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Crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), dihydrate (COD) and trihydrate (COT) were grown by slow diffusion of reacting ions from solutions using interfacially controlled crystallization. Phase transition of COT to COD and COM, and COD to COM were studied on single crystal by X-ray diffraction analysis of the same crystal before and after exposure to normal and stone formers' urine. Phase transition on the surface of single crystals has been demonstrated by SEM energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis using windowless detector, and scanning Auger electron microprobe. Data obtained in this study offer direct experimental evidence for phase transformation on the surface of the hydrated calcium oxalate single crystal. In presence of normal urine the surface of COT single crystal undergoes transformation into COD and in presence of recurrent calcium oxalate stone former's urine surface transformation to COM takes place.
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PMID:Surface phase transition of hydrated calcium oxalate crystal in the presence of normal and stone-formers' urine. 240 11

In this study we investigated the development of anaerobic biofilms in differential reactors and suspension cultures in batch reactors under thermophilic (55 degrees C) conditions. FISH, SEM, chemical and chromatographic analysis were used. The differential reactors reached 99.6%, 92.3% and 6.7% of acetic acid, COD and sulfate removal efficiencies, respectively, after 166 h of incubation time. The batch reactor reached 95.6% and 31.8% of acetic acid and sulfate removal efficiencies after 675 h, respectively. FISH results showed that bacterial cells rather than archaeal cells dominated biofilms. These cells, detected with the Bacteria specific probe (EUB338), accounted for 61.1% (+/-3.6) of the DAPI-stained cells and resembled acetate-oxidizing rods and Desulfotomaculum morphologies. Archaeal cells, which hybridized to the Archaea specific probe (ARC915), were also detected in biofilm but they accounted for 36.7% (+/-2.9) of the DAPI-stained cells. These cells were similar to Methanosaeta-like and hydrogenotrophic methanogen rods. In the suspension culture, archaeal cells (58.0%+/-3.8) morphologically similar to Methanosarcina and hydrogenotrophic methanogen rods were predominant over bacterial cells (41.0%+/-4.5), which resembled acetate-oxidizing rods and Desulfotomaculum morphologies. The percentage of sulfate-reducing bacteria cells (SRB) ranged from 12.2% (+/-2.5) to 21.7% (+/-2.8) in the biofilms and from 13.3% (+/-3.6) to 21.7% (+/-4.3) of the DAPI stained cells in suspension culture.
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PMID:Evaluation of thermophilic anaerobic microbial consortia using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). 1218 57

The treatment of the simulated wastewater containing formic acid and Cu(II) ions was investigated using photocatalytic technology of immobilized TiO2 film. The technology could efficiently remove COD and Cu(II) from the solution. In parallel, a rapid deactivation for COD removal was observed in a successive batch experiment. By XRD, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra, SEM image and TG analysis, it was inferred that the deactivation was attributed to the shield of the deposited Cu(0) from UV light. The Cu(0)-fouled TiO2 film could be regenerated using three kinds of methods, air oxidation, electrochemical oxidation and air-assisted electrochemical oxidation. The regeneration time was mainly dependent on the used regeneration strategy while the regeneration extent was obviously associated with the tested regeneration medium. For the deactivated film with a relative activity of about 20%, the regeneration time is in order air-assisted electrochemical oxidation < electrochemical oxidation < air oxidation, and HNO3 medium has a regeneration extent of 97.2% for the air-assisted electrochemical oxidation, more desirable than HCl and H2SO4 mediums.
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PMID:Strategies for regeneration of copper(0)-deposited TiO2 photocatalytic film. 1236 45

A study on olive mill residues (OMR) as copper adsorbing material is reported in this work. A rough characterization of this waste material has been performed, by microanalysis and SEM pictures. Sorption tests with suspended OMR evidenced copper removal from solution, of about 60% in the investigated experimental conditions. The COD release in solution was also monitored during biosorption. Considering that it was significant, OMR washings with water were performed before biosorption. In this case the COD release in solution was reduced to less than 600 mg/L after two washings, while the OMR metal sorption properties did not change. Regenerated residues by acid solutions gave a copper removal of about 40%, in the same experimental conditions of the first adsorption test: regeneration with EDTA at different concentrations suggested that it presents a damage of adsorption active sites. On the other hand, the use of HCl and CaCl(2) led to completely regenerate the biosorbent material. Tests were also performed with a column filled with 80 g of OMR and the breakpoint was demonstrated to take place after that about 1L solution was treated in the investigated experimental conditions. Regeneration tests permitted to demonstrate that a concentration factor of about 2 can be obtained in no-optimized conditions, highlighting the possibility of using OMR for the treatment of metal bearing effluents. The main advantage of the process would be the "low cost" biosorbing material, considering that it represents a waste in the olive oil production.
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PMID:Sorption of copper by olive mill residues. 1460 35

A laboratory-scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was used to pretreat coking wastewater. Inoculated anaerobic granular biomass was acclimated for 225 d to the coking wastewater, and then the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of the coking wastewater in the acclimated granular biomass was measured. At the same time, some fundamental technological factors, such as the filling time and the reacting time ratio (t(f)/t(r)), the mixing intensity and the intermittent mixing mode, that affect anaerobic pretreatment of coking wastewater with ASBR, were evaluated through orthogonal tests. The COD removal efficiency reached 38%-50% in the stable operation period with the organic loading rate of 0.37-0.54 kg COD/(m(3).d) at the optimum conditions of t(f)/t(r), the mixing intensity and the intermittent mixing mode. In addition, the biodegradability of coking wastewater distinctly increased after the pretreatment using ASBR. At the end of the experiment, the microorganism forms on the granulated sludge in the ASBR were observed using SEM (scanning electron microscope) and fluoroscope. The results showed that the dominant microorganism on the granular sludge was Methanosaeta instead of Methanosarcina dominated on the inoculated sludge.
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PMID:Pretreatment of coking wastewater using anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR). 1625 47

