Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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The time course of metabolic and physiological adjustment to moderate iron deficiency anemia (MIDA, 8 g Hb/dl) and to severe iron deficiency anemia (SIDA, 4 g Hb/dl) was studied in adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats at 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, 150, and 360 days, respectively. Our previous studies using the same rats used in the present study indicated that bone marrow iron was absent and plasma iron was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) in MIDA and SIDA relative to control. The following results with MIDA and SIDA rats are all expressed relative to control values. Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate ranged from 45 to 146% greater in MIDA over the 360-day period and was 130% greater in SIDA at 30 days. Exhaustive run time consistently averaged 64 +/- 3% (SEM) less in MIDA over the time course and was further lowered to 18% in SIDA at 30 days. Heart rates of MIDA were elevated (p less than 0.05) at 180 days but lower (p less than 0.001) at 360 days in response to exercise. Resting heart rates of MIDA were the same at 180 and 360 days. Heart rates of SIDA were elevated (p less than 0.05) at rest and during exercise at 30 days. Organ weight/body weight changes indicated cardiomegaly in MIDA from 90 to 150 days which reverted to normal at 360 days; splenomegaly in MIDA from 90 to 360 days; and kidney atrophy in MIDA at 60 and 90 days which reverted to normal thereafter; in SIDA cardiomegaly and splenomegaly were present at 30 days. These results indicate that the onset and magnitude of physiological and metabolic adjustments occur in proportion to the severity of the anemia, and despite compensatory adjustments in parameters related to work performance, a new stable, lowered level of work tolerance is reached.
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PMID:Changes in work tolerance associated with metabolic and physiological adjustment to moderate and severe iron deficiency anemia. 629 71

Fourteen male subjects with hypercholesterolemia received daily supplementation with granulated guar gum or placebo, 15 g/day, during 12 wk in a double-blind, cross-over trial. A statistically significant reduction in serum total cholesterol (7.27 +/- 0.24 versus 8.23 +/- 0.26 mmol/l, mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.01) which was mainly due to a reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (4.70 +/- 0.19 versus 5.32 +/- 0.23 mmol/l, p less than 0.05) was observed after 6 wk on guar gum as compared with placebo. Between 6 and 12 wk on guar gum the serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased in most subjects, and after 12 wk the difference from placebo was no longer statistically significant. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were unaffected by guar gum. Serum and lipoprotein triglycerides showed no significant changes during the study, and the body weight of the subjects remained unchanged. Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and iron levels, and urinary calcium excretion were not affected by guar gum supplementation. No severe side effects were observed, necessitating reduction of the dose or stopping the treatment. It is concluded that the hypocholesterolemic effect of guar gum seems to decrease during prolonged dietary supplementation. Further controlled studies are needed before the dose response and the long-term effects of guar gum in hypercholesterolemia can be evaluated.
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PMID:Effects of guar gum in male subjects with hypercholesterolemia. 632 62

Ultrastructural studies with the transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopes have added greatly to our knowledge of cellular structure and function in the liver. The normal polyhedral hepatocyte has numerous subcellular organelles, such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes and complex rough (rer) and smooth (ser) endoplasmic reticulum. The normal hepatocyte stores glycogen, and sometimes lipid droplets, and secretes bile through the bile canaliculi between adjacent liver cells. It receives nutrients from the sinusoidal lumen across a fenestrated endothelium which is separated by the Space of Disse' from the plasma membrane. The Space of Disse' contains a scant network of reticulin fibers but no basal lamina. Two types of parasinusoidal cells are found in Disse's space: the fat storing cells of Ito, and the Pit cells which may have an endocrine function. The diseased liver has yielded much information in studies with TEM and SEM. The studies with TEM have been most helpful in studying the etiology of infectious diseases such as hepatitis B; have revealed organelle changes such as megamitochondria in cirrhosis and the fibrillar nature of alcoholic hyaline; have led to the identification of specific deposits in metabolic and storage diseases such as hemochromatosis (iron). Wilson's disease (copper), and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (glycoprotein) have proven useful in identifying drug induced liver cell changes such as proliferation of SER and cholestasis, and are useful for identifying specific cell types in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. In the future, both TEM and SEM coupled with histochemical, cytochemical, immunohistochemical and other analytic techniques will continue to add greatly to our understanding of the liver in health and disease.
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PMID:Ultrastructure of the liver and biliary tract in health and disease. 637 90

