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Bioactive glasses (BaG) can bind to human bone tissues and have been used in many biomedical applications for the last 30 years. However they usually are weak and brittle. On the other hand, composites that combine polymers and BaG are of particular interest, since they often show an excellent balance between stiffness and toughness. Bioactive glass-poly(vinyl alcohol) foams to be used in tissue engineering applications were previously developed by our group, using the sol-gel route. Since bioactive glass-polymer composite derived from the sol-gel process cannot be submitted to thermal treatments at high temperatures (above 400 degrees C), they usually have unreacted species that can cause cytotoxicity. This work reports a technique for stabilizing the sol-gel derived bioactive glass/poly(vinyl alcohol) hybrids by using glutaraldehyde (GA), NH(4)OH solutions and a blocking solution containing bovine serum albumin. PVA/BaG/GA hybrids were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM/EDX) analyses. Moreover, MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) biocompatibility and cytotoxicity assays were also conducted. The hybrids exhibited pore size varying from 80 to 820 mum. After treatments, no major changes in the pore structure were observed and high levels of cell viability were obtained.
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PMID:Synthesis, neutralization and blocking procedures of organic/inorganic hybrid scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. 1880 51

The interaction of gelatin with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) studied at pH 9 and an ionic strength of 0.005, produces an interfacial surface active gelatin-CTAB (monomer) complex (GS(n)(I)), a surface inactive gelatin-CTAB (micelle) complex in bulk (GS(m)(B)), followed by coacervation, and its solubilization in micellar solution of CTAB. We have herein attempted to probe the interfacial morphological changes of gelatin and its CTAB complexes, and not the bulk properties like coacervation and/or micellar solubilization. The morphologies of pure gelatin and CTAB films and that of gelatin-CTAB interacted complex at the interface have been investigated using LB, SEM, AFM and ellipsometric techniques. The stability of the gelatin monolayer at varied concentrations with and without CTAB has been examined. The SEM images of stabilized films of gelatin and gelatin-CTAB complex have witnessed compact smooth as well as rough surfaces with formation of distinct domains. Drastic morphological change in the film before the critical aggregational concentration of CTAB (T(2)) has been in line with an initial abrupt decrease in surface tension. This has been corroborated by AFM measurements, which along with morphology demonstration has provided information on the diameter of the ensembles formed and roughness of the LB films constituted of pure components and their complexes. Thickness of the film was at its maximum in the domain region, as corroborated by ellipsometric technique. Such an elaborate interfacial monolayer and film morphology study of biopolymer-amphiphile system has been rarely documented in literature.
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PMID:A LB film morphological study with reference to biopolymer-surfactant interaction taking gelatin-CTAB system as a model. 1904 18

A polyethersulfone (PES) membrane was modified by blending with a co-polymer of acrylic acid (AA) and N-vinyl pyrrolidone (VP), followed by immobilization of bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto the surface. The scanning electron microscopy results showed that PES had good miscibility with the co-polymer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the existence of P(VP-AA) co-polymer on the surface of the blended membrane and the existence of BSA after the immobilization process. The amount of BSA immobilized on the surface of the membranes was determined. It was found that the protein adsorption amounts from BSA, human plasma fibrinogen and diluted human plasma solutions decreased significantly after modification. According to the circular dichroism results, the proteins kept more alpha-helix conformation in the modified membranes than in the pure PES membrane. The number of the adhered platelets was reduced, and the morphology change for the adherent platelets was also suppressed by the modification with BSA. The SEM morphological observation of the cells and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay demonstrated that the BSA-modified PES membrane surface promoted endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation.
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PMID:BSA-modified polyethersulfone membrane: preparation, characterization and biocompatibility. 1919 62

We describe the synthesis of cellulose fibers densely grafted with the cationic polymer poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]-trimethylammoniumchloride (PMeDMA) through aqueous ATRP. The hydroxyl groups present on the cellulose surface were exploited to initiate the ATRP polymerization of MeDMA. We first grafted a bromide initiator, known to be an efficient initiator for ATRP, on the cellulose surface from which the polymer was then directly grown. The resulting fibers/PMeDMA complex was analyzed with infra-red, XPS and SEM techniques and present clear evidences that the polymer is present on the cellulose surface. In order to better characterize the polymer, sacrificial initiators were also added in the mixture and subsequently recovered for analysis. Size exclusion chromatography shows that the polymerization in this heterogeneous medium was controlled. Finally, we show that the mechanical properties of test hand sheets made from modified pulp are markedly improved by the grafting of the cationic PMeDMA.
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PMID:Synthesis of cationic polymer-grafted cellulose by aqueous ATRP. 1923 64