Plasma treatment was evaluated as an alternative clean desizing technology in this work. As indicated by weight loss, O2 plasma treatment efficiently removed sizing agents such as polyvintyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylic acid esters and their mixture (MIX) on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics. SEM pictures of the plasma treated samples directly proved the disappearance of the sizing agents. XPS analysis showed apparent changes in chemical composition and functional groups of the PET surface after O2 plasma treatment. Carbon content decreased due to the removal of sizing agents while oxygen content increased. O2 plasma treatment also increased hydrophilic functional groups of sizing agents, which is confirmed by C1s and O1s deconvolution analyses. After O2 plasma treatment, the PET fabric was subjected to conventional desizing process at different temperatures. Except for the PET fabric sized with PVA, plasma-treated fabrics showed more efficient desizing results when compared with untreated fabrics. Furthermore, the desizing effluent from the treated fabric gave lower TOC, COD and BOD values.
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PMID:Size removal on polyester fabrics by plasma source ion implantation device. 1632 34

Factors affecting filtration characteristics in submerged hollow fiber membrane were investigated in membrane-coupled moving bed biofilm reactor (M-CMBBR). The trend of membrane biofouling in M-CMBBR was quite different from that in a conventional membrane bioreactor (MBR). The M-CMBBR showed much lower biofouling rate than a conventional MBR. Whereas the membrane biofouling in conventional MBR system is known to be dependent mostly on biochemical effects of mixed liquor (soluble COD, EPS, etc.), the extent of biofouling in M-CMBBR was largely dependent on the potential collision energy of biofilm carriers (media) moving freely and colliding with surfaces of submerged hollow fibers. The collisions between circulating media and hollow fiber membranes gave rise to frictional forces which mitigated the formation of biofilms on the outer surface of hollow fibers. Consequently, the membrane permeability was greatly enhanced. The potential collision energy of moving media was dependent on the media volume fraction as well as the air flow rate. The membrane permeability was found to be proportional to the relative potential collision energy of the biofilm carriers. The frictional effect on the morphology of biofilms formed on the surface of organic membrane under various operating condition was also examined and identified through their visualization with SEM and AFM.
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PMID:Factors affecting filtration characteristics in membrane-coupled moving bed biofilm reactor. 1663 Dec 28

Serious inhibition was found in the regular up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor in treating the evaporator condensate from a sulfite pulp mill, which contained high strength sulfur compounds. After applying the direct limited aeration in the UASB, the inhibition was alleviated gradually and the activity of the microorganisms was recovered. The COD removal rate increased from 40% to 80% at the organic loading rate of 8kgCODm(-3)d(-1) and a hydraulic retention time of 12h. Limited aeration caused no oxygen inhibition to the anaerobic microorganisms but instigated sulfide oxidization and H(2)S removal, which was beneficial to the methanogens. The experiment confirmed the feasibility of applying limited aeration in the anaerobic reactor to alleviate the sulfide inhibition. It also proved that the anaerobic system was actually aerotolerant. SEM observation showed that the predominant microorganisms partly changed from rod-shaped methanogens to cocci after the UASB reactor was aerated.
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PMID:Effect of limited aeration on the anaerobic treatment of evaporator condensate from a sulfite pulp mill. 1684 88

The three clusters [Ru6PtC(CO)16(COD)] (1), [Ru5PtC(CO)14(COD)] (2) (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene), and (NEt4)2[Pd6Ru6(CO)24] (3) were physisorbed onto an active carbon support and used as molecular precursors for supported particles. The samples before and after thermal treatment at 300 degrees C were characterized by a combination of SIMS, XPS, SEM and XRD. It was found that the clusters are molecularly intact, but present in the form of agglomerates on the support at the end of the physisorption step. After thermal treatment, the ligands were lost in all cases, leaving on the surface bimetallic particles containing both starting metals (Ru-Pt in the case of 1 and 2, and Ru-Pd in the case of 3). The presence of the counterion was evidenced for 3, before, but not after, heating. Molecular clusters are thus interesting precursors for the preparation of supported bimetallic phases, and SIMS is the ideal technique to characterize them at each step of their preparation.
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PMID:Multitechnique investigation of the physisorption and thermal treatment of mixed-metal clusters on carbon. 1685 39

The electrochemical oxidation of pulp and paper making wastewater assisted by transition metal (Co, Cu) modified kaolin in a 200 ml electrolytic batch reactor with graphite plate as electrodes was investigated. H(2)O(2), which produced on the surface of porous graphite cathode, would react with the catalysts to form strong oxidant (hydroxyl radicals) that can in turn destroy the pollutants adsorbed on the surface of kaolin. The transition metal (Co, Cu) modified kaolin was also characterized by XRD and SEM before and after the modification and the results showed that the transition metals were completely supported on kaolin and formed a porous structure with big BET surface. The mechanism was proposed on the basis of XPS analysis of the catalyst after the degradation process. Series of experiments were also done to prove the synergetic effect of the combined oxidation system and to find out the optimal operating parameters such as initial pH, current density and amount of catalyst. From the results it can be founded that when the initial pH was at 3, current density was 30 mA cm(-2); catalyst dose was 30 g dm(-3), COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal could reach up to 96.8% in 73 min.
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PMID:Electrochemical oxidation of pulp and paper making wastewater assisted by transition metal modified kaolin. 1704 54


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