Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cerebrospinal fluid and serum were obtained from 16 clinically normal adult cows (11 dairy, 5 beef). Sodium, potassium, magnesium, total protein, and albumin concentrations, osmolality, and lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activities, were quantified in CSF and serum. Total and differential cell counting, protein electrophoresis, and IgG quantification were performed on CSF. Statistical analyses of these variables, including mean, SEM, range, and 95% confidence intervals, were performed. Effects of blood contamination were evaluated, and were found to be negligible for all measured constituents. Correction factors for CSF creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities accounting for cellular contamination were developed. Total nucleated cell count was similar to counts in CSF of other species, but higher than values in healthy people. Differential leukocyte count in CSF was similar to that reported in CSF of other domestic animals: mostly lymphocytes, fewer monocytoid cells, and scant neutrophils. Cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration was higher than concentration reported for dogs, goats, and people, but was similar to values reported for horses. Beef cows had higher CSF total protein concentration than did dairy cows; also, beef cows had higher CSF gamma-globulin concentration. The concentration of sodium in CSF was slightly higher than the value in serum, and potassium concentration was lower than the value in serum. In contrast to studies of human beings, CSF osmolality was generally less than serum osmolality in the cows studied. Reference values for CSF electrolyte concentrations and osmolality are useful for diagnosis of salt poisoning and for assessment of the effects of fluid therapy. Magnesium concentration was lower in CSF, compared with serum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Composition and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in clinically normal adult cattle. 146 1

The effects of the calcium antagonists, chlorpromazine (CPZ), nisoldipine (NIS), trifluoperazine (TFP), and nicardipine (NIC) were compared in rat livers following either 20- or 30-hr ice storage in sodium lactobionate sucrose solution (SLS). Survivals beyond 7 days after orthotopic liver transplantation following 20-hr cold storage were 1/14 in the University of Wisconsin solution, 4/14 in SLS, 4/8 in UW+CPZ, 7/8 in SLS+CPZ. Survivals beyond 7 days after OLT following 30-hr cold storage were 3/8 in SLS+CPZ, 3/8 in SLS+NIS, 2/8 in SLS+TFP, 0/8 in SLS+NIC, and 0/8 in SLS alone. Survival rates were significantly (P less than 0.05) better in both SLS+CPZ and SLS+NIS than in UW and SLS alone. The effluent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and pH changes were measured at the time of OLT. After 20 hr, LDH levels were 525 +/- 78 IU/L (mean +/- SEM) in UW, 492 +/- 44 in SLS, 322 +/- 35 in UW+CPZ, and 290 +/- 39 in SLS+CPZ. After 30 hr, LDH values were 416 +/- 40 in SLS+CPZ, 450 +/- 25 in SLS+NIS, 448 +/- 21 in SLS+TFP, 573 +/- 18 in SLS+NIC, and 614 +/- 68 in SLS. The LDH levels for SLS+CPZ and SLS+NIS were significantly lower than those of SLS and UW (P less than 0.01). The pH changes in the effluent were significantly less in both the CPZ and NIS groups (P less than 0.01). This study demonstrated improved liver preservation by the use of a simplified colloid-free lactobionate solution containing sodium as the principal cation. The addition of CPZ or NIS to the solution demonstrated the same potency for significant improvement in efficacy of this solution, while NIC was ineffective.
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PMID:Calcium antagonists in sodium lactobionate sucrose solution for rat liver preservation. 156 35

