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 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of somatostatin on GLI release during the absorption of intraduodenally administered glucose, casein hydrolysate and longchain triglycerides were studied in conscious dogs. Whereas, after an intraduodenal glucose load, GLI rose promptly in saline-infused control experiments to a peak of 5 ng/ml (SEM +/- 4) in 60 minutes, significantly lower values were observed during somatostatin infusion (P less than 0.025 -- 0.05). A similar reduction in the magnitude of the GLI response to intraduodenally administered casein hydrolysate (P less than 0.05) and fat (p less than 0.05) was observed.
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PMID:The effect of somatostatin on the response of GLI to the intraduodenal administration of glucose, protein, and fat. 118 67

Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) impairs immune responsiveness predisposing to Candida albicans sepsis, but mechanisms are unclear. This study examined the effect of PCM on enteric-derived C. albicans intestinal translocation and the ability of in vivo interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to upregulate macrophage (MO) candidacidal mechanisms in PCM mice. Control (24% casein) and low protein (2.5%) diets were given for 4 weeks. Mice (n = 160) were fed C. albicans in their drinking water for 3 days and C. albicans translocation (mean colony-forming units (CFU)/g tissue +/- SEM) to the GI tract, liver, spleen, and kidney was assessed at 1 and 5 days following endotoxin challenge of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg body wt. In a separate study (n = 100 mice), IFN-gamma (1000-10,000 U/day ip) vs saline was given for 3 days prior to harvesting peritoneal macrophages for assay of superoxide anion (O2-), percentage macrophage phagocytosis of C. albicans, and percentage killing of C. albicans. On Day 1, fungal translocation to the intestinal wall and systemic organs in the PCM group was significantly higher. On Day 5, mean CFU were significantly higher in the PCM group, indicating impaired organ clearance. Mean O2-, phagocytosis, and killing were significantly impaired in the PCM group (P less than 0.05), but IFN-gamma improved all functions. PCM significantly depressed host responses to C. albicans. IFN-gamma treatment enhanced candidacidal mechanisms, suggesting a therapeutic role in the malnourished host predisposed to C. albicans sepsis.
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PMID:Protein-calorie malnutrition impairs host defense against Candida albicans. 164 10

An adequate supply of calcium is important for normal bone mineralization in infants. Special infant formulas have been developed to treat infants with a high risk of developing allergy. Similar to other diets, it is important that these products are nutritionally adequate. We have measured calcium retention from a new formula based on whey hydrolysate and compared it with conventional formulas, using extrinsic labeling with calcium 47 and the weanling rhesus monkey as an animal model. Retention of calcium was similar for all formulas studied: 45% +/- 4% (mean +/- SEM) from whey-hydrolysate, 47% +/- 2% from whey-predominant, and 53% +/- 7% from casein-predominant formula. Calcium retention from human milk, 72% +/- 3%, was significantly higher than from formula. Using these retention values and the calcium concentrations of the diets, infant formula and human milk deliver approximately equal amounts of calcium to the infant.
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PMID:Calcium retention from milk-based infant formulas, whey-hydrolysate formula, and human milk in weanling rhesus monkeys. 230 47

Iron absorption from human milk and infant formula has received much attention, but experimental design problems have been common. In our study, iron retention from human milk, milk-based infant formula (IF) with and without supplemental ferrous sulfate, and IF supplemented with either human or bovine lactoferrin (Lf) was evaluated in infant rhesus monkeys. The exchange of 59Fe (III) Cl3 between the whey, casein, and fat fractions required up to 72 h to reach the same distribution as intrinsic iron, depending on the type of diet. Infant monkeys were intubated with labeled human milk or IF and counted in a whole body counter. Each infant received all five diets and was also intubated with a reference dose of 55Fe (II) ascorbate. There was no significant difference in iron retention (mean +/- SEM) from the experimental diets: human milk 32.5 +/- 5.1%; IF 32.1 +/- 8.0%; IF + Fe 23.0 +/- 3.9%; IF + human Lf 23.5 +/- 3.3%; IF + bovine Lf 22.7 +/- 4.9%. Therefore, infant monkeys absorb and retain iron similarly from human milk and infant formula. Supplementation of infant formula with human or bovine Lf resulted in similar iron retention to that of ferrous sulfate-supplemented infant formula.
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PMID:Iron retention from lactoferrin-supplemented formulas in infant rhesus monkeys. 231 47

