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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cerebral responses to the substitution of 60% nitrous oxide for nitrogen during halothane anaesthesia (0.84%, end-tidal) were studied in four patients during surgery. The mean (+/-SEM) cerebral blood flow equivalent and internal jugular venous oxygen tension during halothane anaesthesia, 17+/-3 ml blood/ml oxygen and 41+/-2 mm Hg respectively, increased significantly to 45+/-3 ml blood/ml oxygen and 54+/-3 mm Hg following the introduction of nitrous oxide. On the withdrawal of nitrous oxide, the mean cerebral blood flow equivalent and internal jugular venous oxygen tension returned gradually to the control values. Cerebral perfusion pressure and blood-gas values, other than the internal jugular venous oxygen tension, did not change significantly. Marked slowing of the e.e.g. was observed following the addition of nitrous oxide to halothane, Upon the withdrawal of nitrous oxide the e.e.g. returned to the control pattern. These results indicate that cerebral blood flow was in excess of oxygen demand during nitrous oxide/halothane anesthesia in man.
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PMID:Cerebral responses to the addition of nitrous oxide to halothane in man. 79 8

Fine structural alterations of liver sinusoids in young and adult albino rats breathing 6% oxygen in nitrogen at normal atmospheric pressure for periods from 3 to 30 h were described by use of TEM and SEM. After short-term hypoxia the fenestrated areas of endothelial cells were partially destroyed. After long--term hypoxia wide gaps could be visualized in the endothelium, too. In the liver specimens of all hypoxic animals electron lucent membrane bounded blebs arose from the endothelial lining. Cytoplasmic protrusions of hepatocytes bulged into the sinusoidal lumen. In the space of Disse and the sinusoidal lumen bleblike corpuscles and parts of cytoplasmic membrane being discharged from liver cell vacuoles could be observed. The find structure of liver sinusoids in hypoxia was very similar in young and adult albino rats. The findings suggest a discharge of metabolites and cellular components from endothelial cells and hepatocytes in a state of energetic insufficiency by forming cellular blebs and protrusions. It was supposed, that the combined effects of hypoxia and shearing of circulating blood were responsible for the development of holes and gaps in the endothelial lining.
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PMID:[On the influence of hypoxia on the sinus endothelial cells of rat liver. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic investigation (author's transl)]. 82 Dec 46

Samples of human semen frozen in liquid nitrogen ( - 196 degrees C) with no glycerol, 5 and 10% glycerol were compared with samples that were untreated, with 10% glycerol but not frozen, and spermatozoa frozen at -20 degrees C. SEM and TEM of the samples indicates that 10% glycerol caused fewer surface changes of the spermatozoa than other treatments. Motility counts after the various freezing treatments were also highest when 10% glycerol was used as the cryoprotectant. Nonetheless, cryopreservation is detrimental to spermatozoa and often causes considerable damage to the acrosome with a leakage of the acrosomal contents.
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PMID:Surface structure of spermatozoa frozen for artificial insemination. 88 75

1. Administration of dexamethasone, 8 mg/day (0-02 mmol/day), for 5 days to normal subjects produced negative nitrogen balance, due to early and sustained increases in urinary urea nitrogen excretion 2. In eight subjects ingesting 0-9--1-6 g of protein day-1 kg-1 body weight the cumulative increment in urea nitrogen excretion averaged + 12-5 g (SEM 2-8, P less than 0-01) over the 5 days of glucocorticoid administration. 3. Increases in urinary urea nitrogen excretion could be related to both plasma alanine and blood glutamine changes by using a multiple regression equation. 4. These results suggest that corticosteroids induce increased release of alanine and glutamine by peripheral tissues, which may augment urea formation and negative nitrogen balance. 5. The correlation between increments in urea nitrogen excretion and increases in plasma arginine remains unexplained.
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PMID:The role of alanine and glutamine in steroid-induced nitrogen wasting in man. 91 44