Cytosolic free adenosine diphosphate (ADP) concentration in remnant rabbit liver 24 hours after 70% hepatectomy was calculated from the measured components of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase:3-phosphoglycerate kinase/lactate dehydrogenase reaction. The concentration of free cytoplasmic ADP of the remnant liver increased from the control value of 76.9 +/- 6.0 mumol/L to 208.8 +/- 31.9 mumol/L (mean +/- SEM) at 24 hours after hepatectomy. The calculated free ADP provides the following three interpretations with respect to mitochondrial respiration acceleration as a result of liver regeneration. First, the Michaelis-Menten equation for physiologic respiration relative to maximal respiration gave 1.16 as the value of acceleration. Next, the classical thermodynamic theory showed that the logarithm of [adenosine triphosphate]/[free ADP] [free inorganic phosphate], which is reciprocally correlated with mitochondrial respiration, was decreased by a factor of 0.78 after hepatectomy. Finally, the irreversible thermodynamic theory indicated that chemical affinity, which is linearly correlated to mitochondrial respiration, was increased 1.36 times. These interpretations suggest that the rate of mitochondrial respiration is accelerated after major hepatectomy.
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PMID:A role of cytoplasmic free adenosine diphosphate in regenerating rabbit liver. 158 84

To study the effect of the inflammatory mediator hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on airway ciliary activity, we measured ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in cultured tracheal explants from sheep. Addition of H2O2 (10(-8) to 10(-4) M) produced a concentration-dependent mean (+/- SEM) decrease in CBF between 11.1 +/- 0.4% (P less than 0.01) and 100 +/- 0% (P less than 0.001); at each concentration, the maximal effect was reached by 20 to 25 min. Between 10(-8) and 10(-6) M H2O2, the decrease in CBF was reversible, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was not significantly increased, and major morphologic lesions were not seen. At higher concentrations of H2O2, incomplete recovery of CBF (10(-5) M) or irreversible ciliostasis (10(-4) M) developed, and a significant increase in LDH and morphologic lesions were present. Catalase (2,000 U/ml) and H-7 (10(-5) M), a protein kinase inhibitor, abolished cilioinhibition produced by H2O2 at 10(-6) M and lower concentrations but not at 10(-5) M and higher concentrations. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C activator, caused a dose-dependent (10(-11) to 10(-5) M), reversible decrease in CBF; this effect was abolished by H-7. We suggest that at nonlethal concentrations, H2O2 inhibits the beat frequency of airway epithelial cilia reversibly, through the activation of second messengers, including protein kinase C. This mechanism might contribute to the previously demonstrated impairment of mucociliary clearance in airway inflammation.
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PMID:Mechanism of hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of sheep airway cilia. 159 Oct 15

The purpose of this study was to compare the degree of ischemic and hypoxic injury in normal versus hypertrophied rat hearts to investigate basic mechanisms responsible for irreversible myocardial ischemic injury. Hearts from rats with bands placed on the aortic arch at 23 days of age (BAND) and sham-operated rats (SHAM, 8 weeks postoperative) were isolated, perfused with Krebs buffer, and had a left ventricular balloon to measure developed pressure. Hearts were made globally ischemic until they developed peak ischemic contracture and were reperfused for 30 minutes. Additional hearts were perfused for 15 minutes with glucose-free hypoxic buffer followed by 20 minutes of oxygenated perfusion. There was an 87% increase in heart weight of BAND compared with SHAM (p less than 0.01). During ischemia, lactate levels increased faster in BAND compared with SHAM, ischemic contracture occurred earlier in BAND than in SHAM despite no difference in ATP levels, and postischemic recovery of left ventricular pressure was less in BAND (26.8 +/- 5.6% of control left ventricular pressure, mean +/- SEM) compared with SHAM (40 +/- 4.6%, p less than 0.05). During hypoxic perfusion, lactate release was greater in BAND than in SHAM (48.8 +/- 1.2 versus 26.6 +/- 0.97 mumols/g, p less than 0.01), and with reoxygenation, lactate dehydrogenase release was less in BAND than in SHAM (13.2 +/- 0.7 versus 19.5 +/- 0.2 IU/g, p less than 0.01). After hypoxia and reoxygenation, left ventricular pressure recovery was greater in BAND than in SHAM (93 +/- 8.4% versus 66 +/- 5.3%, p less than 0.01). Thus, this study suggests that hypertrophied hearts have a greater potential for glycolytic metabolism, resulting in an increased rate of by-product accumulation during ischemia, which may be responsible for the increased susceptibility of hypertrophied hearts to ischemic injury.
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PMID:Increased ischemic injury but decreased hypoxic injury in hypertrophied rat hearts. 214 92

