Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0451641 (urolithiasis)
 3,973 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The androgen receptor gene (AR) contains a domain which includes a variable number of CAG sequences and alleles with low numbers of CAG repeats show high transactivation activity when complexed with testosterone. The ratio of 2nd and 4th digit length (2D:4D) is negatively correlated with phenotypic effects of testosterone. Low numbers of CAG repeats and low 2D:4D are both associated with high sperm numbers and protection against breast cancer. This suggests that CAG number and 2D:4D are correlated i.e. low CAG number and low 2D:4D indicate high activation of androgen-responsive genes. Findings from AR studies predict that low 2D:4D will be associated with prostate and hepatocellular cancer, urolithiasis, ADHD, ankylosing spondylitis, spontaneous abortion, and polycystic ovaries, while high 2D:4D will be associated with motor neuron diseases and endometrial cancer. Findings from 2D:4D studies predict that short CAG length will be common in autism and Asperger's syndrome, while high numbers of CAG repeats will be found in men who are prone to early myocardial infarction.
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PMID:The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a proxy for transactivation activity of the androgen receptor gene? 1220 64

Nine of 24 ovariectomized nude mice developed ulcerative skin lesions 28 d after implantation with human breast cancer cells and slow-release estrogen pellets. Aerobic culture of samples from the skin lesions yielded Staphylococcus intermedius. By day 45 postimplantation, all mice displayed ulcerative skin lesions, and 5 mice exhibited hunched posture, listless behavior, cyanosis, anorexia, and dehydration. This subset was euthanized but not necropsied. When additional animals became moribund, the investigator elected to end the study at day 51. At necropsy, all 20 but 1 had cystitis and urolithiasis, characterized by relatively large struvite stones and crystals that had filled the urinary bladders of the research animals and caused severe thickening of the bladder walls. Gram-positive cocci were observed microscopically in both the kidneys and bladders of the necropsied animals. Spontaneous urolithiasis has not previously been documented to occur in association with infection of female nude mice by S. intermedius.
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PMID:Staphylococcus-induced urolithiasis in estrogen-treated ovariectomized nude mice. 1764 98

Female nude mice (J:NU-Foxn1nu; age, 6 wk) were injected with 1 million MCF7 human breast cancer cells in the fourth mammary fat pads and received a 21-d sustained-release estrogen pellet (0.25 mg) subcutaneously in the dorsum of the neck. All mice were maintained in sterile housing and provided sterile water and irradiated rodent chow. Approximately 6 wk after implantation, 4 of the 30 mice showed clinical signs of depression and dehydration. The 2 animals most severely affected were euthanized and presented for necropsy. The urinary bladders of these animals were distended with variable sized white, opaque uroliths. Urinalysis revealed coccal bacteria, erythrocytes, neutrophils and struvite crystals. Urine cultures from both necropsied animals grew heavy, pure growths of Staphylococcus xylosus. The organism was sensitive to all antibiotics tested except erythromycin (intermediate). Analysis of the uroliths revealed 100% struvite composition. Remaining mice in the study were evaluated clinically for hydration status, the ability to urinate, and the presence of palpable stones in the urinary bladder; one additional mouse had a firm, nonpainful bladder (urolithiasis suspected). Given the sensitivity of the organisms cultured from urine samples, the remaining mice were placed on enrofloxacin in the drinking water (0.5 mg/mL). All remaining mice completed the study without further morbidity or mortality. Previous studies have reported the association of estrogen supplementation with urinary bladder pathology, including infection and urolithiasis. Here we present a case of urolithiasis and cystitis in nude mice receiving estrogen supplementation that was associated with Staphylococcus xylosus, which previously was unreported in this context. When assessing these nude mice for urolithiasis, we found that visualizing the stones through the body wall, bladder palpation, and bladder expression were helpful in identifying affected mice.
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PMID:Staphylococcus xylosus Cystitis and Struvite Urolithiasis in Nude Mice Implanted with Sustained-release Estrogen Pellets. 3001 19