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The kinetics of aluminum were determined in the rat. Intravenous bolus and oral doses of 8.1-mg/kg of aluminum as the chloride salt were administered to six rats. Serial blood samples and total urine and feces were collected and assayed for aluminum by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The fraction absorbed orally (mean +/- SEM) was 0.27 +/- 0.03; the half-life was 5.29 +/- 0.47 h; the steady-state volume of distribution was 38.4 +/- 6.4 mL/kg, and the clearance was 8.87 +/- 1.76 mL X h-1 X kg-1. It was found that aluminum did not significantly penetrate the cellular components of blood. Plasma protein binding was determined to be approximately 98%. Sixty percent of the intravenous dose was excreted in the urine and the remaining 40% was excreted in the feces.
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PMID:Absorption and disposition of aluminum in the rat. 373 4

Bacterial endotoxins are known to be an important cause of cholestasis, yet not all organisms that cause cholestasis produce endotoxins. In order to determine whether bacterial products other than endotoxins may be involved in the cholestasis process, 14C-taurocholate (TC) uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes was measured in the presence of mid-log, stationary and mid-death phase bacterial broth supernatants from eight common bacterial pathogens. The results were then correlated with a quantitative assessment of endotoxin production by each organism. Supernatants from Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia demonstrated a striking inhibitory effect on bile salt uptake (77.2 +/- 6.7, 46.9 +/- 6.5 and 32.9 +/- 7.1% maximum inhibition of 14C-TC uptake, respectively) when compared to sterile broth controls. Streptococcus faecalis (Enterococcus), Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacteroides fragilis products, on the other hand, had relatively minor effects (12.3 +/- 5.2, 12.0 +/- 7.5, 8.4 +/- 6.7 and less than 5.0% inhibition respectively), while those from Proteus mirabilis had an intermediate effect (18.5 +/- 8.3% inhibition). Bile salt efflux rates (16.0 +/- 2.7 and 25.1 +/- 4.2 nmol/min/10(6) hepatocytes, mean +/- SEM) were similar in bacteria demonstrating marked uptake inhibition (Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) when compared to those with only minor inhibitory effects (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides fragilis) (14.3 +/- 1.1 and 18.4 +/- 2.6 nmol/min/10(6) hepatocytes, respectively, p greater than 0.05). 14C-TC uptake inhibition did not correlate with the amount of endotoxin produced by each organism (r = 0.251). The results of this study indicate that bacteria produce a factor other than endotoxin that significantly inhibits bile salt uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Sepsis and cholestasis: the in vitro effects of bacterial products on 14C-taurocholate uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes. 377 49

An epidemiological study was conducted in the market town of March, Cambridgeshire, to assess the quantitative importance of cooking and table salt to total dietary salt intake by the use of a fused mixture of lithium carbonate and sodium chloride. Men and women aged 20-60 participated in a 12 day study with sequential 24 h urine collections to assess salt sources over a 7 day period. Total salt consumption estimated from urinary chloride excretion amounted to 10.6 +/- 0.55 (SEM) g in 33 men and 7.4 +/- 0.29 (SEM) g in 50 women. The cooking salt eaten was only 0.45 +/- 0.09 (SEM) g in men and women, with men eating more table salt (0.77 g/day) than women (0.46 g/day). Discretionary sources, i.e. cooking and table salt use, contributed only 15% to the total intake. Salt from manufacturing foods and catering in purchased food therefore provided on average 85% of total salt intake. These results are consistent even when an allowance is made for the slightly poorer pouring quality of the lithium-tagged salt. The importance of food as a source of salt was reflected in the significant relationship between the weight of the individual and the amount of salt eaten (for males P less than 0.05 and for females P less than 0.001). Cooking salt consumption did not relate to the amount of salt derived from purchased food nor did table salt use relate to the amount of salt in cooked foods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:An assessment of the sources of dietary salt in a British population. 380 26