The kinetics of appearance of amino acids (AA) in portal blood following the ingestion of casein or rapeseed protein were compared. Six pigs, fitted with permanent catheters in the portal vein and in the carotid artery, as well as with an electromagnetic flow probe around the portal vein, received three 800 g test meals, one containing 12% rapeseed proteins (RA12) and the others containing 12% and 24% casein (CA12 and CA24), at 1-week intervals and according to a double Latin square design. Portal and arterial blood samples were collected and portal blood flow rate was recorded for 8 h after the test meals. At the end of measurement, an average of 76.1 +/- 5.6% (mean +/- SEM) of total AA from the CA24 diet had appeared in portal blood, compared with 94.3 +/- 10.4% for the CA12 diet and 103.5 +/- 12.6% for the RA12 diet. Similar results were obtained for essential AA. Differences were found in the kinetics of appearance of individual AA. Eight hours after the meal, 79% of lysine, 84% of methionine, and 73% of valine from the CA24 diet had appeared in portal blood compared, respectively, with 100, 89, and 83% from the CA12 diet and 99, 86, and 106% from the RA12 diet. Arginine from rapeseed had a net appearance level lower (82%) than the overall mixture of essential AA. With casein diets, the net appearance of arginine reached 97% (CA12) and 82% (CA24). Following the ingestion of rapeseed proteins, there seemed to be a significant appearance of endogenous AA in portal blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Net appearance of amino acids in portal blood during the digestion of casein or rapeseed proteins in the pig. 262 81

The reproductive hormone response to severe caloric restriction (600 Cal day-1) was studied in six men 33-67% over ideal body weight who completed a 32-day protocol consisting of three periods in the following order: control (4 days), maintenance protein and energy; diet A (14 days), 50 g lean beef protein plus 50 g casein; and diet B (14 days), 50 g lean beef protein plus 50 g carbohydrate. Weight loss (8.7-12.5 kg) was associated with a decrease in mean blood glucose [4.52 +/- 0.60 (+/- SEM), 3.49 +/- 0.29, and 3.80 +/- 0.30 mM] and an increase in beta-hydroxybutyrate (less than 0.10, 2.09 +/- 0.44, and 1.06 +/- 0.34 mM), as determined on the final morning of each period. On the same days, mean serum FSH and LH responses to LHRH infusion of 0.2 micrograms min-1 for 4 h (expressed as milliinternational units per ml area under the concentration-time curve) were: FSH, 1558 +/- 359, 1336 +/- 545, and 1337 +/- 321 (P = NS); and LH, 1730 +/- 545, 1612 +/- 481, and 1782 +/- 556 (P = NS), respectively. Basal serum FSH, LH, free testosterone (T), and total T changed, while 24-h urinary LH and FSH excretion increased on diet A only. Unlike 10 days of total fasting, during which the same amount of weight was lost, basal serum FSH and LHRH-stimulated serum FSH responses were both significantly diminished by 25%, and serum T was diminished by 19% (1), these same parameters were little changed by either low energy diet. The increased urinary excretion of FSH and LH during diet A suggests that greater ketosis increases renal gonadotropin clearance.
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PMID:Effects of severe dietary restriction on male reproductive hormones. 307 71

The association of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) with granular IgA deposits at the dermal-epidermal junction and a gluten sensitive enteropathy (GSE) suggests that a mucosal immune response may play an important role in the pathogenesis of DH. The degree of antigenic restriction, the immunoglobulin class and subclass response to dietary antigens, and the relationship of antibodies against dietary antigens to IgA-containing circulating immune complexes (CIC) in patients with DH, however, are not known. We have examined the serum of 33 patients with DH for IgG and IgA antibodies against gliadin, and against 3 dietary proteins not thought to be related to GSE, beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lacto), bovine gamma globulin (BGG), and casein. Eleven of 33 (33%) patients with DH had IgA anti-gliadin antibodies, whereas IgA antibodies against beta-lacto were found in 11 of 33 patients (33%), against BGG in 15 of 32 (47%), and against casein in 6 of 33 (18%); 17 of 32 (53%) patients had IgA antibodies against one or more of these dietary antigens. Significantly higher levels of IgA antibodies were detected against beta-lacto (2,500 +/- 2,320 ng/ml, mean +/- SEM) and BGG (2,340 +/- 1,890 ng/ml) than gliadin (1,250 +/- 851 ng/ml) in this group of antibody positive patients (p less than 0.05, Wilcoxon signed ranks test). Eleven of 17 patients with IgA antibodies against dietary antigens were found to have IgA-containing CIC, whereas only one of the 15 antibody negative patients had IgA-containing CIC (p = 0.0008, Fisher's exact test). IgA anti-gliadin antibodies were found to contain both IgA1 and IgA2 with a significantly increased proportion of IgA2 when compared with the IgA2 composition of the total serum IgA (IgA2: anti-gliadin antibodies = 34 +/- 4.2%; total serum IgA = 19 +/- 4.8%, p = 0.02, Students paired t test). IgG antibodies against these antigens were found to occur slightly more frequently in amounts not significantly greater than IgA antibodies. This data demonstrates that a serum IgA and IgG antibody response to dietary antigens occurs in approximately 50% of DH patients with a higher proportion of IgA2 than total serum IgA and does not appear to be restricted to gliadin. This is significantly different from the pattern of cutaneous immunoreactants in patients with DH, and suggests that the deposition of IgA in DH skin may be the result of an atypical mucosal immune response, a non-immunologic interaction of IgA1 and DH skin, or arise from a non-mucosal source.
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PMID:Characterization of the mucosal immune response to dietary antigens in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. 325 98