The effects of iron deficiency anemia and iron treatment on blood gas and acid-base balance at rest and during exercise were studied. Eight Sri Lankan males and 13 females were randomly divided into an iron treatment or placebo group. Their initial hemoglobin (Hb) levels were 6.2 +/- 0.5 and 5.5 +/- 0.7 g/100 ml (mean +/- SEM) with serum iron levels of 41 +/- 8 and 30 +/- 6 micrograms/100 ml, respectively. Hemoglobin concentration was increased significantly within 7 days after iron treatment to 7.2 +/- 0.4 g/100 ml. Resting lactate was higher than normal, while base excess, buffer base, and actual bicarbonate were lower, maintaining a normal pH. Heart rates during exercise at a given work load and lactate production following exercise decreased after the elevation of Hb. Venous blood PCO2 rose as Hb concentration increased, preceding a significant increase in resting O2 content, 16 days after iron treatment. With anemia, O2 delivery is potentially maintained by a shift of the O2-dissociation curve to the right due, in part, to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. There was no significant change in PO2 or Hb-O2% saturation following exercise or iron treatment. These data suggest that severe iron deficiency anemia results in lactate accumulation in blood even at rest but pH is maintained within normal limits. It was also suggested that severe anemia may impair CO2 transport capacity of blood which could limit continuation of muscle metabolism.
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PMID:Characteristics of blood gas in response to iron treatment and exercise in iron-deficient and anemic subjects. 641 78

The effect on urinary iron excretion (UIE) of vitamin C administered orally 2 h after the start of an 8-hour desferrioxamine (DF) i.v. infusion was studied in 12 patients with untreated idiopathic hemochromatosis (IH). Mean +/- SEM basal UIE of 324.6 +/- 84.6 micrograms/24 h increased after a 1-gram i.v. DF infusion to 8,778.5 +/- 1,191.4 micrograms/24 h; when vitamin C 1 or 2 g were added to DF i.v. infusion, there were further increases to 11,241.5 +/- 1,486.1 (p less than 0.01) and 13,531.2 +/- 1,697.2 micrograms/24 h (p less than 0.05 versus the last value), respectively. Basal UIE did not significantly increase after oral vitamin C administration alone. No side effects were observed.
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PMID:Effect of ascorbic acid on desferrioxamine-induced urinary iron excretion in idiopathic hemochromatosis. 643 13

The production of tenacious surface coatings on enamel after metal ion mordanting followed by APF has been reported to prevent caries-like lesion initiation in vitro. In this study, similar surface coatings, which may be responsible for the inhibition of lesion progression, were examined using SEM and microprobe analysis. Relatively thick, even surface coatings which were in intimate contact with the enamel surface of caries-like lesions were seen after zirconium and iron (ferric) pre-treatment, but a thinner and unevenly distributed coating was seen after titanium pre-treatment. This latter coating was similar to that seen after APF treatment alone. Fluoride concentrations on the surface and in the subsurface of caries-like lesions were similar for all treatment groups. The surface coatings after zirconium and iron mordanting may be responsible for the greater inhibition of lesion progression than that seen after both titanium pre-treatment and APF treatment alone.
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PMID:Microprobe and SEM analysis of surface coatings on caries-like lesions in enamel after metal ion mordanting and APF application. 658 89

