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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Adding 36 g of wheat fiber for 3 weeks to the metabolically controlled diets of six subjects produced a significant increase in daily fecal weight from 70.8 g +/- 6.2 SEM to 217 g +/- 12.1; serum iron also fell by 21 micrograms/100 ml +/- 2.1 SEM (P less than 0.001) during the added fiber period (measured in five subjects) as did mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Fecal neutral steroid concentration (measured in four subjects) fell from 31 to 17.3 mg/g dry weight (P less than 0.05) but the change in neutral steroid output and in acid steroid concentration and output was not significant. No change was seen in the serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride.
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PMID:Effect of wheat fiber on blood lipids, fecal steroid excretion and serum iron. 23 25

As part of a study on the physiological role of hCG in the human fetus, the hCG concentrations in homogenates of various fetal tissues were measured using a hCG beta subunit RIA. The mean concentrations (picograms of hCG per mg wet tissue +/- SEM; n greater than 10, unless otherwise indicated) found in human fetuses of 12-20 weeks were: ovary, 46.9 +/- 4.3; testis, 8.2 +/- 1.7; kidney, 20.3 +/- 2.8; thymus, 11.5 +/- 1.2; adrenal, 2.6 +/- 0.4; lung, 3.4 +/- 0.7; liver, 1.8 +/- 0.2; spleen, 1.4 +/- 0.4 (n = 5); muscle, 2.4 +/- 0.8 (n = 6); and meconium, 356 +/- 104. That the immunoreactive material measured behaved like hCG was determined by RIA of the supernatants. Parallelism was demonstrated between dilution curves for the tissue homogenates and the hCG standard for all tissues except meconium. A rat Leydig cell in vitro bioassay was used to demonstrate that there was hCG biological activity in the supernatants in ovarian, thymic, and renal tissues. The mean ratios of biological to immunological activities were 5.3 in kidney (n = 4), 1.6 in thymus (n = 3), and 1.3 in ovary (n = 2). Blood content of the tissues was determined from measurements of hemoglobin levels and it was found that for the ovary, testis, kidney, and thymus, hCG concentrations were higher than could be explained by the presence of circulating hCG in the tissues. These results, together with our previous results of the binding and effects of hCG in the human fetal testis, support the fact that the fetal testis is a target organ for hCG in the stimulation of steroidogenesis. The presence of high levels of hCG in the ovary, thymus, kidney, and meconium poses questions for further study of the possible physiological role of hCG.
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PMID:Content of chorionic gonadotropin in human fetal tissues. 26 77

Resealed erythrocyte ghosts have been used to define the kinetics of tracer exchange across the membrane-bound terminal complex of the complement cascade (C5b-9). Under steady-state conditions and at net chemical equilibrium, C5b-9 ghosts showed no significant lysis above control levels as measured by hemoglobin efflux. In 1 mM sucrose at 37 degrees C, [14C]sucrose isotopic exchange diffusion into C5b-9 ghosts occurred at 4.8 (+/- 0.5, SEM) X 10(-20) mol sec-1 per functional lesion, equivalent to an apparent permeability coefficient of 4.8 X 10(-14) cm3 sec-1 for the single C5b-9 lesion. No significant uptake of [14C]sucrose above control levels was observed in C5b67 ghosts. The apparent rate of tracer permeation through the complement lesion is one to two orders of magnitude slower than predicted by a model of a transmembrane channel of dimensions permitting free diffusion of sucrose. The data support earlier assertions from this laboratory that diffusion of small molecules across the complement lesion in biological membranes is significantly restricted.
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PMID:Steady-state analysis of tracer exchange across the C5b-9 complement lesion in a biological membrane. 28 15

21 patients with gastroenterological disease and indication for the use of intravenous nutrition received an elemental diet (ED) for 5-44 days. In 6 out of 8 patients with exacerbation of Crohn's disease remissions were achieved, apart from 3 persistent fistulas. In 5 out of 9 cases with various primary diseases and postoperative intestinal fistulas, spontaneous healing was observed. Furthermore, 2 patients with ulcerative colitis, 1 with radiation enteritis and 1 with pancreatitis were treated with ED. On ED, hemoglobin increased from 11.3 +/- 0.4 (m +/- SEM) to 12.0 +/- 0.5 g% (p less than 0.01) and serum albumin from 2.7 +/- 0.1 to 3.4 +/- 0.1 g% (p less than 0.001). Nitrogen requirements were studied in 11 patients receiving various quantities of ED. Nitrogen balance was found to be in equilibrium or positive in 7 patients, and negative in 4. In one patient with severe ulcerative colitis, fecal nitrogen losses were higher than urinary nitrogen losses. The unpleasant taste of ED resulting from free amino acids limited the ED supply in 3 patients and led to premature ending of ED administration in 3 other patients. In such cases ED may be given by nasogastric tube feeding. From the results presented it appears that ED is indicated in Crohn's disease and intestinal fistulas. However, the results obtained require confirmation by further observations and comparison with an intravenously fed control group.
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PMID:[Elementary diet as an alternative to parenteral feeding in severe gastrointestinal diseases]. 40 20

