Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0451641 (urolithiasis)
 3,973 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Glycosaminoglycans are heteropolysaccharides composed of disaccharide repeating subunits, each one containing a uronic acid component (glucuronic or iduronic acid) and a hexosamine (N-acetyl-glucosamine or N-acetyl-galactosamine, which may be differently sulphated). The presence of GAGs in human plasma has been demonstrated in several studies; they are bound to plasma proteins through non-covalent linkages. However, very little is known about either their origin or their physiological role. Due to their anionic charge, they may influence some metabolic processes, such as blood coagulation, and they could also have a role in urolithiasis and atherogenesis. Moreover, they may be important in modulating the metabolism of some lipoproteins by affecting the rate of their catabolism. Modifications of GAG pattern have been described in a few pathological conditions such as mucopolysaccharidosis, connective tissue diseases and kidney diseases. A high frequency of accelerated atherosclerosis has been observed in haemodialysis patients (HD), probably associated with the altered lipoprotein profile, which is often described in these subjects. Since GAGs may play a role in lipoprotein metabolism, we isolated and characterized plasma GAGs from a group of HD patients and a group of normal matched subjects. Quantitative analysis of plasma GAGs showed a significant increase of these polysaccharides in the HD group. Circulating levels of GAGs were 8.21 +/- 1.89 micrograms/ml in control subjects, and 15.08 +/- 3.13 micrograms/ml in the HD group (p < 0.0001). The isolation of plasma GAGs by ion-exchange chromatography produced two uronic acid containing families: a low-charge (peak I) and a high-charge (peak II) species. Both of these contained GAGs associated with plasma proteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Characterization of plasma glycosaminoglycans in hemodialysis patients]. 130 20

The low incidence of atherosclerosis and other degenerative diseases including stone disease in the Greenland Eskimo has been attributed to their high consumption of oily fish with its high concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Man cannot synthesis EPA from the precursor essential fatty acid, linolenic acid, and can only assimilate preformed EPA present in fish and fish oil, to bring about a change in the pathway of eicosanoid metabolism from the n-6 to the n-3 series. With a westernised diet the oxygenated products of renal prostaglandin synthesis are metabolites of the n-6 series and these are known to play an important role in several pathophysiological states including stone disease. Our previous studies have shown a relationship between prostaglandin activity and urinary calcium excretion and it would seem that the initiating factor/s for stone formation trigger the mechanisms for prostaglandin synthesis resulting in the biochemical abnormalities associated with stone disease. The Eskimo may be protected from these events by possession of an eicosanoid metabolism that follows an n-3 pathway. To test this hypothesis experiments were performed using an animal model of nephrocalcinosis. The animals were divided into three groups; one group was given an intra-peritoneal injection of 10% calcium gluconate daily for 10 days to induce nephrocalcinosis; a second group was fed MaxEPA fish oil before and during the calcium gluconate injections and a third group only received an intra-peritoneal injection of N saline. A group of 12 recurrent, hypercalciuric/hyperoxaluric stone-formers were treated with fish oil for eight weeks to study the effects on solute excretion. Nephrocalcinosis, which was readily produced in the control animals, was prevented in the experimental animals by pre-treatment with fish oil and urine calcium excretion was significantly reduced. The urinary calcium and oxalate excretion in the recurrent, hypercalciuric stone-formers was significantly reduced with fish oil treatment over an eight week period. There were no untoward side-effects. These studies indicate that the incorporation of EPA in the diet as a substitute metabolic pathway could be a unique way of correcting the biochemical abnormalities of idiopathic urolithiasis.
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PMID:The protective role of eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] in the pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis. 205 89

This paper reviews the literature on somatic and psychological consequences of vasectomy published in the past 10 years. Although there is some evidence in animal studies of harmful effects, these findings are not supported in the epidemiological and clinical studies. The somatic aspects are discussed in terms of hormonal and accessory gland function consequences, immunological data on animals and men (clinical studies of cancer, atherosclerosis, and urolithiasis, and epidemiological studies). Psychological aspects are viewed in terms of the effects on sex life, attitude toward family and children, repercussions on mental health, and second thoughts after vasectomy (displeasure, dissatisfaction, and regrets). The summary of clinical and large scale epidemiological studies indicates that there aren't any long term side effects of vasectomy on the health of individuals examined. The results are considered valid and reliable and a complete confirmation of long term safety of vasectomy. That some evidence was produced clinically on side effects may mean the results reflect methodological or experimental conditions, or the need for case control studies among male high risk groups. 2 points are made about the lack of statistical power and selection bias. Vasectomy may act as a co-risk factor. The risk is low and only appears in some groups of already high risk men with hypercholesterolemia and familial hypertension. The total number of high risk men is low, which means lack of statistical power. The 2nd point is that accessibility may present a selection bias, where patients elect not to have a vasectomy because of bad health or doctors may reject individuals in bad health or long term risk factors. The psychological aspects as reported show 90% of men satisfied with having has a vasectomy. There is not notable change in frequency of sexual relations or sexual desire. Studies have not been done which take into account cultural differences, and do not reflect comparisons with the before period. Interpretations and cross study comparisons lack uniformity and clarity. Reduced sexual relations could be considered appropriate for a couple requesting sterilization, and frequent sexual activity post operation could mean insecurity. Future studies might monitor closely the real life experiences to answer the why vasectomy, how adjusted, and so on. All the studies are restricted by limited options questions. Of concern is whether the man selected the right choice. Compared to costs, failure rate, and complications of tubal ligation, it is hoped that vasectomy continues as a viable and available method for couples.
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PMID:Does vasectomy have long-term effects on somatic and psychological health status? 209 10