The adverse effects of administration of gentamicin (5 mg/kg of body weight, IM, q 12 h) for 7 days were studied in healthy scarlet macaws (Ara macao) and galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus; cockatoos). Polydipsia and polyuria developed in each species, but were greater and persisted longer in the cockatoos. Peak water intake in the cockatoos more than quadrupled, and remained increased for 23 days after cessation of gentamicin administration. Plasma aspartate transaminase activity increased significantly (P less than 0.05) after treatment in the macaws, and plasma aspartate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase activities increased in the cockatoos. Single IM administration of gentamicin (5 mg/kg) resulted in mean (+/- SEM) plasma concentration of 20.6 (+/- 1.85) micrograms/ml at 0.5 hour for either species of birds. There were no significant differences between mean plasma gentamicin concentrations for cockatoos and macaws at any time after drug administration, except at 12 hours, when values for cockatoos were significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than those for macaws. The elimination half-life for gentamicin after IM administration of 5 and 10 mg/kg was 1.17 and 1.07 hours, respectively, for macaws and 1.23 and 1.44 hours, respectively, for cockatoos. Correlation between drug disposition and adverse side effects could not be detected.
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PMID:Adverse effects of gentamicin in scarlet macaws and galahs. 231 18

To investigate whether iron is involved in the reperfusion syndrome by aggravating free radical injury, the hearts from iron-loaded and control rats were perfused under normoxic, anoxic, and reperfusion conditions. Normoxic perfusion revealed no change in coronary flow, contractility, or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release between these two groups. Under anoxic and reperfusion conditions, however, we found a significant increase of ventricle fibrillation (56% vs. 0%, p less than 0.01, n = 9), a significantly lower recovery of contractility (21 +/- 7.4% vs. 81 +/- 6.6%, mean +/- SEM; p less than 0.001), and a significant increase of LDH release (667 +/- 142 vs. 268 +/- 37 mU LDH/min/g wet wt, mean +/- SEM; p less than 0.05). Administration of either 20 microM of the antioxidant (+)-cyanidanol-3 or 50 microM of the iron-chelator deferoxamine totally prevented the generation of ventricle fibrillation and normalized contractility to control levels in the iron-loaded group. Moreover, 20 microM (+)-cyanidanol-3 significantly lowered LDH release in this period (312 +/- 67 mU), whereas deferoxamine had no protective effect on this LDH release (1,494 +/- 288 mU). Normal hearts appeared to be protected by 20 microM (+)-cyanidanol-3 as well. In this group (n = 6), a significantly higher recovery of contractility (97.1 +/- 3.2% vs. 81 +/- 6.6%, p less than 0.05) and a significantly lower release of LDH (110 +/- 27 vs. 268 +/- 37 mU, p less than 0.05) was found compared with the control group (n = 9). No difference in superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase activity was found between the groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Iron-load increases the susceptibility of rat hearts to oxygen reperfusion damage. Protection by the antioxidant (+)-cyanidanol-3 and deferoxamine. 339 80

Surgical preparation of human saphenous vein for coronary artery bypass grafting involving distension and storage in iso-osmotic sodium chloride solution reduced tissue adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (mean(SEM] concentration from 280(20) nmol.g-1 wet wt (n = 25) to 140(30) nmol.g-1 wet wt (n = 12) and the adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate (ATP:ADP) concentration ratio from 2.4(0.1) to 1.2(0.2). Since removal of endothelium from freshly isolated vein did not affect ATP concentration or ATP:ADP ratio, these changes quantified medial damage. Distension of the vein at a pressure of 150 mmHg caused no change in ATP concentration or ATP:ADP ratio, but these values were reduced progressively by distension at 300 mmHg and 600 mmHg. Damage was not reversed but was exacerbated by subsequent incubation of the distended vein in blood. Distension of the vein at 600 mmHg caused release of tissue lactate dehydrogenase. The data show that acute medial damage can result from distension of the vein but that this does not occur at pressure equivalent to normal arterial pressure. Distension induced medial damage is unlikely to be rapidly reversible.
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PMID:Nature and pressure dependence of damage induced by distension of human saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts. 350 70