We have studied blood pressure responses to moderate sodium restriction from 200 to 50 mmol/day over 2 weeks in 62 normotensive subjects with and without a family history of hypertension by continuous automatic blood pressure recording. Based on the average of the blood pressure of 1 hour continuous monitoring under basal conditions, we have been able to demonstrate a significant fall of blood pressure in 28 young subjects with a heredity of hypertension after moderate sodium restriction from 200 to 50 mmol over 2 weeks (fall in systolic blood pressure 5.4 +/- 1.1, diastolic 2.5 +/- 0.8, mean blood pressure 2.9 +/- 0.7 mmHg, mean +/- SEM), whereas blood pressure remained unchanged in a group of 34 subjects without heredity of hypertension after moderate sodium restriction (change in systolic blood pressure -1.0 +/- 0.6, diastolic blood pressure -0.6 +/- 0.7 and mean blood pressure -0.93 +/- 0.67 mmHg). 29 of the subjects were studied a third time 2 weeks after having returned to their usual high sodium diet and in those in whom a blood pressure fall was observed during sodium restriction it returned to pre-intervention values. This demonstrates that normotensives with a heredity of hypertension are salt sensitive and adds further evidence that a high sodium intake may be of critical importance for the initiation of essential hypertension.
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PMID:Salt sensitivity in normotensives with and salt resistance in normotensives without heredity of hypertension. 386 25

In twenty-five outpatients with essential hypertension, the relevance of renal kallikrein excretion for inter-individual differences in the blood pressure response to changes in dietary sodium intake was investigated. The patients were studied during 2 weeks of high (300 mmol) and 2 weeks of low (50-100 mmol) sodium intake. In addition there were two control periods of normal sodium intake, one lasting 4 weeks at the beginning and one lasting 2 weeks at the end of the study. Blood pressure, body weight and 24 h urinary sodium and kallikrein excretion were measured at the end of all periods. At the end of the first control period, 1 mg furosemide per kg body weight was administered intravenously, and the urinary excretion of kallikrein and sodium were measured 30 and 120 min later. The difference in mean arterial pressure (delta MAP) between high and low sodium intake ranged from + 18 to -8 mmHg. The eight patients with a delta MAP greater than 10 mmHg were regarded as salt-sensitive. They were older and had a higher initial blood pressure than salt-insensitive patients. For all patients, urinary kallikrein excretion at the end of the low sodium period (123(SEM 20.3) micrograms 24 h-1) was significantly higher than at the end of the first control period (96(SEM 16.3) micrograms 24 h-1, P less than 0.01) and at the end of the high sodium period (96(SEM 23.7) micrograms 24(-1), P less than 0.01). When compared with salt-insensitive patients, salt-sensitives had lower levels of urinary kallikrein excretion and a blunted kallikrein response to dietary sodium restriction and furosemide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Is the renal kallikrein system relevant to sodium sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension. 392 10

It has been suggested that the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle in one-kidney, one-clip hypertension, and other forms of volume-dependent, low-renin hypertension, is partially depolarized due to the effects of a circulating ouabain-like factor, and that this depolarization is an important mechanism of the hypertension. Levels of circulating ouabain-like factors in early stages of volume-dependent hypertension are reported equal to, or greater than, those in chronic hypertension. Therefore, we measured intracellular membrane potential (Em) in vitro (37 degrees C, physiological salt solution) in vascular smooth muscle of the caudal artery from normotensive control rats (1K) and rats in the early and chronic stages of one-kidney, one-clip hypertension (1K1C). In 20 chronic 1K1C (4-6 weeks of systolic pressure greater than 140 mm Hg) the resting Em's (M +/- SEM) were -46.7 +/- 0.7 mV, compared to -50.9 +/- 0.6 for 20 1K (P less than 0.01). The delta Em due to 1 mM ouabain was attenuated in 10 1K1C compared to 11 1K (+5.4 +/- 0.9 and +10.0 +/- 0.7 mV, respectively; P less than 0.01). The Em's of the two groups after ouabain were the same. In contrast, in 16 early 1K1C rats (less than 7 days hypertension, average 3 days) compared to 15 appropriate 1K, there were no significant alterations in resting Em (-50.1 +/- 0.4 mV, compared to -50.5 +/- 0.5, respectively) and there were no differences in ouabain response. These results suggest a temporal dissociation between levels of humoral inhibitors and depolarization, and between depolarization and hypertension, and thus fail to support the hypotheses that there are casual relationships between these variables in volume-dependent, low-renin hypertension.
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PMID:Vascular smooth muscle membrane potential in rats with early and chronic one-kidney, one-clip hypertension. 395 81

