Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To evaluate potential adverse effects of acetate use in hemodialysis (HD), we measured plasma interleukin (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6), TNF alpha, TGF beta 1, and beta 2-microglobulin levels with ELISA assays in normal (N = 9), CRF (N = 6), CAPD (N = 7) and HD (N = 8) subjects and compared the effects of acetate (Ac) and acetate-free (Ac-free) dialysate. TGF beta 1 was the only cytokine consistently detected. Compared to normals (median 57, range 53 to 68 pg/ml, one undetected; N = 8), TGF beta 1 was higher in the CRF (75, 70 to 97 pg/ml, one undetected) and CAPD (75.5, 66 to 116 pg/ml, N = 6) groups (P less than 0.05), and was somewhat higher in the HD (68, 52 to 88 pg/ml) group (P less than 0.10). Acutely, TGF beta 1 pre-HD (70, 63 to 88 pg/ml) increased above normals post AcHD [79.5, 65 to 140 pg/ml uncorrected for ultrafiltration (UF)] and was higher after AcHD versus Ac-free HD both uncorrected (79.5, 65 to 140 pg/ml vs. 70, 52 to 86 pg/ml) and corrected for UF (68, 51 to 115 pg/ml vs. 57, 43 to 69 pg/ml; P less than 0.05). beta 2-microglobulin was not different after AcHD (81.2 +/- 8.0 mg/ml) versus Ac-free HD (72.5 +/- 6.9 mg/ml). Significantly lower serum inorganic phosphorus was also found four hours post-AcHD compared to four hours post-Ac-free HD (0.87 mmol +/- 0.10 SEM vs. 1.05 mmol +/- 0.07 SEM; P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of acetate dialysate on transforming growth factor beta 1, interleukin, and beta 2-microglobulin plasma levels. 176 11

A risk of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M)-associated amyloidosis in long-term CAPD patients has been recognised. We examined the kinetics of beta 2-M and potential clinical manifestations of amyloidosis in patients well-established on CAPD for 1-76 months (mean +/- SEM; 16.4 +/- 14 months). In 57 patients, serum beta 2-M concentration was elevated to 30 +/- 1.8 (mean +/- SEM, mg/l) and correlated positively with the duration on CAPD. In 18 patients studied with variable degrees of residual renal function, serum beta 2-M concentration increased with declining renal function; this was most marked when the creatinine clearance was less than 1 ml/min. Using an isosmolar solution (302 +/- 1.3 mOsm/kg) containing 5% glucose polymer (9.4 mmol/l; MW 16,800), the transperitoneal elimination of beta 2-M was significantly enhanced (1.6 times) compared to conventional 1.36% glucose solution, but without a detectable change in serum concentrations during a 6-h study. No significant difference was found between the estimated minimum volume of distribution of beta 2-M in CAPD and haemodialysis patients. Symptomatic amyloid-associated disease was absent in patients in this study, and may be attributed to the short duration of dialysis.
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PMID:Kinetic and clinical studies of beta 2-microglobulin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: influence of renal and enhanced peritoneal clearances using glucose polymer. 213 Feb 98

An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed using unlabelled and peroxidase-labelled rabbit antibodies to assess urinary rat beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) excretion. It consisted in the adsorption of rabbit anti-rat beta 2-m immunoglobulin to a polystyrene surface, the addition of beta 2-m samples or standard and the addition of peroxidase-labelled rabbit anti-rat beta 2-m immunoglobulin. After addition of hydrogen peroxide and o-phenylenediamine, the enzyme activity of the solid phase was measured photometrically at 490 nm. Analytical recovery of pure beta 2-m in urine was 102%. From determinations made on normal female and male rats, the ranges of 24-h urine beta 2-m individually excreted were found to be 0.84-4.77 and 3.7-17.3 micrograms, respectively. The means +/- SEM were 2.49 +/- 0.17 and 10.2 +/- 0.55 micrograms. EIA was of value in evidencing the tubule-damaging properties of sodium chromate and hexachloro-1,3-butadiene in rats.
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PMID:Assessment of urinary rat beta 2-microglobulin by enzyme immunoassay. 220 81

Pepsinogen A (PGA) and pepsinogen C (PGC) are negatively charged, low molecular weight (LMW) proteins with a striking difference in renal handling: PGA (molecular weight 43,500 daltons) shows a high fractional excretion while the fractional excretion of PGC (molecular weight 40,500 daltons) is low, presumably due to tubular reabsorption. As these data suggest a high glomerular sieving of pepsinogens, we assessed the glomerular sieving coefficient (GSC) of PGA, PGC and several other proteins from their renal extractions. For this purpose blood samples were obtained simultaneously from the aorta (A) and right renal vein (V) in nine patients undergoing an elective heart catheterization. After correction of A-V differences for diuresis with the A-V difference of transferrin, GSCs (+/- SEM) for PGA and PGC were 0.90 +/- 0.14 and 0.85 +/- 0.17, respectively, GSC of beta 2-microglobulin being 0.90 +/- 0.12. For albumin and IgG, known to have a low GSC, low values were found. It is concluded that the GSC of a LMW protein in man can be calculated from both its A-V difference over the kidney and the A-V difference of an inert marker with a GSC of 1, provided they are corrected by the A-V difference of an inert marker with a GSC of 0. Our results demonstrate that PGA and PGC are almost freely filtered through the glomerular basement membrane despite their size and negative net molecular charge.
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PMID:The glomerular sieving of pepsinogen A and C in man. 247 70