The present study was carried out to assess the activities of all three principal isoenzymes of human erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase (HCA) in newborn infants in relation to their estimated gestational ages. Blood samples were collected at parturition from the umbilical cords of 45 normal healthy infants. Among the samples taken before day 290 of gestation, the activity ratio (isoenzyme B: isoenzyme C) was correlated significantly with estimated gestational age. After day 290, the range of B:C activity ratios was similar to that observed in adults. Isoenzyme A represented a relatively constant proportion (mean +/- SEM) at 7.2 +/- 0.2% of total HCA activity. The B:C activity ratio appears to be a more reliable and sensitive index of maturity than either the total HCA activity or the ratio of total HCA activity to the total hemoglobin concentration in cord blood.
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PMID:Relationship between maturity and isoenzymes of erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase in newborn infants. 40 42

Using serial metabolic balances, iron absorption was measured in six preterm infants (mean gestational age 29 weeks), and two fullterm small for gestational age (SGA) infants, between day 10 and 70 after birth. They were all fed breast milk. Iron supplements (2.5--13 mg/kg day) were given from day 30. Three preterm infants received blood transfusions for anemia. During the first 30 days of life iron balance was negative in the preterm infants (mean +/- SEM = -0.10 +/- 0.02 mg/kg day) and positive in the full term SGA infants (mean +/- SEM = 0.098 +/- 0.02 mg/kg day). In infants who were not tranfused, absorption of supplementary iron was a linear function of iron intake, and corresponded closely to 34% absorption. An iron intake of 5--6 mg/kg day resulted in the absorption of amounts of iron close to those being laid down in utero. Blood transfusion was followed by a reduction in iron absorption; in two cases it became negative, becoming positive again as the hemoglobin fell below about 12.0 g/100 ml. These data show that a mechanism exists in preterm infants for the control of iron absorption which does not operate at the hemoglobin concentrations that prevail in such infants, unless they are transfused.
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PMID:The effect of iron supplements and blood transfusion on iron absorption by low birthweight infants fed pasteurized human breast milk. 71 36

The present investigation was designed to quantitatively assess the possible influence of countercurrent exchange on passive absorption from the small intestine of the dog. Villus blood flow was measured with a modification of the microsphere method. Simultaneously, the absorption from the gut lumen of five diffusible gases (H2, He, CH4, 133Xe, and CO) was determined. Villus blood flow averaged 0.247 +/- 0.03 (SEM) ml/min per g. The observed absorption of H2, He, CH4, and 133Xe was only 16.2 +/- 1.8, 12.8 +/- 2.3, 12.0 +/- 1.8, and 15.8 +/- 1.4 %, respectively, of what this villus blood flow could carry away if it reached perfect equilibrium with the luminal gases. This low absorption rate could result from diffusion limitation to absorption or countercurrent exchange. The diffusive permeability of the barrier seperating the luminal gases and villus blood flow was assessed by measuring the absorption rate of CO. Because absorbed CO binds tightly to hemoglobin, it cannot exchange, and when present in low concentrations its uptake is entirely diffusion limited. Knowledge of the diffusion rate through tissue of the unbound gases relative to that of CO made it possible to calculate the degree to which each of the unbound gases should equilibrate with villus tip blood. The percentage equilibration between lumen and blood at the villus tip for H2, He, CH4, and 133Xe was 99.7, 99.9, 75.6, and 36.0% , respectively. Each of these values greatly exceeded the percentage equilibration of blood leaving the villus (calculated from the observed absorption rate and villus blood flow) and indicated an exchange of 83.8, 87.2, 84.1, and 56.1% of initially absorbed H2, He, CH4, and 133Xe. This result is in accord with theoretical calculations which suggest that countercurrent exchange should be exceedingly efficient in the dog. The striking effect of countercurrent exchange on passive absorption in the dog differs from our previous studies in the rabbit where no exchange was demonstrated. This marked species difference may result from anatomical differences in villus architecture. The dog has long, densely packed villi while the rabbit has broad, widely spaced villi. In the dog, only the villus tips may equilibrate with the lumen, hence a countercurrent gradient may be established in the villus. The entire villus of the rabbit may equilibrate with the lumen and no gradient for countercurrent exchange can therefore be established.
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PMID:Quantitation of countercurrent exchange during passive absorption from the dog small intestine: evidence for marked species differences in the efficiency of exchange. 83 78

