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 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A phosphate redox electrode system (PRES) was designed, constructed, and evaluated for analysis of inorganic phosphate in serum. This system is based on the observed phosphate ion potential of a chemically treated iron wire in a turbulent flow-through cell at constant oxygen tension. We analyzed 110 clinical samples by this technique and with the Technicon SMAC. Of the specimens analyzed, 32% contained abnormal phosphate concentrations. Each was assayed two to four times with the PRES and once with the SMAC. The PRES assay rate was 60 samples/h. Mean phosphorus concentrations (and SEM) were: PRES, range of values for replicate data sets, 30.5-31.0 (0.5-1.1) mg/L; SMAC, 30.8 (1.0) mg/L. Results for the PRES (y) correlated well with those by the SMAC: r = 0.968 to 0.980, estimated slope = 0.99 to 1.03, and estimated intercept = -1.1 to 0.1 mg/L. Differences in results by the two methods were not statistically significant.
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PMID:Analysis of phosphate in serum with the phosphate redox electrode system. 707 36

Balance studies for nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium were carried out in eight men undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) to determine dietary protein requirements and mineral balances. Patients were fed high energy diets for 14 to 33 days which provided either 0.98 (seven studies) or 1.44 g (six studies) of primarily high biological value protein/kg body wt/day. Mean nitrogen balance was neutral with the lower protein diet (+0.35 +/- 0.83 SEM g/day) and strongly positive with the higher protein diet (+2.94 +/- 0.54 g/day). With the higher protein diet the balances for potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus were strikingly positive, there was an increase in body weight in all patients, and a rise in mid-arm muscle circumference in five of the six patients. The relation between protein intake and nitrogen balance suggests that the daily protein requirement for clinically stable CAPD patients should be at least 1.1 g/kg/day; to account for variability among subjects 1.2 to 1.3 g protein/kg/day is probably preferable. Potassium balance correlated directly with nitrogen balance (r = 0.81). High fecal potassium losses (19 +/- 1.2 mEq/day) in all patients probably helped maintain normal serum potassium concentrations. Mean serum magnesium was increased (3.1 +/- 0.1 mg/dl), and magnesium balances were positive suggesting that the dialysate magnesium of 1.85 mg/dl is excessive. The net gain of calcium from dialysate was 84 +/- 18 mg/day; this correlated inversely with serum calcium levels (r = -0.90).
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PMID:Metabolic balance studies and dietary protein requirements in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. 713 54

In order to obtain additional data for individualizing hair samples collected from the scene of crime, the authors attempted to analyze the inorganic elements in scalp hairs such as sodium, phosphorus, potassium and calcium by a SEM/EDX method. For the purpose of detecting such elements from scalp hairs efficiently, the samples were ashed on a carbon specimen mount for 60 minutes by an oxygen plasma microincineration technique. The characteristic X-ray counts of the elements were investigated as functions of hair location, viz., the frontal, the vertex, the nape, the left and the right lateral, on the head of the same person. The oxygen plasma microincineration method was very efficient in detecting sodium, phosphorus, potassium and calcium from scalp hairs. The characteristic X-ray counts of the elements, especially potassium and calcium, varied from person to person. Within the same location, the variation of X-ray counts was relatively low, with a standard deviation of less than 20%. It was observed that hairs from the frontal and the vertex locations, in general, showed lower X-ray counts for potassium than did those from the nape, the left and the right lateral locations. The calcium X-ray counts varied considerably from person to person but generally tended to give the highest value at the vertex location. The EDX spectrum pattern associated with such elements could be helpful in individualizing hair samples collected as forensic evidence.
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PMID:SEM/EDX analysis of inorganic elements in human scalp hairs with special reference to the variation with different locations on the head. 716 45