We have studied the effect of a lysine-deficient diet on the growth of young rats and on serum levels of GH, somatomedins [insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II], insulin, total T4 and T3, free T4 index, and total corticosterone. Rats eating a wheat gluten diet consumed about one third as much lysine as controls eating an isocaloric and isonitrogenous casein diet and grew at approximately 56% of the control rate. The mean (+/- SEM) GH level in the experimental group (68 +/- 9 ng/ml) was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that in the controls (106 +/- 17 ng/ml), but was not correlated with age or body weight and was only weakly correlated with total IGF. In contrast, total IGF and IGF-I were significantly correlated with age and body weight (r = 0.86 and r = 0.84, respectively; P less than 0.01). The levels of these somatomedins in the wheat gluten-fed animals were consistently and significantly lower than those in their age-matched controls, but not significantly different from those in their weight-matched controls, throughout the study. Serum total T4 and T3 (but not the free T4 index) and corticosterone were significantly elevated in the experimental rats, perhaps representing a serum binding globulin adaptation to lysine deficiency that is not clearly understood. In this study, we have compromised the ability of growing rats to use dietary protein anabolically to examine the nutritional effects of qualitative protein deficiency on growth and the growth-promoting endocrine system.
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PMID:Protein utilization in growth: effect of lysine deficiency on serum growth hormone, somatomedins, insulin, total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine, free T4 index, and total corticosterone. 392 59

This study reports quantitative and qualitative differences in intestinal bile acids and cholesterol in miniature pigs following dietary casein or soy protein isolate. The total amount of bile acids in the small intestine was significantly higher when soy protein isolate was fed in comparison to casein. The values were (mean +/- SEM) 4.51 +/- 0.39 mmol and 2.43 +/- 0.08 mmol, respectively, when the proteins were given as the sole component of the diet. When the proteins were given as part of a semi-purified diet, these values were 6.44 +/- 1.04 mmol and 3.95 +/- 0.39 mmol, respectively. Hyocholic acid amounted to 39.6%, hyodeoxycholic acid to 31%, and chenodeoxycholic acid to 27.6% of total bile acids in the small intestine when casein was fed. The soy-fed animals tended to have more secondary bile acids. The total small bowel chymus content, on a wet weight basis, was 63% higher in the soy group. In all experimental conditions studied, there was a close correlation between small bowel chyme content and bile acid content. The distribution of bile acids in the small intestine showed that the soy fed animals tended to have more bile acids in the distal parts of the jejunum. The intestinal cholesterol contents were not significantly different between dietary groups.
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PMID:Influence of dietary casein and soy protein isolate on intestinal cholesterol and bile acid concentration. 406 Jul 77

In 10 patients with active gastroenterological disease and protein-malnutrition (weight: 77.3 +/- 2.6 (mean +/- SEM) percent of ideal body weight, serum-albumin levels: 2.59 +/- 0.17 mg/100 ml) a randomized crossover study was performed to assess the effects of two energy:nitrogen ratios on body cell replenishment. After at least 3 days for equilibration, the total parenteral nutrition (TPN) study carried out with 354 +/- 5 mg of casein hydrolysate-nitrogen/kg/day, divided in two 7-day periods during which two nonprotein calorie supplies of 47 +/- 1 kcal/kg/day and 81 +/- 4 kcal/kg/day were given. The same 50 +/- 5% dextrose and fat emulsion energy sources were used in the two periods. Nitrogen (Kjeldahl method) and potassium retention, and weight and serum albumin concentration gains were all significantly better (Student t test) during the hypercaloric regimen than during the normocaloric regimen. In the 10 patients, the protein-sparing effect of nonprotein calories "added" during the hypercaloric regimen was demonstrated and represented 17% of the constant infused nitrogen. The more catabolic patient was prior to TPN, the more energy-dependent was the protein-sparing effect observed (r = +0.638). Preliminary data obtained with 3-methylhistidine urine determination suggests that the protein-sparing effect of "added" calories was due to an increased protein synthesis. Finally, body cell replenishment was better with the higher 230 +/- 6 energy:nitrogen ratio than with the lower 132 +/- 4 energy:nitrogen ratio, which suggests that the hypercaloric TPN regimen was useful in such patients.
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PMID:Effects of two energy: nitrogen ratios in patients with gastroenterological disease and malnutrition. 677 8


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