In order to measure beta 2-microglobulin adsorption on dialysis membranes, uremic plasma was passed through different dialyzers in a simulated hemodialysis circuit in which both plasma and dialysate compartments were organized as closed loops, the ultrafiltration pressure being adjusted to minimize water shifts. Under these conditions, comparison of the amounts of beta 2-m in the plasma and dialysate compartments allowed us to calculate the binding of beta 2-m to the membrane at different times of the procedure. Whereas cuprophane membrane (Gambro gf 180m, 1.8m2) did not bind beta 2-m, AN69 (Filtral, 1.1 m2), high flux polysulfone (F60, 1.2m2) and modified polyamide (Polyflux 130, Gambro, 1.3m2) were found to adsorb 49 +/- 8 mg (mean +/- SEM), 17 +/- 5 mg and 38 +/- 4 mg of beta 2-m, respectively. These data were confirmed in trace labeling experiments with 125I-beta 2-m. Adsorption was a saturable phenomenon occurring during the first 90 min of in vitro dialysis. After reuse with peracetic acid, the adsorption capacity of AN69 membrane was lowered to 20 +/- 4 mg of beta 2-m, contrasting with the unchanged adsorption after reuse with sodium hypochlorite. These data indicate that adsorption significantly contributes to beta 2-m removal during hemodialysis with certain dialyzers and that reuse procedures may affect the propensity of dialysis membranes to bind beta 2-m.
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PMID:Adsorption of beta 2-microglobulin on dialysis membranes: comparison of different dialyzers and effects of reuse procedures. 267 20

To examine whether plasma and urine concentrations of human atrial natriuretic peptide (hANP) are altered in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), plasma and urine hANP concentrations were evaluated in 86 patients with diabetes mellitus using an extraction procedure. The mean recovery rate of extraction was 71.8 +/- 0.6% (mean +/- SEM). The major immunoreactive component of hANP in extracted plasma and urine appeared to be identical to synthetic alpha hANP as judged by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The patients were divided into three groups according to their renal complications. The patients in group 1 had no apparent abnormality in serum creatinine, serum or urine beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-MG), or urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG); those in group 2 showed either beta 2-MG or NAG abnormality but no creatinine abnormality. The patients in group 3 were though to have an established diabetic nephropathy and showed a serum creatinine increase. Plasma ANP concentrations in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 10.7 +/- 2.1, 19.9 +/- 5.6, and 39.2 +/- 9.9 fmol/ml, respectively. These values in groups 2 and 3 were significantly higher than the control values (p less than 0.05 or p less than 0.01 versus 6.2 +/- 0.7 fmol/ml). Urine ANP concentrations in group 1 were also within normal range, though those in groups 2 and 3 markedly increased in comparison with normal values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Plasma and urine concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with diabetes mellitus. 297 69

In patients with a nephrotic syndrome administration of prednisolone causes an increase of proteinuria. To elucidate the mechanism of this effect we have studied the acute proteinuric effect of prednisolone, 125 to 150 mg intravenously, in nine patients (7 M, 2F) with a nephrotic syndrome. Mean age (+/- SD) of the patients was 53 +/- 6 years, mean endogenous creatinine clearance 104 +/- 30 ml/min, and mean proteinuria 7.7 +/- 3.0 g/24 hr. After administration of prednisolone, urinary total protein excretion rose in all patients from a mean (+/- SEM) of 4.89 +/- 0.59 mg/min before to 9.09 +/- 0.99 mg/min at five hours after administration (P less than 0.01). Glomerular filtration rate (inulin clearance), effective renal plasma flow (PAH clearance), and filtration fraction did not change significantly. The increases of urinary excretion of albumin (median %: +92%), IgG (median %: +88%), and transferrin (median %: +76%) were comparable and correlated significantly. Urinary excretion of beta 2-microglobulin did not change significantly however. We conclude that intravenous administration of prednisolone to patients with a nephrotic syndrome causes an increase in urinary protein excretion rate which cannot be explained by changes in renal hemodynamics or tubular protein reabsorption, and which therefore must be the result of a change in glomerular permselectivity characteristics.
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PMID:Prednisolone can increase glomerular permeability to proteins in nephrotic syndrome. 340 15

