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 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is unknown, although deficits in cardiopulmonary function and central respiratory control have been suggested as possible mechanisms of the disorder. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that SIDS is associated with a delay in the maturation of hematopoiesis. Prolonged elevation in the levels of fetal hemoglobin (hemoglobin F) in infants with SIDS could denote a compromised delivery of oxygen to sensitive tissue sites. Normally, hemoglobin F (alpha 2 gamma 2) is largely replaced by adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A (alpha 2 beta 2), during the first six months after birth. Using an isoelectric-focusing procedure for measuring stable hemoglobin subunits, we quantitated the levels of hemoglobin F in blood samples from 59 patients with SIDS and 40 controls (32 living and 8 dead) matched for postconceptional age. The level of hemoglobin F in the population with SIDS was significantly higher than that in the controls in the age range tested (39 to 75 weeks); the mean (+/- SEM) proportion of hemoglobin F was 63.2 +/- 3.6 percent in the group with SIDS, as compared with 48.1 +/- 5.0 percent in the controls (P less than 0.025). The difference in hemoglobin F levels was most pronounced 50 weeks after conception: the proportion of hemoglobin F in the 37 patients with SIDS with a postconceptional age of more than 50 weeks was 47.4 +/- 3.6 percent, as compared with 18.8 +/- 3.1 percent in the 19 controls of that age (P less than 0.0005). We conclude that hemoglobin F is a useful postmortem marker for the population with SIDS that we studied and that it may have value as a prospective marker for some infants at risk for SIDS.
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PMID:Elevated fetal hemoglobin levels in sudden infant death syndrome. 243 54

Indium-111 oxine label erythrocytes are useful in scintigraphic studies of splenic function because of the high yield of gamma-photons [172(90%) and 247(94%) keV] of indium-111. However, the effects of indium-111 oxine on the structural and functional integrity of erythrocytes which might influence their reticulo-endothelial (RE) sequestration are unknown. We examined the morphology of human and rat indium-111 labeled erythrocytes by SEM, the distribution of the label within the cell by analysis of the membrane and cytosol (hemoglobin solution) and the kinetics of efflux of indium-111 from erythrocytes incubated at 37 degrees C in plasma or physiological buffer. Indium-111 oxine labeled red cells retain their discocytic morphology and the cell indices, and density characteristics on phthalate ester are similar to those of the control cells. The efficiency of labeling may be as high as 97%. Human or rat erythrocyte membranes retain 33 and 41% of indium-111, and the cytosol contains 67 and 59%, respectively. About 98% of the indium-111 is bound to the membrane proteins and 1% to the lipid bilayer. Efflux of indium-111 from cells in autologous plasma showed a multiphasic release resulting in about 4-5% release of the label in 2 h and 11.5% in 20 h. Cells in PBS showed 1-5% release of the label during the incubation period. These findings suggest that indium-111 oxine labeling of erythrocytes does not grossly alter the structural and deformability integrity of the cells to induce selective RE sequestration, unless the cells have been damaged prior to or during the labeling procedure, or the spleen is hyperactive.
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PMID:Indium-111 oxine labeled erythrocytes: cellular distribution and efflux kinetics of the label. 251 78

The effect of premedication with morphine and scopolamine on arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2) was measured continuously in 26 undisturbed patients in their hospital rooms before coronary artery bypass surgery. Two hours preoperatively each patient received morphine, 0.1 mg/kg, and scopolamine, 0.2 or 0.4 mg. SaO2 was continuously recorded using pulse oximetry from one-half hour before premedication until 1 1/2 hours after premedication. The lowest SaO2 measured both the evening before surgery and one-half hour before premedication was 95% +/- 0.5% (mean +/- SEM). After administration of premedication, the lowest SaO2 for the patient population decreased to 93% +/- 0.4% (P less than 0.001 compared with that before premedication), and occurred 52 +/- 2 minutes after premedication was given. Two patients (8%) had an SaO2 less than 90% (lowest SaO2 for both was 88%). It is concluded that the dose of morphine/scopolamine premedication used was associated with a low risk of clinically important hypoxemia in the patient population studied.
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PMID:The effect of a standardized premedication on oxygen saturation in the cardiac patient before transfer to the operating room. 252 Jun 53

