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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Salts of sulfate, lithium, and bromine were injected or infused intravenously into ewes in the last trimester of gestation. Ewes and fetuses had indwelling catheters; most fetuses were nephrectomized. Concentrations were measured in paired maternal and fetal samples over periods of 4--14 days. Maternal excretion of sulfate was too rapid to permit near equilibration of fetal and maternal plasma concentrations; the results, however, did not support the existence of a large potential difference across the exchange barrier. The concentrations of Li+ (given by continuous infusion) and 82Br- in maternal plasma did not change rapidly. The concentrations of these tracers in fetal plasma rose until they were nearly equal to the maternal plasma concentrations. Steady-state transplacental potentials, calculated by use of the Nernst equation, were 5.2 +/- 2.0 (SEM) mV (n = 26) for Li+ and -2.2 +/- 0.8 (SEM) mV (n = 10) for Br-. Nernst potentials calculated from previously measured maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Cl- were +0.4, +3.6, +0.5, and -1.4 mV. We concluded that, of the total potential difference of about -50 mV (fetus negative) between the fetal lamb and the ewe, only a few mV are dropped across the placental exchange barrier.
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PMID:Distribution of ionic sulfate, lithium, and bromide across the sheep placenta. 43 39

In 7 subjects, serial EEGs, serum bromide determinations, and psychological tests were done prior to and following 13.83 +/- 0.74 (SEM) MAC-hours of halothane anesthesia. Significant psychological impairment demonstrated 2 days following anesthesia in these subjects was absent 2 weeks following exposure to halothane. Nonspecific postanesthetic slowing of the EEG was found, qualitatively similar to but more marked than that following exposure to enflurane. Generalized EEG slowing, with a tendency toward posterior delta activity and significant reduction of frequency and amplitude of the alpha rhythm, persisted for 6 to 8 days following anesthesia. Rare sharp-wave activity developed in 3 subjects in the 1st week after halothane. A potentially psychoactive postanesthetic serum bromide level of 2.97 +/- 0.17 mEq/L (SEM) was found 5 days following anesthesia. Electroencephalographic changes characteristic of mild bromide intoxication were absent, suggesting that the psychological impairment noted after halothane anesthesia is probably not due to this metabolite; these psychological changes are probably due instead to persistence in the circulation of unchanged halothane.
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PMID:Electroencephalographic abnormalities following halothane anesthesia. 56 63

Recordings of transmural potential difference (PD) across the jejunum of conscious man in situ are characterised by spontaneous fluctuations of up to 10 mV. In 25 of 31 subjects (comprising seven normal controls and 24 patients under investigation for malabsorption, six of whom had coeliac disease) we observed a clear association between these fluctuations and changes in intraluminal pressure recorded at the same site. The most frequent PD changes were associated with type III pressure waves. These consisted predominantly of large waver (3-1 +/- 0-1 mV; mean +/- SEM, n = 317) which reached maximal amplitude approximately 45 seconds after the pressure peak and had a duration of 120 +/- 3 s, but also included less frequent spikes (0-5 +/- 0-1 mV; n = 110) concurrent with the pressure wave with a duration of 5 +/- 1 s. Although by recording at two sites in the jejunum 10 cm apart we were able to demonstrate that type III pressure waves appeared to be propagated aborally at a median rate of 60 cm per minute, the apparent rates of propagation of the corresponding PD waves were much more variable. The largest PD changes (7-8 +/- 0-4 mV; n = 19), lasting several minutes, were found in association with runs of type I waves (basic rhythm) superimposed on a type III wave. Both pressure and PD activities were suppressed by intramuscular propantheline bromide. Intraluminal pilocarpine caused a transient rise in PD not always accompanied by a change in pressure. Distention of the jejunum by rapid injection of a bolus of isotonic sodium chloride produced a delayed rise in the PD which could be prevented by prior administration of propantheline bromide. Experiments using Thirty-Vella loops of proximal jejunum in conscious dogs confirmed the effect of jejunal distension on the PD and also demonstrated that spontaneous retching is preceded by an increase in the PD. Consideration of these results in conjunction with data from other workers suggests the hypothesis that the larger spontaneous fluctuations in transmural PD in the jejunum of conscious man are caused by changes in electrogenic secretion associated with intestinal motility and mediated by cholinergic mechanisms. The possible association of increased secretory activity with motility may have functions of lubrication as well as diluting and mixing the chyme for easier digestion and absorption.
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PMID:Relationship between changes in intraluminal pressure and transmural potential difference in the human and canine jejunum in vivo. 85 73

