of all cases, indicating serious associated malnutrition. Parental interviews disclosed a history of recent episodes of diarrhea (> 3 episodes in the previous year), recurrent urinary tract infection, and familial urolithiasis, in 60, 32, and 27% of patients, respectively. All children had been or were being breastfed, but 72% of the mothers introduced white rice into their children' diet as early as the first week of life, while 85% of them used to vary the food regimen (introducing meat, fish, fruit and vegetables) only after 1 year of age. This preliminary study suggests that the morbidity and social cost of childhood bladder stones may be high. A larger scale prospective and comparative study assessing their incidence and associated nutritional factors is warranted and feasible, and may lead to preventive measures.
 ...
PMID:Bladder stones in childhood: a descriptive study in a rural setting in Saravan Province, Lao PDR. 1590 34

Serum concentrations of amino acids, fatty acids, lipoproteins, vitamins A and E, and minerals in zoo giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) were compared to values obtained from free-ranging giraffes in an effort to identify potential nutritional differences in the zoo population. Zoo giraffes have a specific set of maladies that may be nutritionally related, including peracute mortality, energy malnutrition, pancreatic disease, urolithiasis, hoof disease, and severe intestinal parasitism. Dietary requirements for giraffes are not known; invasive studies used with domestic animals cannot be performed on zoo animals. Though domestic animal standards are often used to evaluate nutritional health of exotic animals, they may not be the most appropriate standards to use. Serum samples from 20 zoo giraffes at 10 zoological institutions in the United States were compared to previously collected samples from 24 free-ranging giraffes in South Africa. Thirteen of the zoo animal samples were collected from animals trained for blood collection, and seven were banked samples obtained from a previous serum collection. Dietary information was also collected on each zoo giraffe; most zoo giraffe diets consisted of alfalfa-based pellets (acid detergent fiber-16), alfalfa hay, and browse in varying quantities. Differences between zoo and free-ranging giraffes, males and females, and adults and subadults were analyzed with the use of a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial and Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) for mean separation. Of the 84 parameters measured, 54 (60%) were significantly different (P < or = 0.05) between zoo and free-ranging giraffes. Nine (11%) items were significantly different (P < or = 0.05) between adult and subadult animals. Only one parameter, sodium concentration, was found to be significantly different (P < or = 0.05) between genders. Further investigation in zoo giraffe diets is needed to address the differences seen in this study and the potentially related health problems.
 ...
PMID:Serum concentration comparisons of amino acids, fatty acids, lipoproteins, vitamins A and E, and minerals between zoo and free-ranging giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis). 1936 38

In 2008, more than 290,000 children suffered from urinary tract stones with a history of consuming melamine-contaminated powdered formula in China. Little was known about the long-term follow-up of outcomes of these patients in southwest China, so we conducted one-year follow-up investigation for further study. Thirty-six of 51 inpatients with melamine-induced urolithiasis were enrolled in this study. After 12 months follow-up, none of the children had vomiting, oliguria, gross hematuria, or fever. Twenty-seven patients were stone free, stones decreased in size in six patients and increased in three. Serum total protein, albumin, and pre-albumin increased significantly from baseline to 12 months, and renal function remained normal. Melamine-induced urolithiasis could not lead renal dysfunction at 12 months follow-up. The results of our study indicated that more attention should be paid to the prevention of protein malnutrition in children with a history of consuming melamine-contaminated food products.
 ...
PMID:One-year follow-up of patients with melamine-induced urolithiasis in Southwest China. 2223 77


1 2 Next >>