Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Low-protein diets in nondiabetic renal failure may slow the progressive loss of renal function in some patients, but few studies have detailed the nutritional consequences of these diets in patients with diabetic nephropathy. We studied 7 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and chronic renal insufficiency [mean +/- SEM creatinine clearance (S, U): 28.3 +/- 6.5 ml/min (0.47 +/- 0.11 ml/s x 1.73/A)] for 15 weeks who were prescribed a diet of 0.6 g protein/kg ideal body weight. Midarm muscle circumference (24.1 +/- 1.8 at onset vs. 24.5 +/- 1.5 cm at completion), triceps skinfold thickness (21.6 +/- 3.1 vs. 21.0 +/- 1.5 mm), body weight (71.8 +/- 4.1 vs. 71.2 +/- 4.6 kg), and serum albumin [3.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.1 g/dl (30 +/- 1 vs. 32 +/- 1 g/l)] remained stable. Based on urinary nitrogen excretion, diet diaries overestimated the degree of dietary protein restriction; there was good adherence to the diet as evidenced by a reduction in urinary urea nitrogen (average 32%). Blood glucose control was maintained despite increased carbohydrate intake. On average, creatinine clearance did not change significantly, but proteinuria diminished slightly (1.8 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.6 g/day). These results indicate that 0.6 g/kg/day protein diets did not cause protein depletion in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Longer-term studies are indicated to assess more fully the efficacy of these dietary regimens in reducing proteinuria or benefiting diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:Protein-restricted diets in diabetic nephropathy. 271 Feb 67

The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone is associated with head trauma; however, there are no reports concerning vasopressin levels in pediatric patients with head trauma. Urine vasopressin in eight children (mean +/- SEM, age 7.5 +/- 1.6 years, range 1 to 15 years) was measured by radioimmunoassay during their hospitalization for head trauma. Urine vasopressin values for ten healthy children (mean age 5.4 +/- 1.3 years) and for eight children hospitalized for systemic antibiotic treatment of infections (age 5.9 +/- 1.8 years) also were obtained. Urine vasopressin, urine and serum sodium concentration and osmolality, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and fluid intake were measured within 24 hours of admission and daily for the following two days. For the first three days following head trauma, mean urine vasopressin levels in pediatric patients with head trauma were increased (P less than .05) compared with those of healthy children. Despite fluid restriction to 85% of maintenance level, 25% of patients with head trauma exhibited the clinical syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (hyponatremia, increased urinary sodium, diminished serum osmolality, and urine osmolality greater than serum osmolality). Urine osmolality greater than 800 mosm/kg was associated with markedly increased urine vasopressin levels (200 to 1,650 pg/mL); children with this finding may be at particular risk for the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone without restrictive water intake.
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PMID:Vasopressin levels and pediatric head trauma. 271 86

With foam components removed, mixed saliva from three donors were solidified in liquid nitrogen and sectioned, mounted, and fixed. Examination by transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis were performed for paraformaldehyde-fixed sections, some of which were OsO4-postfixed. The TEM and certain SEM examinations showed the presence of fine and dense salivary network structures, seemingly originating from the major fibrous components. In OsO4-treated sections, TEM pictures showed reticulated arrangements with open cellular diameters down to 0.2 microns. The EDAX analyses particularly showed the presence of Ca, Fe, K, P, and S, with increased Ca readings in major components. Untreated sections showed that strands, with diameters of more than 1-2 microns, had more electron-dense central portions than peripheries and sometimes had interior, very electron-dense, granules. The observed features indicate that saliva has internal structures consistent with its colloid chemical characteristics.
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PMID:Electron microscopic studies of human mixed saliva. 271 56