The copper, iron and zinc contents of early milk from 102 American mothers is examined in relation to stage of lactation, intake of prenatal mineral supplements, maternal age, parity, and previous history of lactation. A total of 412 samples were collected at 3 stages of lactation: early transitional (4-7 days postpartum); transitional (10-14 days postpartum); and mature (30-45 days postpartum). For the transitional and mature stages, representative samples of late evening (PM) and early morning (AM) feedings were collected. Diurnal variation in concentration is observed only for iron. Concentrations of all elements decreased significantly at successive stages of lactation with zinc showing the greatest decline. Copper, iron and zinc contents (means plus or minus SEM) were 104.1 +or- 5.4, 96.5 +or- 6.5 and 520 +or- 20 ug/100 gm in early transitional milk; 93.9 +or- 3.6, 85.4 +or- 4.5, and 410 +or- 10 ug/100 gm in transitional milk, and 84.7 +or- 3.8, 76.1 +or- 3.8, and 290 +or- 10 ug/100 gm in mature milk, respectively. No significant relationship is found between levels of copper and zinc in milk and whether mothers had taken dietary supplements containing these elements. In addition, no significant correlations are found between maternal age, parity, or previous history of lactation and the elemental content of milk. Based on these data, it is estimated that fully breast fed infants would receive approximately 0.11, 0.10, and 0.50 mg/kg per day of copper, iron and zinc, respectively, during the neonatal period.
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PMID:Copper, iron, and zinc contents of human milk at early stages of lactation. 668 32

Eight healthy young men participated in a metabolic balance study designed to assess the protein quality of soy protein concentrate (STAPRO-3200). Subjects received varying intakes of the test protein [0.35, 0.45, 0.55 and 0.65 g protein (N X 6.25) per kilogram body weight per day] during 10-day experimental periods. Each was preceded by a 1-day protein-free diet. A final diet period with a 0.65 g milk protein intake was included for comparative purposes. During this period and that with the 0.65 g test intake of soy concentrate the stable isotopes 70Zn and 58Fe were added to the diet for 2 days to obtain initial data on the absorption of zinc and iron when soy concentrate was the sole source of protein intake. Mean (+/- SEM) intake of soy concentrate determined to be sufficient for N balance (including allowance of 5 mg N/kg per day for integumental and miscellaneous losses) was 95 (+/- 7) mg N/kg per day. Absorption of the extrinsic doses of labeled iron and zinc did not differ between the soy protein- and milk-based diets. Comparison of these data was made with findings obtained previously with other protein sources evaluated in the same way. The conclusion is that the capacity of the soy concentration to support short-term nitrogen equilibrium in adult protein nutrition is the same as that for good quality animal protein sources. Thus, well-processed soy concentrates can make a nutritionally significant contribution to meeting adult human protein needs.
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PMID:An evaluation of the nutritional value of a soy protein concentrate in young adult men using the short-term N-balance method. 668 54

We used concanavalin A (con A)-peroxidase-iron dextran-diaminobenzidine (DAB) technique for the electron microscopic detection of con A binding sites on cell membranes. Normal bladder mucosa showed a sparse distribution of con A binding sites with both transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy, but bladder tumors showed a higher concentration in the distribution of con A binding sites in proportion to the histopathological grade of transitional cell carcinoma. Quantitative estimation of the con A binding sites was attempted using scanning X-ray pulse analysis of iron elements contained in the reaction complexes. Con A binding sites were quantitatively the smallest in normal mucosa, increasing proportionate to the grade of the bladder tumor. Some specimens were compared by the ferritin-labelled method and the pattern of ferritin conjugates distribution was similar to that seen with the con A-peroxidase-iron dextran method.
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PMID:Distribution of concanavalin A binding sites on normal human urinary bladder mucosa and bladder tumors by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. 674 Aug 37

The iron concentration in sweat and serum and related variables (transferrin saturation percentage, hemoglobin concentration) was measured in two groups of distance runners, each consisting of ten persons. In the first group unclear sweat was collected from the back of the athletes during cycling (without previous washing). The iron concentration (means +/- SEM) was 5.2 +/- 1.0 mumol/l of sweat. In the second group the sweat collection was performed similarly, but following elimination of the very first sweat from the site of collection (back) before three consecutive samples were taken. The iron concentration of the three samples was 3.6 +/- 1.1, 2.3 +/- 0.2 and 2.4 +/- 0.3 mumol/1. There was no statistically significant difference between the consecutive samples on the p less than 0.001 level. These results are in accordance with the lowest values found in the literature. There was no correlation between the iron concentration in sweat and in serum of the 20 persons. Seven of the runners had transferrin saturation percentages below 20, suggesting a possible iron deficiency. A daily loss in sweat of more than 18 mumol (1 mg) is possible in these runners training 125-350 km/week all the year round. The dominating iron loss of male endurance athletes is probably through the sweat.
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PMID:Dermal excretion of iron in intensely training athletes. 682 7


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