Tolerance to 100% oxygen is readily induced in the rat by prior exposure to 80% oxygen for 7 days. In order to determine whether the rate of synthesis, or te alveolar content, of pulmonary phospholipids is altered in the tolerant rat, we perfused the isolated lung with medium containing 20 muM [14C]methyl choline chloride for 30 min at 10 ml/min, and then we measured the incorporation of carbon-14 into tissue phospholipids. We also measured the phospholipids in the lavage. There was no difference in the rate of incorporation in the tolerant rats (201 +/- 11 nmol/g dry lung, n = 8, mean +/- SEM) compared to control rats (210 +/- 9 nmol/g dry lung, n = 4) that had been exposed to air for 7 days under identical conditions. Whereas the induction of tolerance did not alter the total amount of phospholipid lavaged from the lung (tolerant: 251 +/- 31 microgram lipid phosphorus/g dry lung, n = 10; control: 228 +/- 9, n = 5) or the amount that was disaturated (tolerant: 44.7 +/- 4.2%, n = 5; control 45.0 +/- 2.1%, n = 4), there were marked increases in the relative amounts of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in the lavage from tolerant rats. Static compliance measurements revealed that the pressure required to maintain the tolerant lungs at 50% of total lung capacity was half that required in the control rats. At this stage it is not possible to say what role, if any, these changes have in the induction of tolerance to 100% oxygen.
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PMID:Phospholipid synthesis in isolated perfused lungs of rats made tolerant to 100% oxygen. 722 83

Gold particles of varying size which contain either 195Au of 198Au were prepared using white phosphorus or sodium citrate as the reducing agent. After coating with specific antibody to blood group A antigen or human IgG, these particles were used to determine the number of particles binding to the surface of A1 RBC's or rat RBC's to which human IgG had been attached. The number of particles binding to the surface of cells correlated with the number of antibody coated gold particles in the fluid bathing the cells as well as the number of antigen molecules on the cell surface. That is, the number of particles binding increased as the particle density of the suspension increased and as the cell surface antigen density increased. Under the conditions of the experiments, both blood group A antigen and human IgG appeared to be randomly distributed over the surface of the cells in TEM and SEM preparations. This approach permitted the quantitation of the number of gold particles bound per cell and at the same time, the examination of the distribution of the particles over the surface of the same cell population by TEM and SEM.
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PMID:Antibody coated gold particles containing radioactive gold in the demonstration of cell surface molecules. 728 19

The distribution of Calcium and Phosphorus and of Na, K, S and Cl was studied in the mineralizing matrices and strata of ameloblasts and odontoblasts in developing mouse molars (5-14 days). Sections cut in a cryostat were prepared by freeze-drying and examined in an SEM by the method of energy dispersive x-ray analysis. In enamel a gradient of mineralization was observed with respect to age and topography. Progesssive loss of sulfur was also demonstrated. Less striking mineralization gradients were found in dentin. Predentin accumulated Ca at a concentration about 2% that of dentin and the Ca/P ratio was lower than that for apatite. Significant concentrations of calcium were localized in ameloblast and odontoblast strata. The concentration increased five-fold in ameloblasts as the cells matured and enamel mineralization entered the final phases, levels in odontoblasts remained stable. With age in both cellular strata, potassium counts decreased. In maturing ameloblasts the concentrations of sodium and chloride rose.
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PMID:Microprobe analysis of calcifying matrices and formative cells in developing mouse molars. 729 85

An experimental infant developed to meet the specific nutritional needs of very-low-birth-weight infants was evaluated by 96-hour balance studies in ten preterm infants (birth weight: 1,130 to 1,530 gm). The formula contained 23.2 gm/liter of protein (whey protein/casein ratio, 60:40), 44.1 gm/liter of fat (50% medium-chain triglycerides) and 85.0 gm/liter of carbohydrate (50% lactose, 50% Polycose), and provided relatively higher amounts of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and electrolytes than are in human milk. All infants were fed 150 ml/kg/day (120 calories/kg/day) by intermittent gavage. Balance studies were carried out nine days following establishment of oral intake. The mean (+/- SEM) nutrient retention rates revealed by balance studies in these infants (calcium, 170 +/- 4 mg/kg/day; phosphorus, 78 +/- 3 mg/kg/day; nitrogen, 426 +/- 8 mg/kg/day; sodium, 1.4 +/- 0.1 mEq/kg/day) were comparable to normal fetal accretion rates. The mean (+/- SEM) fat absorption was 92.5 +/- 0.9%. No clinical intolerances or biochemical abnormalities were observed, and adequate postnatal growth was achieved in all infants. The diet proved to be nutritionally advantagaeous and safe for very-low-birth-weight infants.
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PMID:Nutritional balance studies in very-low-birth-weight infants: enhanced nutrient retention rates by an experimental formula. 740 7