The permselectivity of the renal capillaries was investigated from the transport of a series of molecular probes: inulin, positive (+2, net charge at pH 7.4), neutral (0), and negative (-6) myoglobin, neutral (0) and negative (-14) horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and two isomers of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), namely the positively charged (+2) LDH-M4 and the negatively charged (-19) LDH-H4. The determination of the concentration of tracer proteins necessitated gel separation of both plasma and renal hilar lymph. The reason for this is that the proteins, after filtration, will be reabsorbed and degraded by the proximal tubular cells into small molecular compounds (amino acids), which will return to both the renal interstitium and systemic plasma. Even if this degradation is of low degree, as for high-molecular-weight proteins, separation is still required, since the relative lymph concentration (plasma concentration put at 1) is also low, that is, even small amounts of low molecular compounds will distort the relative lymph concentration obtained. The transport from plasma to renal hilar lymph of the tracer molecules fell with increasing Stokes-Einstein radius. The relative lymph concentration of the 11 A inulin was 1.06 +/- 0.03 (mean +/- SEM), of the neutral 17.5 A myoglobin 0.76 +/- 0.05, of the neutral 32 A HRP 0.32 +/- 0.02 and of the neutral 46 A LDH 0.12 +/- 0.01. The data are compatible with a two-pore system. The negative tracer molecules were in general proportionally more restricted than the neutral (or positive) moieties (P less than 0.001) thus suggesting a negatively charged peritubular capillary membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Permeability of renal capillaries. II. Transport of neutral and charged protein molecular probes. 357 15

The macromolecular permeability of renal capillaries and the intravascular red cell aggregation resulting from 45 min of warm ischaemia were investigated. The effects of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor Allopurinol on these factors and also on the post-ischaemic nephron function were also studied. Following ischaemia there was a more than 10-fold increase in the transport from plasma to renal hilar lymph both of plasma proteins and of two isomers of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-the nearly neutral LDH-M4 and the negatively charged LDH-H4. The ischaemia also resulted in massive intravascular red cell aggregation, especially in the renal medulla. Through reduction of plasma xanthine oxidase activity from 13.1 +/- 1.1 microU microliter-1 (mean +/- SEM) to essentially zero by Allopurinol, the capillary leakiness was substantially diminished with almost complete normalization after 120 min. At the same time the relative volume of trapped red cells was reduced; in the inner stripe of the outer medulla, for example, it decreased from 11.3 +/- 1.7% in untreated animals to 4.0 +/- 1.1% after treatment with 20 mg of Allopurinol given intravenously 3 h before the ischaemia. Oral feeding with 4 mg of Allopurinol day-1 for one week gave essentially the same result. The net driving force for filtration after treatment with this drug was thus 19 mmHg, as against 26 mmHg in the normal kidney and the resulting SNGFR was half the normal. The total filtration rate was proportionally more reduced to less than 1/3 of the normal. Tubular obstruction was still present but was not as severe as in untreated kidneys (Karlberg et al., 1982b) where the tubular fluid flow and thereby the filtration are essentially zero. It is suggested that oxygen free radicals increased the macromolecular permeability and the adhesiveness of white blood cells and that these two factors combined underlie the aggregation of red blood cells in the medullary vasa recta with consequent persistence of medullary ischaemia.
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PMID:Renal capillary permeability and intravascular red cell aggregation after ischaemia. I. Effects of xanthine oxidase activity. 357 16


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