Cholinergically induced bronchoconstriction is thought to be a major cause of bronchospasm during anesthesia. We used tracheally intubated rabbits (4-mm endotracheal tube) stimulated with methacholine to assess the efficacy of beta-adrenergic agonist and anticholinergic treatment in reversing the increases in respiratory system resistance. Four groups were compared: (a) inhaled metaproterenol, 20 puffs via metered dose inhaler (0.65 mg/puff); (b) inhaled ipratropium bromide, 20 puffs from a metered dose inhaler (18 micrograms/puff); (c) 2 mg of intravenous atropine; and (d) no treatment after methacholine challenge as a control group. Methacholine increased respiratory system resistance from 0.041 +/- 0.001 (mean +/- SEM) to 0.098 +/- 0.006 cm H2O.mL-1.s-1 (P < 0.001). Whereas beta-adrenergic agonist treatment was ineffective in ameliorating bronchoconstriction, inhaled ipratropium bromide and atropine were highly effective, causing an 86%-88% reversal in the methacholine-induced increase in respiratory system resistance. Both these agents were also effective in improving dynamic compliance. We conclude that inhaled ipratropium bromide is effective in treating cholinergic bronchospasm even when administered via a small endotracheal tube and that the beta-adrenergic agonist metaproterenol is ineffective in rabbits in the face of maximal cholinergic stimulation.
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PMID:Efficacy of anticholinergic and beta-adrenergic agonist treatment of maximal cholinergic bronchospasm in tracheally intubated rabbits. 135 1

Thomasset (Lyon Medicine (1962): 207, 107-118; (1963): 209, 1325-1350; (1965): 214, 131-143) and others suggested that low-frequency impedance measurements could be used to estimate extracellular fluid and that high-frequency measurements could be used for the assessment of total body water. It was the purpose of this study to examine the relationship between body fluid compartments and multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA). Total body water (TBW) and extracellular fluid (ECF) were measured using deuterium and sodium bromide dilution procedures. Intracellular fluid volume (ICF) was calculated as the difference between TBW and ECF. A tetrapolar arrangement of surface electrodes was used to measure whole-body resistance (R), reactance (Xc), impedance (Z), and phase angle (P) at 25 frequencies ranging from 1 kHz to 1.35 MHz. Subjects (n = 60; 40 male and 20 female) were between the ages of 19 and 65 years. Mean ratios (+/- SEM) of ECF/ICF and ECF/TBW were 0.83 +/- 0.021 and 0.45 +/- 0.011, respectively. Individuals with the largest fat-free mass (FFM) had the highest ECF value. Whole-body resistive index values most correlated to ECF were at 224, 300, 400, 548 and 1 kHz with correlations ranging from 0.93 to 0.84. All possible subset regression analysis was used to develop a prediction equation for ECF: R2 = 0.924 and SEE = 1.061: ECF = 5.17753 + (0.09989*RI224) + (0.09322*WT) - (1.3962*SEX), where RI = resistive index (HT2/R) at the specific frequency of 224kHz; WT = weight in kilograms; sex was dummy-coded, males = 0, females = 1.
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PMID:Use of multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis for the estimation of extracellular fluid. 155 13

We describe a modification of the leukocyte adherence inhibition assay (LAI) in which we propose the use of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) dye which is taken up and reduced by mitochondria. The method was tested by screening peripheral blood leukocytes from Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients. Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients (N = 21) but not from the blood of normal subjects (N = 10) failed to adhere to glass in the presence of soluble adult worm antigenic preparation (SWAP). The non-adherence index (NAI) values for schistosomiasis patients were in the range of 11.0 to 72.3 (mean +/- SEM = 29.3 +/- 4.3), whereas the values for normal subjects were -56.0 to +2.0 (-25.9 +/- 7.6) and those for treated patients -59.6 to +4.0 (-19.3 +/- 5.8). Our results show that the colorimetric LAI assay can be used as an auxiliary test for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis.
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PMID:Colorimetric leukocyte adherence inhibition assay: a new auxiliary technique for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. 179 86

The pharmacokinetics of pipecuronium bromide was studied in 9 male patients (ASA class 1-2, 20-65 years of age). Following a single intravenous dose of pipecuronium 0.08 mg.kg-1, plasma levels were measured by capillary gas chromatography. Plasma concentration-time curves were evaluated by fitting the data to a bi-exponential equation. The pharmacokinetic parameters of pipecuronium were compared with those of pancuronium (0.08 mg.kg-1) and vecuronium (0.08 mg.kg-1) previously obtained under the same anesthesia (66% N2O, 33% O2 and 1% halothane). With pipecuronium, following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained; distribution half-life; T1/2 alpha = 3.9 +/- 0.7 min (mean +/- SEM), elimination half-life; T1/2 beta = 102 +/- 12 min, volume of the central compartment; V1 = 95 +/- 13 ml.kg-1, volume of distribution at steady state; Vdss = 264 +/- 41 ml.kg-1, clearance; Cl = 1.8 +/- 0.2 ml.min-1.kg-1. Microconstants of two-compartment open models (k12, k21, k10) were also calculated. Using Mann-Whitney's U-test, these parameters of pipecuronium were compared with those of pancuronium (n = 3) and vecuronium (n = 4). V1 and Vdss of pipecuronium were significantly larger than those of pancuronium (V1; 38 +/- 12 ml.kg-1 and Vdss; 120 +/- 4 ml.kg-1) (both P less than 0.10). Reflecting the larger central volume of pipecuronium, pipecuronium tended to have a larger clearance than that of pancuroniumu (Cl; 1.1 +/- 0.2 ml.min-1.kg-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Comparative pharmacokinetics of pipecuronium bromide, pancuronium bromide and vecuronium bromide in anesthetized man]. 197 29