Family physicians should be aware of the potential effects and complications of vasectomy so they can appropriately counsel patients seeking sterilization. Vasectomy produces anatomic, hormonal and immunologic changes and, although not substantiated by clinical studies, has been reputed to be associated with atherosclerosis, prostate cancer, testicular cancer and urolithiasis. Complications of vasectomy include overt failure, occasional sperm in the ejaculate, hematoma, bleeding, infection, sperm granuloma, congestive epididymitis, antisperm antibody formation and psychogenic impotence. Compared with tubal ligation, vasectomy has fewer serious complications and a comparable failure rate.
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PMID:Complications of vasectomy. 823 40

Arterial dissection is usually associated with pathological states such as malignant hypertension, severe atherosclerosis, severe trauma, Marfan syndrome, or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. However, we report three cases in which renal artery dissection occurred in otherwise healthy, normotensive men. In two cases, the onset of symptoms of renal artery dissection was coincident with an unusual degree of physical activity. In the third case, the symptoms occurred while the patient was sitting but during a stressful business meeting. In each case, the patient experienced severe unilateral flank pain. Urolithiasis was suspected, but intravenous pyelography showed only ipsilateral impaired renal cortical perfusion, and the urinalyses showed no hematuria. The diagnosis of renal artery dissection was established by arteriography in two cases and by nephrectomy in one case. The latter case showed fibromuscular dysplasia by arteriography performed after the nephrectomy. The other two cases showed no evidence of fibromuscular dysplasia. We conclude that spontaneous renal artery dissection can occur in otherwise healthy individuals. Our experience and the reports of others indicate that this condition occurs mainly in men, conservative (nonsurgical) management is generally indicated, and the long-term prognosis is generally excellent. In some patients, an unusual degree of physical exertion might be the cause of renal artery dissection.
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PMID:Renal artery dissection causing renal infarction in otherwise healthy men. 939 33

Hypoxytherapy is the non-medicinal therapeutic method using gaseous hypoxic mixture (GHM) with decreased oxygen contents. The method is based on the activation of body protective mechanisms, phagocytosis stimulation, microcirculation improvement, sedative effect. GHM therapy is indicated in neurosis, CHD, hypertension, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, to prevent from side effect of ionizing radiation, to increase the resistance during complex therapy of oncologic patients. The method is contraindicated in acute diseases, decompensation of chronic diseases. The authors noted that it is reasonable to use GHM low doses in rehabilitation period after acute pneumonia and in geriatrics. Quite satisfactory effect was obtained in therapy of lower extremity atherosclerosis. For the first time the fact of concrement passage under GHM influence was registered and hypoxytherapy was included into the complex therapy of urolithiasis.
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PMID:[Indications for hypoxitherapy]. 1190 95

Gout refers to heterogeneous group of metabolic diseases characterized by production of deposits of sodium urate crystals in tissues. Gout manifests as acute gouty arthritis with classic clinical picture, or as chronic gouty arthropathy with periarticular and subcutaneous deposits of sodium urate crystals, i.e. tophi. As for kidney, gout is manifested as acute or chronic gouty nephropathy and urolithiasis. These manifestations occur separately or they are combined. Hyperuricemia of primary gout is caused rather by impaired renal secretion than overproduction of uric acid. Secondary hyperuricemia is associated with many pathological conditions; it is also connected with the use of various medicaments. Pathogenesis of gouty arthritis is critically influenced by sodium urate crystals and inflammatory processes they induce. Hyperuricemia is part of metabolic syndrome X which is associated with unanswered question of the relationship between uric acid and atherosclerosis. Although gouty arthritis is the most frequent inflammatory disease of joints in men over 50 years of age, it is often diagnosed and treated inadequately. On that account, the indication of long-term hypouricemic therapy should be always based on the following criteria: secondary causes of hyperuricemia have to be excluded first; frequency of gout attacks and the risk of their recurrence should be taken into consideration; then it is necessary to search for renal manifestations of gout; and last but not least, we should check whether there are any associated diseases classified in metabolic syndrome X.
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PMID:[Pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy of gout]. 1696 17