New homoleptic aminoalkoxides of gallium(III) and indium(III) of the types M4{(OC2H4)2NMe}6 [M = Ga (1), In (2)] and [Ga{(OC2H4)3N}]n (3), as well as a previously described Ga2(OC2H4NMe2)6 (A) have been prepared by isopropoxo(chloro)-aminoalkoxo exchange reactions and characterised by elemental analyses, FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Formation of a star-shaped Ga[Ga{mu-eta3:eta1-(OC2H4)2NMe}2]3 (1.4CHCl3) and a zigzag linear In4{mu-eta3:eta1-(OC2H4)2NMe}6 (2.6CHCl3), as revealed by X-ray single crystal structures, reflects the structural diversity among N-methyldiethanolaminate derivatives. Their hydrolyses in boiling water, either in presence or absence of tetraalkylamonium bromide, have been studied and, for gallium derivatives, compared with similar hydrolytic reactions of Ga(OiPr)3. The hydrolysed products were studied by FT-IR, TG-DTA and XRD techniques. For gallium derivatives, transition from orthorhombic Ga(O)OH phase of as-prepared powder to phase pure rhombohedral- and monoclinic-Ga2O3 occurred at about 500 degrees C and 700 degrees C, respectively, whereas cubic In(OH)3 phase of as-prepared powder of 2 was converted to cubic In2O3 at 250 degrees C. Partial hydrolyses were also performed and evolution of the particle size in solution was recorded by light scattering measurements. Various sol-gel processing parameters such as concentration and hydrolysis ratio (h) were studied in order to stabilise nano-sized colloidal suspensions for access to thin films by spin coating. The N-methyldiethanolamine derivatives 1 and 2 were found to be the most suitable candidates for sol-gel processing. The transparent Ga2O3 and In2O3 films obtained on glass or Si wafers from spin-coating of 1 and 2, respectively, were characterised by SEM, EDX and XRD.
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PMID:Homoleptic gallium(III) and indium(III) aminoalkoxides as precursors for sol-gel routes to metal oxide nanomaterials. 1931 2

In this work we try to develop a new thermal gelling injectable scaffold for three-dimensional cell culture. Instead of using linear, branched, or grafted macromolecules, thermosensitive microgel particles or microspheres are used as building blocks for the construction of the macroscopic hydrogel scaffold. As a proof of concept, thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (P(NIPAM-HEMA)) microgel particles were synthesized, which present a volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) at about 29 degrees C. Rheological test shows that the concentrated P(NIPAM-HEMA) microgel dispersion is colloidally stable when heated above its VPTT, indicating hydrophobic interaction alone can not induce thermal gelation of the dispersion. In the presence of a low concentration of CaCl(2), however, with the introduction of additional ionic cross-linking, the microgel dispersion gelates and forms macroscopic hydrogel. Gelation temperature of the microgel dispersion decreases with increasing ionic strength. SEM observation reveals that the resultant bulky gel has an interconnected porous microstructure. 293T cells, a human cell line, were encapsulated inside the hydrogel by simple mixing with the microgel dispersion at room temperature and heating to 37 degrees C. MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-3,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assays reveal that the cells are viable and proliferate inside the 3D scaffold.
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PMID:In situ gelation of P(NIPAM-HEMA) microgel dispersion and its applications as injectable 3D cell scaffold. 1936 98

The mesoporous NiO-SDC was synthesized using a cationic surfactant (cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide; CTAB) for obtaining wide triple-phase boundary (TPB) in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The microstructure of mesoporous NiO-SDC was characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, and HRTEM and the results showed that the mesoporous NiO-SDC with 6.3 nm pores could be obtained. After calcined at 600 degrees C, the surface area of NiO-SDC was 206 m2/g, which was sufficiently high for providing large TPB in SOFC anode. In addition, FT-IR measurements revealed that Ni(OH)2 and SDC were incorporated with amine group of CTAB.
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PMID:Mesoporous NiO-Samaria doped ceria fuel cell materials. 1944 60