Gas eructation function of the gastroesophageal sphincter (GES) was investigated in 6 conscious dogs before and after a sleeve was placed around the GES and gastric cardia and during IV infusion of a beta-adrenergic amine (epinephrine). To induce eructation, nitrogen gas was insufflated (351.4 +/- 2 ml/min; mean +/- SEM) into the stomach through 1 channel of a 4-lumen catheter. After baseline studies and epinephrine infusion studies were completed in each dog, surgery was done to limit partially gastric distension by intraluminal contents by placing a silicone rubber sleeve around the GES and the first few centimeters of the cardia. Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure was 31.8 +/- 2.2 mm of Hg in baseline studies, 17.3 +/- 1.3 mm of Hg during epinephrine infusion (P. less than 0.003), and 30.3 +/- 2.2 mm of Hg after the sleeve was placed around the GES and cardia. During insufflation, gastric pressures before eructation increased to 5.74 +/- 0.41 mm of Hg before and to 15.15 +/- 1.63 mm of Hg after cardia sleeve placement (P less than 0.001). Eructation occurred at intervals of 1.83 +/- 0.41 minutes before cardia sleeve placement, and eructations were not observed with the sleeve in place. Before the sleeve was placed, administration of epinephrine resulted in an eructation interval of 0.84 +/- 0.09 minutes, which was significantly different from that in the same dogs given no drugs (P less than 0.004).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Eructation of gas through the gastroesophageal sphincter before and after limiting distension of the gastric cardia or infusion of a beta-adrenergic amine in dogs. 272 20

To determine if liver dysfunction in children affects energy and macronutrient homeostasis, we performed 13 metabolic studies in 11 patients (age, 17.8 +/- 5.9 months [mean +/- SEM]) with extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA). Nutritional balance, indirect calorimetry, anthropometry, and biochemical liver function tests were utilised. Sixty-four percent of the energy losses were in the form of stool fat. Energy expenditure (68 kcal/kg/d) was 29% higher than normal (P less than 0.0025). Only one third of the metabolisable energy intake (37 kcal/kg/d) was stored in the body for new tissue synthesis. In spite of the bountiful protein intake for age, the increased protein oxidation (2g/kg/d) resulted in a virtually zero mean nitrogen balance. In addition, four patients oxidised endogenous protein as well. The respiratory quotient was 0.96, and did not change significantly between pre- and post-meal measurements, suggesting a predominant utilisation of carbohydrate for energy metabolism. Net lipid oxidation was severely diminished. We found that the higher the serum aspartate aminotransferase level (previously named SGOT), the lower the net fat oxidation, and the higher the conversion of glucose to fat. These data suggest that markedly increased energy expenditure contributes to the malnutrition of patients with EHBA. We characterised for the first time how severe liver disease in infants and children affects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, thus inducing protein-energy malnutrition.
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PMID:Resting energy expenditure is increased in infants and children with extrahepatic biliary atresia. 273 18

The aim of the present study was to characterize the acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity in human liver microsomes. Liver biopsies were obtained from patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy under highly standardized conditions. In 34 patients the enzyme activity of the microsomal fraction averaged 6.6 +/- 0.7 (mean +/- SEM) pmol.min-1.mg protein-1 in the absence of exogenous cholesterol. Freezing of the liver biopsy in liquid nitrogen increased the enzyme activity five- to sixfold. Similarly, freezing of the microsomal fraction prepared from unfrozen liver tissue increased the enzyme activity about twofold. These results may help to explain previous disparate results reported in the literature. The enhanced ACAT activity obtained by freezing was at least partly explained by a transfer of unesterified cholesterol to the microsomal fraction and possibly also by making the substrate(s) more available to the enzyme. Preincubation of the microsomal fraction, prepared from unfrozen liver tissue, with unlabeled cholesterol increased the enzyme activity about fivefold. This finding indicates that hepatic ACAT in humans can also utilize exogenous cholesterol as substrate. Addition of cholesterol to frozen microsomes prepared from unfrozen liver tissue increased the ACAT activity two- to threefold, whereas addition of cholesterol to microsomes prepared from frozen liver tissue did not further increase the enzyme activity. No evidence supporting the concept that ACAT is activated-inactivated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation could be obtained by assaying the enzyme under conditions similar to those during which the human HMG-CoA reductase is inactivated-activated.
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PMID:Studies on acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase activity in human liver microsomes. 276 May 47

The synthesis of new materials (PUPAs) based on a commercial polyurethane and a heparin-complexing polymer, poly(amido-amine), was studied. PUPAs are capable of adsorbing heparin because the basic nitrogens of poly(amido-amine), once protonated, interact with the negative charges carried by the heparin molecule. Six different samples of PUPA were synthesized having a varied ratio of the components. The quantity of basic nitrogen on the surface and the bound heparin for each sample was determined. Two different kinds of heparin are present on a PUPA surface: one is strongly bound but can be detached by 0.1 M NaOH solution, the other is physically adsorbed and is slowly released by a stream of saline solution. A relationship between the quantity of strongly bound heparin and basic nitrogen was found. SEM and FTIR-ATR analysis were performed on all the PUPA samples. The mechanical characteristics change according to chemical composition.
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PMID:Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of a new material (PUPA) based on polyurethane and poly(amido-amine) components capable of strongly adsorbing quantities of heparin. 276 25