Numerous studies in recent years had proved pathogenetic correlation of the intestinal ecological community, not only with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract but also with diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension, urolithiasis and pyelonephritis, gallstones and hepatitis. In its role in maintaining homeostasis an intestinal microflora isn't inferior to any other vital organs. All this allowed to distinguish it as an independent body. Recently, as one of the most important factors for the development of dyslipidemia scientists consider breaking the functional state of the liver, as well as changes in blood lipid spectrum and disturbance of cholesterol metabolism begins at the level of the hepatocyte. However, in 2001, Carneiro de Moura proposed a theory of violation of the microbial community in the colon as one of the ways to lipid metabolism. By reducing the detoxification function of intestinal microflora associated with Microecological disorders of various origins, the first "hit" is to the host liver--is on one side. On the other--the vast majority of microorganisms are characterized by a pronounced ability of bile acids deconjugation, and therefore the increased reproduction in the ileum of bacteria (especially anaerobic, with enhanced activity against deconjugation activity to related bile acids) and the formation of toxic endogenous bile salts, acids are important prerequisites for the occurrence of violations of all functions of the liver, including the activities of Kupffer cells and the whole system of mononuclear macrophages. In this regard, the formation and progression of dyslipidemia, regardless of the target organ must be closely linked with the digestive tract by micro. Schematically it can be represented as follows: violation of microecology intestine --> accumulation of endotoxin in the gut --> entry of endotoxins in portal vein to the liver --> RES of liver cell damage --> strengthening the pathological effects of toxicants other (non-microbial) origin --> dysfunction of hepatocytes --> dislipoproteidemiya.
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PMID:[Intestinal dysbiosis and atherogenic dyslipidemia]. 2049 50

Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans. High levels are causative in gout and urolithiasis. Hyperuricaemia has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD), congestive heart failure (CHF), the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and atherosclerosis, with or without cardiovascular events. This article briefly reviews uric acid metabolism and summarizes the current literature on hyperuricaemia in cardiovascular disease and related co-morbidities, and emerging treatment options.
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PMID:The pathophysiology of hyperuricaemia and its possible relationship to cardiovascular disease, morbidity and mortality. 2389 42

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a atypical gram-negative bacteria preferring gastric mucosa which also have bizarre multisystem effects extended to some malignancies, hematologic and vascular disorders through some not well defined pathophysiologic pathways. Our pioneer data was pointing that the urinary system stone existence was seemed to be high in the group of H. pylori+cases. While the explanation of the reason of the coincidence of renal-gall bladder stones, it was previously suggested that there may be a shift mechanism of intestinal microbial flora, from Oxalobacter formigenes that may reduce the risk of renal stone by consuming intestinal oxalate, to H. pylori which is known to induce gallstone by unknown mechanism. This hypothesis is an indirect one and highly controversial for the effect of H. pylori in the renal stone formation because intestinal absorption of oxalate is not significant when it is compared with the endogen oxalate. The present preliminary unique data in connection with our hypothesis claimed that a possible relation between H. pylori and renal stones. We think that this detrimental effect is due to the possible systemic influence such as vascular and/or endoluminal sickness due to the H. pylori other than directs bacteriologic colonization. There is strong evidence that H. pylori have some role in the atherosclerotic procedure. The vascular theory of Randall plaque formation at renal papilla and subsequent calcium oxalate stone development that suggests microvascular injury of renal papilla in an atherosclerotic-like fashion results in calcification near vessel walls that eventually erodes as a calculus format into the urinary system. Briefly, theories of stone and atherosclerosis seemed to be overlap and H. pylori is one of the factor of both processes. In addition to our hypothesis, we claimed that H. pylori might have same detrimental effect on endoluminal surfaces of urinary and genital systems and resulting in some special pathologies as Hunner's ulcers in interstitial cystitis and even posttesticular infertility. The accumulating knowledge about extragastric sequelae of H. pylori may open new aspects on therapeutic and the prevention strategies of urolithiasis and even this progress may reach to chronic pelvic pain syndromes and idiopathic infertility.
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PMID:Helicobacter pylori and urinary system stones: endoluminal damage as sub-hypothesis to support the current stone theory. 2579 4


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