Saliva half-life of antipyrine was studied in 49 healthy Gambians between 20 and 60 yr of age of whom 27 were male (mean age, 44.5) and 22 female (mean age, 39.1). Body wieght, height, ponderal index, albumin, and hemoglobin were moderately reduced compared to accepted normal values. Antipyrine half-life was 13.6 +/- 0.58 (SEM) hr. Multiple regression analysis showed that sex, cola nut consumption, hemoglobin in women, and height in men were statiscally significant independent predictors of antipyrine half-life. Half-life was shorter in women, decreased with an increase in height in men, and was prolonged by cola nut consumption. Half-life in women increased with hemoglobin. These factors explained 36% of the variation and suggest that geographic differences in the environment could be important in drug metabolism in man.
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PMID:Factors affecting antipyrine metabolism in West African villagers. 95 56

Right and left ventricular volume variables were obtained in 43 tetralogy patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The patient population consisted of 25 preoperative patients (group 1) and 18 patients who had undergone aortic-to-pulmonary shunt procedure (group 2). Volumes were calculated from biplane cineangiocardiograms using Simpson's rule method for the right ventricle (RV) and the area-length methods for the left ventricle (LV). In group 1, RV end-diastolic volume (RVEDV) was not different from normal in the total group and averaged 93 +/- 4% (SEM) of normal. In patients with hemoglobin (Hgb) greater than or equal to 16 g%, however, this variable was significantly (P = 0.044) less than normal. Right ventricular ejection fraction was normal and RV systolic index was significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced, averaging 3.35 +/- 0.18 (SEM) L/min/m2. Left ventricular volume variables in this group were not significantly different from RV volume variables. In group 2, RVEDV in patients with Hgb greater than or equal to 16 g% was significantly (P = 0.037) less than normal, but was normal in patients with Hgb less than 16 g%. Right ventricular ejection fraction averaged 0.52 +/- 0.03 in this group and was significantly (P less than 0.001) less than normal. Right ventricular systolic index (RVSI) averaged 3.51 +/- 0.24 L/min/m2 and was significantly (P = 0.009) less than normal. RVSI in patients with Hgb less than 16 g% averaged 3.90 +/- 0.31 and was not different from normal. In contrast, this variable in patients with Hgb greater than or equal to 16 g% averaged 3.21 +/- 0.34 and was significantly (P = 0.005) less than normal. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and LV systolic output in group 2 were significantly higher than RVEDV and RV systolic output. Right ventricular and LV ejection fractions in group 2 were not different. The relatively decreased ejection fraction fraction in tetralogy patients, as compared with patients with valvular pulmonic stenosis and similar volumes and pressures, suggests that the decreased ejection fraction was not due to decreased preload or increased afterload and might be due to impaired ventricular function secondary to chronic hypoxia. Early corrective surgery in these patients might reverse this process. However, patients with severe tetralogy who have small ventricular volume and reduced output might benefit from shunt procedure rather than complete correction.
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PMID:Right ventricular function in children with tetralogy of Fallot before and after aortic-to-pulmonary shunt. 124 88

To elucidate the mechanism of hyperkalemia in diabetic patients without renal failure, we investigated (Na(+)-K+) adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in erythrocyte membrane, erythrocyte Na+ and K+ content, and plasma endogenous digitalis-like substance in control subjects (n = 16) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients (n = 62). NIDDM patients were divided into normokalemic patients (NKDM, n = 48) and hyperkalemic patients (HKDM, n = 14). There was no difference in plasma glucose or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) between NKDM and HKDM patients. (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activities in NIDDM patients were significantly reduced compared with those in control subjects (0.336 +/- 0.016 mumol-inorganic phosphate [Pi]/mg protein/h, mean +/- SEM, P less than .05), and (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activities in HKDM patients (0.243 +/- 0.015 mumol Pi/mg protein/h) were significantly reduced compared with those in NKDM patients (0.295 +/- 0.008 mumol Pi/mg protein/h, P less than .01). Plasma K+ content had a significant negative correlation with (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activity in diabetic patients (r = -.365, P less than .01). Erythrocyte Na+ content had a significant negative correlation with (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activity in control subjects (r = -.619, P less than .05). There was no difference in plasma endogenous digitalis-like substance among the three groups. (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activity was not significantly correlated with plasma endogenous digitalis-like substance in control subjects and diabetic patients. These findings suggest that the reduction of (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activity, which was not related to plasma digitalis-like substance, may be partly responsible for hyperkalemia in diabetic patients.
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PMID:Reduction of erythrocyte (Na(+)-K+) ATPase activities in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with hyperkalemia. 131 28


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