Amino acid losses were measured daily in a non-septic patient who was continuously haemofiltered for 7 days at an ultrafiltration rate of 1,000 ml/h and then for a further 7 days at 500 ml/h. During this period she received an infusion of 9 g nitrogen each day. At the higher ultrafiltration rate the mean amino acid loss was 7.9 g/24 h (SEM 0.3 g) and at the lower rate, 2.4 g/24 h (SEM 0.2 g). The losses of amino acids to the ultrafiltrate depended upon the rate of ultrafiltration and upon the free serum amino acid values (r = 0.93, p less than 0.001), but did not depend upon molecular size or charge. The serum amino acid values did not fall during continuous haemofiltration despite loss to the ultrafiltrate, suggesting that the losses were small when compared to the total body pool of free amino acids. However, in septic patients these losses may be of clinical importance in those who are continuously haemofiltered for long periods.
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PMID:Amino acid losses during haemofiltration. 277 11

Direct evidence for postganglionic sympathetic nerve activation to blood vessels supplying skeletal muscle was sought by recording from the peroneal nerve of 13 volunteers with a 5-mu tipped tungsten needle. Eight subjects breathed through an anesthesia face mask connected to a semiclosed anesthesia circuit for two consecutive 10-min periods while 25% and 40% nitrous oxide (N2O) was administered sequentially. Five subjects served as controls and breathed equivalent concentrations of nitrogen. Blood pressure and central venous pressure were recorded from radial artery and jugular vein catheters. Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. Peroneal nerve recordings were amplified 100,000-fold and integrated for analysis of burst frequency. N2O did not significantly alter respiratory rate, end-tidal CO2 (mass spectrometry), and diastolic or central venous pressures but did produce small but significant increases in heart rate and systolic pressure compared to time-control (P less than 0.05). In contrast, N2O was associated with progressive, large increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (peak % delta = 69 +/- 22 burst/min [X +/- SEM]) and forearm vascular resistance (30 +/- 4%) and a nonsignificant increase in plasma norepinephrine levels. Thus, brief exposure to 25% and 40% N2O produces striking increases in sympathetic outflow to skeletal muscle in humans.
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PMID:Nitrous oxide augments sympathetic outflow: direct evidence from human peroneal nerve recordings. 278 44

The main left coronary artery of rats was ligated near its origin under light ether anaesthesia and the infarction observed for 48 h. The ischaemic area was determined after an intravenous injection of pontamine sky blue dye 1 h before induction of cardiac arrest with potassium chloride. The unstained area (true ischaemic area) decreased with time to 27.1% of the left ventricle at 48 h, whereas the intensely stained area between the normal and the true ischaemic areas increased with time, suggesting that blood was flowing to the border from the normal surrounding tissue. The infarcted area, identified by its lack of triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, became evident after 3 h and stabilised at 12 h (42% of left ventricle). The polymorphonuclear leucocyte counts in the hearts, differentiated by staining of their chloroacetate esterase, increased gradually up to 5500 cells per section at 24 h. The leukotriene B4 concentration, determined by radioimmunoassay after freezing of the beating heart in liquid nitrogen, increased to eight times that of the sham operated hearts and peaked at 8 h (9.4(0.6) ng per heart, mean(SEM) n = 5) before the leucocyte counts reached their maximum. A single oral dose of a selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (AA-861, 80 mg.kg-1, 1 h before ligation) lowered the leukotriene B4 concentration to that of the sham operated hearts and decreased the leucocyte count by 49.4% and 41.2% at 12 and 24 h respectively. The inhibitor also reduced the infarct size at 48 h by 34.4%. It was concluded that leukotriene B4, generated in ischaemic cardiac tissue, may increase infarct size through migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
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PMID:Detection of leukotriene B4 in cardiac tissue and its role in infarct extension through leucocyte migration. 284 5


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