We measured simultaneous plasma beta-thromboglobulin (BTG) and adhesion of 51Cr-labelled, washed platelets to confluent, bovine aortic endothelial monolayers in 50 insulin-dependent diabetic patients and 30 normal subjects (respective mean ages (+/- SD) = 45.1 +/- 16.4 and 45.8 +/- 17.2 years). Compared to normal subjects without arteriosclerotic complications, diabetic patients had higher plasma BTG (34.8 +/- 1.8 (SEM) vs. 21.3 +/- 1.8 ng/ml) and platelet adhesiveness to endothelium (PAE) (3240 +/- 170 vs. 2430 +/- 120 X 10(3) platelets per well) (p less than 0.0002, respectively). Results in diabetic patients did not correlate with plasma glucose, hemoglobin AIa-c, known duration of disease, or sex; plasma BTG correlated with age (r = +0.36), and PAE correlated with plasma creatinine (r = +0.39). Those with clinically evident vascular disease, who were also older (47.8 +/- 2.6 (SEM) vs. 37.3 +/- 4.5 years, p less than 0.05), showed trends to higher plasma BTG (36.7 +/- 2.2 (SEM) vs. 28.8 +/- 3.4 ng/ml, p = 0.06) and PAE (3400 +/- 200 vs. 2800 +/- 280 X 10(3) platelets per well, p = 0.09). A strong correlation was found between plasma BTG and PAE in diabetic patients (r = +0.62, p less than 0.0001) either with or without vascular disease, which remained strong after statistical correction (partial Pearson correlation) for age and plasma creatinine, but not in normal subjects (r = +0.08, p greater than 0.1). These studies demonstrate that platelets in some diabetic patients are excessively adhesive to vascular endothelium, and that plasma BTG and platelet adhesiveness are intercorrelated.
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PMID:Plasma beta-thromboglobulin is correlated with platelet adhesiveness to bovine endothelium in patients with diabetes mellitus. 257 51

We compared the usefulness of three glycated serum proteins, glycated albumin (GA), glycated hemoglobin (HBA1c) and fructosamine (FA), for diabetic screening purposes. We measured these indices in 302 adults, most of whom underwent yearly physical examinations. We measured GA and HbA1c with high precision using high-performance liquid chromatography (interassay coefficients of variation 4.9 and 4.0%, respectively) and FA using commercial reagents (interassay coefficient of variation 1.65%). All the individuals underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, which revealed significant correlations between the values of the three glycated proteins and the four plasma glucose concentrations measured as well as the sum of these glucose concentrations, sigma BS (GA, r = 0.80; HbA1c, r = 0.80; FA, r = 0.65). On the basis of the test, 130 of the subjects were classified as normal (N), 123 as borderline and 49 as having diabetes mellitus (D) according to the criteria of the Japan Diabetes Society. Of the 123 borderline cases, 26 showed impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) according to the WHO criteria. The normal group values of GA, HbA1c and FA were 17.8 +/- 0.17% (mean +/- SEM), 5.02 +/- 0.03%, and 2.55 +/- 0.02 mM/l, respectively. Borderline and IGT subjects had significantly more GA and HbA1c than normal but not more FA (P less than 0.01). We divided the subjects into 10 groups on the basis of their sigma BS values; those with values higher than 671 +/- 4.7 mg/dl had significantly more GA and HbA1c than normal, while those with values higher than 1068 +/- 40.9 mg/dl (the most extreme cases) had significantly more FA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The relative value of glycated albumin, hemoglobin A1c and fructosamine when screening for diabetes mellitus. 261 42

Resting electrocardiography was used to evaluate parasympathetic control of the heart rate and heart rate variability in 25 adult alloxan-diabetic dogs and 34 nondiabetic controls. The duration of diabetes (mean +/- SEM) was 3.0 +/- 0.3 yr. Such long-term diabetes had no apparent effect on resting heart rate, maximum R to R interval variation, or percentage of subjects exhibiting respiratory sinus arrhythmia. In addition, despite significant differences in glycemic control between experimental groups, no differences in the above electrocardiographic parameters were demonstrated. Electrocardiographic indices of autonomic function were not significantly correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin concentration, age, or duration of diabetes. Up to 40% of diabetic humans develop autonomic neuropathy (diabetic autonomic neuropathy), with virtually all studies showing higher heart rates and greater heart rate variability in diabetics as compared to nondiabetic controls. The absence of electrocardiographic indicators of autonomic neuropathy in this study suggests that the dog is less susceptible to the development of diabetic autonomic neuropathy than is the diabetic human and therefore may be a poor model for many studies.
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PMID:Inability to detect parasympathetic autonomic neuropathy in experimental canine diabetes mellitus in an electrocardiographic study. 262 Apr 84

We studied the role of the endothelium in diameter changes as a function of flow of the isolated femoral artery of the rabbit (n = 15) perfused and superfused with a physiological salt solution (37 degrees C). In 10 vessels, diameters were studied before and after exposure to gossypol, an agent that impairs the endothelial function pharmacologically. In 5 of these 10 vessels we added albumin (1.5%) to the perfusion solution. The mean external diameter (+/- SEM) after equilibration for 60 min at a transmural pressure of 50 cm H2O (n = 10) was: 1,426 +/- 34 microns. Vessels were then constricted with norepinephrine (1.0-1.5 microM in the superfusion solution) to 70% of the resting diameter, acetylcholine was used to check endothelial function. All vessels constricted as flow was increased (p less than 0.001), irrespective of the impairment of the endothelial function by gossypol or the presence of albumin. It is therefore unlikely that the flow-induced constriction results from a 'wash away' effect of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). To test whether EDRF could still play a role after gossypol, we used hemoglobin (n = 5) to bind EDRF. Flow-dependent constriction was still observed, although the mean diameter was decreased. We conclude that flow-dependent constriction is either mediated via the endothelial cells, but not via EDRF, or that the endothelial cells are not involved.
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PMID:Does the endothelium play a role in flow-dependent constriction? A study in the isolated rabbit femoral artery. 264 26