Patients with analgesic nephropathy are at risk from uro-epithelial malignancy. Enhanced secretion of beta 2-microglobulin occurs from epithelial cancer cells. In order to find a screening test for malignancy in analgesic nephropathy, urinary levels of this protein were measured in patients with analgesic nephropathy with urine cytological abnormalities and were compared to a control group with glomerulonephritis. Mean fractional excretion of beta 2-microglobulin was higher (8.61 +/- 1.76 SEM) in patients with analgesic nephropathy than in those with glomerulonephritis (1.13 +/- 0.76) (P less than 0.025). Those patients with analgesic nephropathy who had malignant cells in the urine had higher mean fractional excretion (18.56 +/- 5.77) than those with only atypical cells (8.5 +/- 2.0) (P less than 0.05) who in turn had higher mean values than those with normal cytology (2.12 +/- 0.62) (P less than 0.0025). It is suggested that the increased beta 2-microglobulin excretion in analgesic nephropathy is due to secretion from abnormal urothelial cells as well as reduced tubular catabolism. Beta 2-microglobulin may be of use as a screening test for malignancy in analgesic nephropathy.
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PMID:Beta 2-microglobulin excretion and urinary cytology in analgesic nephropathy. 618 39

The steady-state pharmacokinetics, renal function and quantitative beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M) excretion were prospectively evaluated in 22 very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (700-1,470 g birth weight and 25-33 weeks gestational age) receiving 2.4 mg/kg gentamicin at randomly assigned 12- or 18-hour dosing intervals. Gentamicin trough concentrations were significantly lower in only those infants greater than 1,000 g birth weight on the 18-hour schedule (p less than 0.05). ESTRIP analysis of gentamicin disposition at steady state revealed a biexponential function with half-life (mean +/- SEM), 9.78 +/- 0.86 h, plasma clearance 0.64 +/- 0.06 ml/kg/min and volume of distribution 0.50 +/- 0.03 liter/kg. Serum creatinine at steady state correlated with half-life (p less than 0.01), plasma clearance (p less than 0.01), and trough levels (p less than 0.001). Despite the frequent occurrence of gentamicin trough levels persistently greater than 2.0 micrograms/ml, renal function matured normally as serum creatinine progressively decreased (p less than 0.001) and creatinine clearance progressively increased (p less than 0.001) with advancing conceptional age. Urinary excretion of beta 2-M, thought to be a marker of proximal tubular damage from gentamicin, did not correlate with elevated trough levels, and was in fact lower in those infants with the highest measured trough levels (p less than 0.001). Nephrotoxicity was suspected in only 2 infants both of whom had additional renal insult during the first few days of life. Despite the frequent occurrence of elevated gentamicin trough levels and prolonged elimination half-life in these VLBW infants, their renal function matured normally throughout therapy and nephrotoxicity from gentamicin, as evidenced by beta 2-microglobulinuria, did not occur.
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PMID:Gentamicin disposition and effect on development of renal function in the very low birth weight infant. 638 49

Glomerular function was monitored prospectively in 13 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and diabetic nephropathy for up to 51 months. Glomerular filtration rate, measured by 51Cr-EDTA clearance, showed a linear decline in all patients. Rates of fall ranged between 0.63 and 2.4 ml/minute per month (mean +/- SEM 1.2 +/- 0.16). Plasma creatinine concentration proved to be an insensitive marker of glomerular function, especially in the early phase of nephropathy. A good correlation was found between the rate of change of 51Cr-EDTA glomerular filtration rate and that of inverse creatinine levels when plasma creatinine concentrations exceeded 200 mumol/liter. Inverse plasma beta 2-microglobulin concentrations, however, showed a highly significant correlation (r = 0.93; p less than 0.001) with 51Cr-EDTA glomerular filtration rate over the whole range of values, making it sensitive in screening for early impairment of renal function. A significant relationship (r = 0.85; p less than 0.01) was found between the rates of change of the 51Cr-EDTA glomerular filtration rate and of inverse beta 2-microglobulin levels for plasma beta 2-microglobulin concentrations above 3 mg/liter. A progressive increase in the fractional clearance of albumin, IgG, and beta 2-microglobulin was noted as the glomerular filtration rate fell, indicating an evolving defect in the renal handling of proteins. The rate of decline of the glomerular filtration rate was unrelated to age, sex, duration of diabetes, duration of diabetes before onset of proteinuria, glomerular filtration rate, initial albumin clearance, blood glucose control, and arterial pressure, when diastolic values were below 100 mm Hg. The effect of therapeutic intervention (e.g., blood glucose, blood pressure, or diet) on the progression of diabetic nephropathy can be reliably evaluated by precise measures of rate of decline of glomerular filtration rate and changes in fractional clearance of plasma proteins. The factor(s) determining the individual rate of decline of renal function still remain obscure.
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PMID:Monitoring glomerular function in diabetic nephropathy. A prospective study. 640 24


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