Although titanium (Ti) and Ti alloy are generally classified as bioinert materials in terms of their bonding to bone tissue, it is still unclear whether they bond chemically to bone. In this study, we examined the bone-bonding ability of Ti alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) using smooth-surfaced plates under non-load-bearing conditions. The bone-bonding behavior was evaluated mechanically by means of the detaching test reflecting tensile force. After implantation of the plates into the tibiae of rabbits for 4, 8, 16, and 25 weeks, detaching tests were performed. The failure load of the Ti alloy plates was close to 0 kg at 4 and 8 weeks, but gradually increased with time, reaching 0.334 kg at 16 weeks and 2.852 kg at 25 weeks on average. Histologic examination by Giemsa surface staining and SEM showed no differences between specimens at 8, 16, and 25 weeks, when Ti alloy plate made direct content with bone without any fibrous tissue. By SEM-EPMA, no clear calcium-phosphorus (Ca-P)-rich layer at the interface between the Ti alloy and bone tissue was evident, although a thin bone tissue was observed on the detached Ti alloy plate. The present results indicate that from both mechanical and histologic viewpoints, Ti alloy bonds directly to bone under static conditions after some time, probably more than 8 weeks. The possibility of chemical bone-bonding of Ti alloy was suggested.
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PMID:Bone-bonding behavior of titanium alloy evaluated mechanically with detaching failure load. 753 43

The present study was undertaken to determine whether improvement of hyperglycemia alters calcium and phosphorus handling, parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and bone turnover in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). We measured serum and urinary mineral levels, serum intact PTH and osteocalcin on admission and at discharge (38 +/- 3 days later, Means +/- SEM) in 28 patients with poorly-controlled NIDDM (63 +/- 2 years old, 13 males and 15 females). During the hospitalization period, glycemic control was markedly improved. Serum calcium levels remained unchanged, but serum phosphorus increased. Urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion decreased. Serum intact PTH decreased from mid-normal (30.0 +/- 2.2 ng/l) to low normal values (24.0 +/- 1.3 ng/l) (P < 0.01, normal values: 10-65 ng/l). Serum osteocalcin increased from 4.14 +/- 0.35 to 4.92 +/- 0.40 micrograms/l (P < 0.01, normal values: 2.5-13 micrograms/l). On admission, urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion showed a positive correlation with urinary glucose excretion. Serum calcium levels showed a negative correlation with serum intact PTH (r = -0.46, P < 0.05). Moreover, the change in serum calcium during the hospitalization was negatively correlated to the change in serum intact-PTH (r = -0.45, P < 0.05). Serum phosphorus concentrations showed a positive correlation with the renal threshold for phosphorus excretion on admission (r = 0.86, P < 0.01). These results indicate that hyperglycemia causes excess urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion in patients with NIDDM. In response to urinary calcium loss, PTH secretion is mildly stimulated. Bone formation seems to be suppressed in the hyperglycemic state in spite of increased PTH secretion.
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PMID:Effect of glycemic control on calcium and phosphorus handling and parathyroid hormone level in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 767 May 67

Eight children with Laron syndrome (5 males, 3 females) aged 3-14.5 years received daily subcutaneous injections of 150 micrograms/kg recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) for 5 months. The children were examined weekly for the 1st month and then once monthly. At each visit, overnight fasting blood was drawn for serum IGF-I and blood chemistry measurements and a 24-h urine collection was performed for the determination of calcium, phosphorus, creatinine and nitrogen. The main effects related to kidney function were: an initial weight gain with a mild transitory reduction in the urinary volume, an increase in serum electrolyte concentrations and a decrease in urinary electrolyte excretion. The lower than normal mean (+/- SEM) basal creatinine clearance (76.7 +/- 15.8 ml/min per 1.73 m2) increased towards the normal range during treatment to 124.9 +/- 13 ml/min per 1.73 m2, with a mean increment of 73.4 +/- 28% (P < 0.02) from basal values after 2 months of treatment, without changes in the serum creatinine. Initially an increase in blood urea nitrogen was observed together with a reduction in urinary nitrogen excretion. During the IGF-I therapy the urinary calcium excretion increased from 0.7 +/- 0.2 nmol/day to 1.5 +/- 0.3 nmol/day and the tubular reabsorption of phosphate increased from 1.24 +/- 0.06 to more than 1.38 +/- 0.04 nmol/l (P < 0.002), resulting in a significant increase in serum phosphate levels from 1.51 +/- 0.06 to more than 1.63 +/- 0.04 nmol/l (P < 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Renal function in Laron syndrome patients treated by insulin-like growth factor-I. 769 5


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