A paramagnetic method of carbon dioxide analysis enables the simultaneous analysis of carbon dioxide and oxygen to be made at 2-min intervals. The method depends upon observing the change of oxygen concentration in a gas mixture before and after absorbing the carbon dioxide component. The carrier-gas in the experiments reported was nitrogen. The output of the paramagnetic meter was measured both by a digital voltmeter and by a chart recorded and the carbon dioxide concentrations calculated from these observations (Y1% and Y2% respectively) were compared with those obtained by Lloyd-Haldane (x%) gas analysis, for carbon dioxide concentration of 2-20% in a range of oxygen concentrations of about 9-90%. The agreement between paramagnetic and Lloyd-Haldane carbon dioxide analysis is shown in the following linear regression equations: Y1=0.996x-0.001 (r=0.9999+/-0.04 SEM of estimate; P less than 0.001); Y2=0.997x-0.006 (r=0.9999+/-0.06 SEM of estimate; P less than 0.001). Carbon dioxide in nitrogen was measured by the prior addition of an arbitrary concentration of oxygen, to a gas sample. The method is applicable to the measurement of carbon dioxide and oxygen, when the carrier-gas may have characteristics which preclude the use of katharometer, infra-red or Haldane analysis.
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PMID:A paramagnetic method for measuring the carbon dioxide concentration of a gas. 120 35

A solution of 10% glycine (250 mg/kg of body weight) was injected in within 5-10 minutes in 22 healthy, sexually immature children who were previously tested for insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Blood specimens were collected before, 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after injection for glucose, HGH and total alpha-amino nitrogen determination. The mean peak post-glycine level of serum HGH was 11.47 +/- 1.558 ng/ml (+/- SEM) and did not differ significantly from the corresponding post-insulin mean value (15.63 +/- 0.247 ng/ml). The highest post-stimulatory mean value (8.88 +/- 1.694 ng/ml) was observed 30 minutes after the end of the injection of glycine. Glycine is a reliable GH stimulating agent, which may be tentatively used for detection of hyposomatotropism in children.
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PMID:Growth hormone release by glycine injected intravenously in 22 healthy sexually immature children. 122 31

We assessed the long-term effects of carvedilol on renal function in 10 patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. After a 2- to 4-week placebo run-in period, all patients received 5 mg carvedilol once daily. If the effect was insufficient, the dosage was successively increased to 10 or 20 mg once daily. The mean +/- SEM duration of treatment was 17.3 +/- 1.0 weeks, and the final mean daily dosage was 13.5 +/- 2.2 mg/day. With treatment, systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased significantly from 159.7 +/- 1.3 to 140.5 +/- 3.2 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) and from 98.3 +/- 1.0 to 88.2 +/- 2.7 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), respectively. Carvedilol did not cause significant changes in glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, blood urea nitrogen, or serum creatinine. Renal vascular resistance decreased significantly from 12.7 +/- 1.4 to 11.2 +/- 1.2 dyne.s.cm-5/1.48 m2 x 10(3) (p less than 0.05). Thus, long-term carvedilol therapy was effective in reducing blood pressure in essential hypertension without causing impairment of renal function.
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PMID:Effect of long-term carvedilol therapy on renal function in essential hypertension. 137 58

The renal effects of pulsatile (pulse pressure 18.0 +/- 1.5 mm Hg [mean +/- SEM]) or nonpulsatile perfusion (mean pulse pressure 1.9 +/- 0.4 mm Hg) during either alpha-stat (mean PaCO2 41.2 +/- 0.9 mm Hg measured at 37 degrees C) or pH-stat (mean PaCO2 60.6 +/- 1.7 mm Hg measured at 37 degrees C) pH management of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were studied in 100 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery. Mean urine output, fractional excretion of sodium and potassium, and renal failure index all increased during the study period; however, there was no difference among the four different CPB management groups. Mean postoperative creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values decreased compared with preoperative values, again without differences among treatment groups. Three patients developed acute renal insufficiency; of these, two had received nonpulsatile perfusion and pH-stat management, and the other had been managed with pulsatile perfusion and pH-stat management. These three patients all had undergone prolonged CPB and required at least two vasoactive drugs and the use of an intraaortic balloon pump to be weaned from CPB. In patients with normal preoperative renal function undergoing hypothermic CPB, neither the mode of perfusion, pulsatile or nonpulsatile, nor the method of pH management, pH-stat or alpha-stat, influences perioperative renal function.
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PMID:Differences in pH management and pulsatile/nonpulsatile perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass do not influence renal function. 141 20