Although the muscarinic antagonist Ipratropium bromide is used clinically as a bronchodilator in infants ventilated because of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), no studies have compared the response or efficacy of different dosages or its effectiveness in combination with beta-adrenergic agonists. We measured the response of respiratory system mechanics in 10 ventilated infants (25 +/- 2 days of age) to 75, 125, and 175 micrograms ipratropium bromide (IB), 125 micrograms IB plus 0.04 mg salbutamol (SAL), 175 micrograms IB plus 0.04 mg SAL, and saline vehicle, delivered via nebulizer into the ventilator circuit. Respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and compliance (Crs) were measured by the passive flow-volume technique. Rrs and Crs were measured before and at 1 to 2 h and at 4 h after delivery of the five drug dosages or saline. All six studies were completed within a 72-h period. Saline had no significant effect on mechanics. Significant responses to ipratropium alone were seen only after 175 micrograms where Rrs decreased 20 +/- 3% (SEM) (p less than 0.05) at 1 to 2 h and 16 +/- 5% (p less than 0.05) at 4 h. After 125 micrograms IB + SAL and 175 micrograms IB + SAL, Rrs was significantly decreased both at 1 to 2 h and at 4 h, and Crs was significantly increased 20 +/- 6% and 20 +/- 4%, respectively, at 1 to 2 h. The greatest decrease in Rrs (26 +/- 6%) was seen 1 to 2 h after 175 micrograms IB + salbutamol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Bronchodilator response to ipratropium bromide in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. 214 10

This study employed the oxygen-derived free radical removing agents DL-cysteine, methyl-methionine sulfonium bromide (MMSB), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and allopurinol to examine the role of oxyradicals in the mechanism of acute and chronic duodenal ulceration in the rat. These agents were administered by gavage under light ether anesthesia. All rats infused subcutaneously for 24 hr with pentagastrin (4 micrograms/kg/min) and carbachol (0.8 microgram/kg/min) developed acute duodenal ulceration and hyperchlorhydria (68 +/- 6.1 mumol vs 12.5 +/- 0.3 mumol, mean +/- SEM, N = 10, P less than 0.001). Pretreatment with DL-cysteine, MMSB, DMSO, or allopurinol provided dose-dependent protection against this ulceration without significantly influencing the hyperchlorhydria. One percent solutions of these agents protected at least 20% of rats against ulceration. Five or 10% solutions of DL-cysteine, MMSB, or DMSO protected at least 70% of rats against ulceration and similar concentrations of allopurinol protected all animals. All rats having intramuscular reserpine (0.1 mg/kg) every day for six weeks developed chronic duodenal ulceration and hyperchlorhydria (52 +/- 3.1 mumol vs 13.1 +/- 0.7 mumol, mean +/- SEM, N = 10, P less than 0.001). Pretreatment with DL-cysteine, MMSB, DMSO, or allopurinol achieved dose-dependent protection against ulceration without significantly influencing the hyperchlorhydria. One percent solutions of DL-cysteine, MMSB, or DMSO protected at least 60% of rats against ulceration; however, a similar concentration of allopurinol protected 80% of animals. Five or 10% solutions of DL-cysteine, MMSB, or DMSO protected at least 80% of rats against ulceration and similar concentrations of allopurinol protected all rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in mechanism of acute and chronic duodenal ulceration in the rat. 229 97

1. Properties of the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel in cultured smooth muscle cells of the rat aorta were studied using the patch-clamp technique. 2. The channel had a single channel conductance of 346 +/- 4 pS (n = 43, mean +/- SEM) with symmetrical 142 mM-Cl- solution in inside-out patch configurations. 3. The channel was activated spontaneously at a potential range -20 approximately +20 mV and inactivated more rapidly with increases to more positive or negative potentials. 4. The channel was selective for anions and the permeability ratio for monovalent anion was Br-:Cl-:HCOO-:CH3COO-:propionate-:aspartate- = 1.1:1:0.7:0.4: less than 0.02: less than 0.02. 5. The openings of the channels were observed more frequently in inside-out membrane patches than in cell-attached ones, and were independent of intracellular free Ca concentrations. 6. The density of this channel was estimated to be 1.3/micron2. 7. Physiological roles of the channel were discussed.
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PMID:Voltage-dependent anion-selective channels in cultured smooth muscle cells of the rat aorta. 247 50


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