This paper reports the formation of weak gel of chitin with an ionic liquid, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (IL). When a mixture of 5% (w/w) chitin with IL was heated at 100 degrees C for 48h, the clear liquid was obtained. The experimental process was observed by the CCD camera view and the SEM analysis. From a mixture of chitin with IL in the higher concentration (7%, w/w), a more viscous material, i.e., a gel-like material was obtained. The rheological evaluations showed that both 5% (w/w) and 7% (w/w) chitins with IL behaved as weak gels.
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PMID:Weak gel of chitin with ionic liquid, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide. 1946 58

Cystine stones are produced by an inherited disorder of the transport of amino acid cystine that results in excess of cystine in the urine (cystinuria). Cystine calculi in urinary tract present a significant problem in patients. We have recorded that cystine calculi are very uncommon in our region. Cystine crystals are unusually identified in the urinary deposits. The problem of recognizing cystine by FTIR as a component in mixture of stones is significant. The problem is compounded by the similarity of wavelengths of cystine with that of whewellite and uric acid. The objective of this paper is to elucidate the problems of identifying cystine in stone analysis and identifying a solution to get over this deficiency. Out of 1,300 urinary stones analysed by ordinary wet chemical methods and infrared spectroscopy, 30 stone samples, which were reported to have cystine peaks in significant numbers, were selected. These samples were powdered, mixed with potassium bromide, pelletized and taken up for FTIR analysis. The wavelength patterns were scrutinized by comparing with the peaks obtained by the reference standards of cystine. Spectra were also obtained from pure cystine. Comparison of spectra with those of whewellite and uric acid was performed. Then the samples were taken for Scanning electron microscopy with elemental distribution analysis X-ray (SEM-EDAX). The samples were made conductive by gold sputtering and were fed into JEOL JSM 35 C SEM machine. Morphology was recorded by taking photographs. Further elemental distribution analysis (EDAX) was carried out to identify the elemental composition. Of the 30 samples taken up for FTIR analysis, all showed spectra identifiable with the reference peaks for cystine. However, when these peaks were compared with those of whewellite and uric acid, all the stone samples showed duplication of peaks for whewellite and uric acid and whewellite. The pure cystine spectra showed identifiable peaks are in the range of 3026, 1618.28, 1485, 846.75 cm(-1), etc. (from the standard spectrum of pure cystine). All the analysis findings were correlated with EDAX findings. On doing EDAX, we could separately find out the components present in a mixture. Three stones contained elemental pattern to fit with those of cystine. Even though it is difficult to find out the presence of cystine molecule in FTIR, it is possible to recognize it through EDAX and will be possible to confirm the presence of cystine in mixed urinary stones.
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PMID:Problem in analyzing cystine stones using FTIR spectroscopy. 1960 58

Pomponlike La(2)(MoO(4))(3) microstructures assembled with single-crystalline nanoflakes have been facilely fabricated via a surfactant-assisted ultrasound route for the first time. Various synthesis conditions were examined, such as the surfactant concentration, the molecular structure of surfactants, and the pH value. The obtained pomponlike microstructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), (field-emission) scanning electron microscopy [(FE)SEM], transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. It has been revealed that a minimum concentration of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) was required for the formation of pomponlike La(2)(MoO(4))(3) microstructures. When the SDS concentration is above 0.02 mol L(-1), the pomponlike microstructures become more perfect, and the size is also increased with the increasing SDS concentration. Under the same sonication, similar pomponlike microstructures were obtained when a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), was used instead of the anionic surfactant SDS, indicating that the hydrophobic alkyl chains are an important factor for the formation of the pomponlike La(2)(MoO(4))(3) microstructures. It is also found that the pomponlike La(2)(MoO(4))(3) microstructures can only be obtained within an optimal pH range of 8.0-9.0 under sonication. Based on TEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and solubilization experiment, a formation mechanism of pomponlike La(2)(MoO(4))(3) microstructures was proposed, in which the collaborative action of surfactants and sonication plays a key role. Furthermore, the porosity of the pomponlike La(2)(MoO(4))(3) microstructures were discussed.
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PMID:Facile fabrication of pomponlike microarchitectures of lanthanum molybdate via an ultrasound route. 1964 10


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