In 6 hypertensive patients with terminal renal failure maintained on hemodialysis, the effects of 'salt subtraction' and of sequential ultrafiltrating were evaluated. Following each of 3 weekly hemodialysis sessions, salt subtraction was carried out by ultrafiltrating 1 liter and simultaneously infusing an equal volume of 5% dextrose. This resulted in a net sodium loss without hypovolemia. After a 2-week period of this procedure, the blood pressure prior to dialysis was lower (156/76 +/- 12/5 mm Hg) than after a comparable number of sequential ultrafiltration sessions (181/88 +/- 10/6 mm Hg; mean +/- SEM). This difference was not statistically significant. At the same time, body weight was comparable at 64.4 +/- 3 and 64.7 +/- 4 kg, respectively. Neither plasma renin activity nor plasma catecholamines responded with a clear increase to either procedure. The limited effect on blood pressure and the renin system of a marked sodium removal during salt subtraction suggests that sodium must still be present in excess in these patients. The procedure of salt subtraction appears safe and subjectively well tolerated, but it can probably not be used as the sole means of decreasing total body sodium without associating dietary measures to reduce sodium intake.
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PMID:Salt subtraction in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Efficacy and limitations. 405 Aug 88

Conventional gastric analysis by continuous aspiration and a marker technique that allows the stomach to retain its volume were compared with respect to the measured rates of gastric secretion and bile salt reflux in 10 fasting subjects. In marker technique studies, the stomach contained 35.7 +/- 3.3 ml (mean +/- SEM) and emptied at a rate of 4.1% +/- 0.4% per minute. Secretion rates of volume and acid were similar in studies using continuous aspiration and in marker technique studies. In contrast, the bile salt reflux rate was significantly higher when continuous aspiration was performed (0.89 +/- 0.11 vs. 0.38 +/- 0.06 mumol/min, p less than 0.01). Gastric bile salt concentrations were also higher (765 +/- 48 vs. 366 +/- 67 mumol/L, p less than 0.01). This may be due to changes in the gastroduodenal pressure gradient induced by evacuating the stomach. It is concluded that measurements of bile salt reflux are influenced by the method of collecting gastric juice.
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PMID:Measurements of bile salt reflux are influenced by the method of collecting gastric juice. 405 26

The effect of three different nutrition counselling programs on well established hypertension was studied in 64 obese patients regularly attending a hypertension clinic. The 12-month program of weekly-monthly group sessions focused on weight reduction (W group, n = 24), salt restriction (S group, n = 17) or both (WS group, n = 23). The mean (+/-SEM) weight decreased by 6.9 +/- 0.7 kg in the W group (p less than 0.001) and by 5.0 +/- 0.6 kg (p less than 0.001) in the WS group during the first three months of the study and levelled off thereafter. The weight changes in the S group were small during the trial. The mean 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in the WS and S groups was reduced by about 35 and 50 mmol, respectively, during the first months of the study, and fell thereafter somewhat in the S group but not in the WS group. Sodium excretion remained unchanged in the W group. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) fell significantly in the W and WS groups during the first months of the study. BP remained thereafter stable in most patients but declined further in one fifth of them. BP changed little during the trial in the S group. By 12 months, BP control was improved in 67, 61 and 12% of the patients in the W, WS and S groups, respectively. Improved BP control was strongly related to weight loss but not to reduced sodium excretion. Weight reduction programs with even modest success help most obese patients with established hypertension, whereas moderate salt intake restriction gives little added benefit.
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PMID:Treatment of hypertension in obese patients: efficacy and feasibility of weight and salt reduction programs. 406 Nov 19

The liquid-formula diets (LFD) have very restrictive regimens which lead to rapid weight loss. Their use for the induction of weight-reducing therapy is not well known. 20 obese ambulatory patients followed LFD for 2 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) with natural foods (group A), and 21 subjects followed PSMF for 6 weeks (group B). The LFD supplies 600-650 kcal, 50 g proteins, 100 g carbohydrates and less than 3 g lipids/day. The PSMF delivers 600-1200 kcal, 1.2-1.4 g proteins/kg of standard weight, less than 40 g carbohydrates, and 20 g lipids/day. Patients are checked after 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks and are asked about their tolerance and cravings by computerized questionnaire. After 4 and 6 weeks, the drop-out rate was significantly higher in group A (30% and 50%) than in group B (0 and 14%) (p less than 0.05). Tolerance is identical in the two groups except for a significant salt craving in the A-patients after 1 and 2 weeks (p less than 0.001). Two subgroups of 8 subjects, comparable in age, weight and percent of standard weight, were individualized in each of groups A and B. As expected, the weight loss was significantly greater in group A after 2 weeks (4.9 +/- 0.5 kg vs 2.8 +/- 0.3 kg, mean +/- SEM) (p less than 0.04), but there was no significant difference after 4 and 6 weeks (total loss 5.7 +/- 1.2 kg vs 5.6 +/- 0.7 kg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Induction of a regimen with a liquid-formula diet does not improve subsequent weight loss]. 408 75


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