The incidence rate of insulin-dependent (Type I) diabetes mellitus is bimodal: one peak occurs close to puberty, and the other in the fifth decade. To evaluate possible differences in these forms of the disease, we examined the clinical, biochemical, autoimmune, and genetic features of 82 children and adolescents (1.3 to 18.2 years old) and 44 adults (20.0 to 55.8 years old) when they presented with Type I diabetes. The mean (+/- SEM) duration of symptoms before diagnosis was longer in the adults (7.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.4 weeks; P less than 0.001), and their serum C-peptide concentrations at diagnosis were higher (0.29 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.17 +/- 0.01 nmol per liter; P less than 0.001), suggesting that they had more residual beta-cell function. There were no significant differences between the two groups in sex ratio, blood glucose levels, hemoglobin A1 values, degree of metabolic decompensation, or frequency of Type I diabetes in first-degree relatives. Thirty-four of 80 children tested (42.5 percent) were positive for insulin autoantibodies, as compared with only 1 of 26 adults (3.8 percent; P less than 0.001). However, the frequencies of islet-cell autoantibodies were similar in the adults and children (conventional autoantibodies, both 81 percent; complement-fixing autoantibodies, 46.2 percent and 60 percent). More children than adults were heterozygous for both HLA-Dw3/4 antigens (26.6 percent vs. 9.8 percent; P less than 0.05) and HLA-DR3/4 antigens (36.6 percent vs. 12.5 percent; P less than 0.05). We conclude that Type I diabetes that begins in adulthood is characterized by a longer symptomatic period before diagnosis, better preservation of residual beta-cell function, and lower frequencies of insulin autoantibodies and HLA-D3/D4 heterozygosity than Type I diabetes that begins in childhood or adolescence.
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PMID:A comparison of childhood and adult type I diabetes mellitus. 264 46

In a double-blind crossover study, we compared the effects of eight weeks of dietary supplementation with cod-liver oil with the effects of supplementation with olive oil on endothelial permeability, blood pressure, and plasma lipid levels in 18 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and albuminuria. When the patients received the cod-liver-oil supplement, the mean (+/- SEM) transcapillary escape rate of albumin (as compared with the base-line rate) decreased from 8.7 +/- 0.5 to 6.9 +/- 0.6 percent per hour (P less than 0.01), and the blood pressure decreased from 146 +/- 4/90 +/- 2 mm Hg to 139 +/- 4/85 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). There was no correlation, however, between cod-liver oil's effect on the transcapillary escape rate of albumin and its effect on blood pressure. There was no change from base line after the patients received the olive-oil supplement. During dietary supplementation with cod-liver oil, the plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased and the concentrations of very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides decreased (P less than 0.05 for all comparisons), but the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not change. In contrast, during supplementation with olive oil, the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased and the levels of very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride increased (P less than 0.05 for all comparisons), but there was no change in the level of high-density lipoprotein. No changes were observed in the glomerular filtration rate, degree of albuminuria, insulin requirement, glycosylated hemoglobin level, or blood glucose level during supplementation with either oil. We conclude that dietary supplementation with cod-liver oil lowers the elevated transcapillary escape rate of albumin characteristic of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and albuminuria, independently of its effect on blood pressure--perhaps by decreasing vascular permeability. We did not find any effect of cod-liver oil on urinary albumin excretion.
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PMID:Partial normalization by dietary cod-liver oil of increased microvascular albumin leakage in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and albuminuria. 268 99

Propylene glycol (PG) is a common preservative and source of synthetic carbohydrates in soft-moist pet foods. Propylene glycol was fed to cats for 5 weeks at concentrations found in commercial diets (1.6 g/kg of body weight; 12% of diet on a dry-weight basis) and for 3 weeks at concentrations exceeding usual intake (8 g/kg; 41% of diet). There was a dose-dependent increase in Heinz body percentage to 28% in cats fed the low dose of PG and to 92% in cats fed the high dose. Erythrocyte half-life, measured using [14C]-cyanate hemoglobin (Hb), decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) by 18.8% and 60% in cats fed the low and high PG doses, respectively. The PCV in cats fed the low dose was unaffected, whereas cats fed the high dose had a mean (+/- SEM) decrease in PCV from 33.5 +/- 1.05% to 26.3 +/- 1.45%, accompanied by punctate reticulocytosis and bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia. A dose-dependent increase in iron pigment was found in the liver and spleen of all cats. In cats fed the low dose of PG, erythrocyte reduced glutathione concentration actually increased from 7.02 +/- 0.56 to 9.74 +/- 0.69 mumol/g of Hb, but decreased to 2.96 +/- 0.27 mumol/g of Hb in cats fed the high dose. There was no significant increase in methemoglobin concentration. These results indicated that PG cannot be considered innocuous even at concentrations consumed by cats eating commercial diets. Heinz body-induced acceleration of RBC destruction develops in a dose-dependent manner, so that cats with greater food intake, ie, lactating queens and nursing kittens, are at greater risk for development of PG-induced Heinz body hemolytic anemia.
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PMID:Contribution of propylene glycol-induced Heinz body formation to anemia in cats. 270 6


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