Measurement of energy expenditure with indirect calorimetry allows determination of caloric balance. The present study was done to determine the predictive value of caloric and nitrogen balances for nutritional outcome. Energy expenditure was obtained weekly and interpolated between measurements for daily caloric balance. Nitrogen balance was obtained weekly. Because nitrogen output fluctuated, interpolation of daily values was not possible. Nutritional outcome was defined by whether body weight was lost or maintained and by levels of visceral proteins (albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin). The study group included 12 patients with 7% to 82.5% total body surface area burns. Eleven patients survived their burn injuries, and one died of congestive heart failure at 38 days, after her burn wounds had healed. Nine patients had good nutritional outcomes (group 1) and three had poor nutritional outcomes (group 2) (including the one who died). Nitrogen balance was 1.3 +/- 1.0 gm/day in group 1 and 4.5 +/- 1.7 gm/day in group 2 (mean +/- SEM; p > 0.10). Caloric balance was 515 +/- 130 kcal/day in group 1 and -667 +/- 140 in group 2 (p < 0.001). Caloric balance was significantly different between the two groups, whereas nitrogen balance was not. Caloric intake correlated positively with nitrogen intake (r = 0.92). Nitrogen intake was 16% of total caloric intake. Nitrogen intake from blood products was appreciable and averaged 15% of total nitrogen intake (range, 0% to 47%); 11.3 +/- 1.6 gm/day in group 1 and 14.8 +/- 3 gm/day in group 2 (p > 0.10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Caloric and nitrogen balances as predictors of nutritional outcome in patients with burns. 146 36

The lipid metabolic disorders in chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) are related to increased hepatic lipid synthesis, reduced triglyceride removal coupled with insulin insensitivity and impaired lipoprotein lipase activity. Growth hormone is lipolytic, and the effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on the hypercholesterolemia of CRI are unsettled. To test this question, we gave rhGH for 14 days at a dosage of 3 units/day intraperitoneally to two-stage, 5/6 nephrectomized, male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 18) compared to sex- and age-matched control (n = 27) and CRI (n = 40) rats. At the end of the study, CRI rats and those treated with rhGH had a similar degree of renal impairment, as assessed by serum concentrations (mean +/- SEM) of urea nitrogen (49 +/- 3 vs. 54 +/- 4 mg/dl), creatinine (0.9 +/- 0.0 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.1 mg/dl) and cumulative food intake (311 +/- 8 vs. 290 +/- 12 g). Serum urea nitrogen (16 +/- 4 mg/dl) and creatinine (0.4 +/- 0.1 mg/dl) concentrations as well as food intake (412 +/- 9 g) of control rats were significantly (p < 0.0001) different. Serum cholesterol concentration of CRI rats treated with rhGH (87 +/- 3 mg/dl) was not higher than those of CRI rats (81 +/- 2 mg/dl, p < 0.1338) but was significantly higher than in control rats (55 +/- 3 mg/dl, p < 0.0001). CRI rats treated with rhGH showed a similar serum albumin concentration and lower serum glucose than CRI rats (0.9 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.0 g/dl and 144 +/- 4 vs. 163 +/- 3 mg/dl, p < 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hypercholesterolemia in rats with chronic renal insufficiency not aggravated by recombinant human growth hormone. 147 89


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