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 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We measured the effect of calcium from food and supplement sources on whole-body retention of 59Fe in 19 normal postmenopausal women. Each woman received a placebo and 500 mg calcium from a mixed calcium citrate-malate salt (CCM), from orange juice plus CCM, and from milk after a test breakfast meal to which 59Fe had been added. The test meal contained 238 mg calcium. Whole-body countings of 59Fe were performed before and 30 min and 2 wk after each test meal. Retention of 59Fe was 8.3 +/- 1.1% (means +/- SEM) with placebo, 3.4 +/- 0.78% with milk, 6.0 +/- 0.97% with CCM, and 7.4 +/- 1.7% with CCM plus orange juice. When compared with placebo, milk and CCM significantly lowered iron retention (p less than 0.05) whereas CCM plus orange juice did not. The reduction with milk was greater than that with CCM (p less than 0.05) or CCM plus orange juice (p less than 0.05). The differences in the effects of these calcium sources on 59Fe retention may result from their varied contents of citric and ascorbic acids, known enhancers of iron absorption.
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PMID:Effects of different calcium sources on iron absorption in postmenopausal women. 229 34

Previous studies using renal transplantation suggested that the genotype of a homograft kidney plays the primary role in determining chronic arterial pressure levels in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) rats, but this conclusion derived largely from observations during low NaCl diet. Recent studies indicate that extrarenal factors, including the sympathetic nervous system, play a critical role in the development of NaCl-induced hypertension in DS rats. To assess the contribution of extrarenal and renal factors in the development of NaCl-induced hypertension in Dahl rats, we performed renal transplantation in DS and DR rats. Both kidneys of the recipient were removed at the time of transplantation. Four groups of rats (n = 18-23 in each group) were fed a high NaCl (8.0%) diet for 2 weeks after renal transplantation. These included DRR, DRS, DSR, and DSS, where DR or DS indicates the recipient strain and the subscript indicates the homograft strain. Mean arterial pressure was measured from the femoral artery in conscious rats. On a high NaCl diet, mean arterial pressure was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in DRR (103 +/- 2 mm Hg; mean +/- SEM) compared with DRS (145 +/- 5 mm Hg), DSR (151 +/- 7 mm Hg), and DSS (160 +/- 5 mm Hg). The finding that DR rats with a DS kidney (DRS) developed hypertension during high NaCl diet confirms the concept that the kidney plays an important hypertensinogenic role in the Dahl strain. The fact that DS rats with a DR kidney (DSR) also developed hypertension indicates that extrarenal factors also contribute significantly to NaCl-induced hypertension in DS rats.
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PMID:Effects of interstrain renal transplantation on NaCl-induced hypertension in Dahl rats. 231 25

We obtained the testes, ductuli efferentes, and epididymides from adult rhesus and cynomolgus macaques and examined these tissues for estrogen receptors (ER) with immunocytochemistry (ICC) and a sucrose gradient assay. Both techniques employed monoclonal antibodies prepared against ER, and both showed that high concentrations of ER were present OFFy in the ductuli efferentes. Moreover, all specific staining was confined to the nuclei of the nonciliated, absorptive epithelial cells. The quantity of salt-extractable ER in the ductuli efferentes (834 +/- 161 [SEM] fmol/mg DNA [n = 8]) did not differ significantly from the amounts measured with the identical assay in oviducts and endometrium of estrogenized female macaques. Testes and epididymides of macaques had no specific staining by ICC and barely detectable amounts by biochemical analysis (7 +/- 4 [n = 3], 8 +/- 2 [n = 5], 33 +/- 16 [n = 3], and 6 +/- 3 [n = 8] fmol/mg DNA for testis and caput, corpus, and cauda epididymis, respectively). The functional significance of the high levels of ER in the ductuli efferentes of macaques remains to be determined.
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PMID:Estrogen receptor in the ductuli efferentes, epididymis, and testis of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. 234 Mar 36

The role of digoxin in treatment of cats with dilated cardiomyopathy and other forms of myocardial failure is unclear. We evaluated the chronotropic and inotropic effects of digoxin by comparing baseline, noninvasive indices of cardiac performance with those obtained after 9 +/- 1.3 (mean +/- SEM) days of digoxin treatment in 6 cats with heart failure attributable to dilated cardiomyopathy. Two-dimensionally directed, M-mode echocardiography and electrocardiography were used to determine left ventricular shortening fraction, preejection period (PEP), ejection time (LVET), PEP to LVET ratio, velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, electromechanical systole, heart rate, and PR interval. Treatment consisted of administration of furosemide (mean dosage, 2.4 mg/kg of body weight/day), digoxin in tablet form (approximately 0.01 mg/kg, q 48 h), aspirin (80 mg, q 48 h), and a commercial low-salt diet. In addition, 2 cats were administered short-term, low-dose fluids IV, and 2 were given taurine supplementation at rates of 500 and 1,000 mg/day. Other off-loading or inotropic agents were not administered. Therapeutic or toxic serum digoxin concentration was achieved in all cats. Significant (P less than 0.05) improvement was detected in mean values for shortening fraction, PEP, PEP to LVET ratio, and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening. Mean electromechanical systole and LVET did not change significantly. Improvement, as assessed by indices of cardiac function, was documented in 4 of the 6 cats treated with digoxin, including the 2 cats given taurine supplementation. In the cats given taurine, positive inotropic effect was observed prior to the time when taurine-induced improvement in ventricular function is detectable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Efficacy of digoxin for treatment of cats with dilated cardiomyopathy. 234 18

To investigate the differentiated pattern of efferent sympathetic nerve activity by means of analyzing norepinephrine kinetics in response to sodium restriction, cardiorenal sympathetic activity during rest and mental stress was studied in 12 subjects (33.3 +/- 2.6 years old, SEM) exposed to a low and a normal sodium diet; 5-40 mmol and 160-200 mmol/24 hours, respectively (crossover design). Organ norepinephrine release was calculated from organ plasma flow, arteriovenous plasma concentration gradient across the organ and the organ's fractional extraction of radiolabeled norepinephrine. Body weight and urinary sodium/24 hr fell significantly and urinary potassium/24 hr and both supine and standing blood pressure remained unchanged. Total norepinephrine release to plasma and norepinephrine plasma clearance were similar in both phases (approximately 460 ng/min and 1.90 l/min, respectively). A 138% increase in renal norepinephrine overflow was observed during sodium restriction (from 112 to 267 ng/min, p less than 0.025), which was due to elevated renal vein norepinephrine (434 versus 290 pg/ml, p less than 0.01) because renal plasma flow and renal norepinephrine extraction were unaltered. Similarly, sodium restriction caused a 168% elevation of renal renin secretion (p less than 0.05). Resting cardiac norepinephrine spillover and cardiac norepinephrine reuptake were unchanged between the two salt phases. Total and cardiac norepinephrine release, supine blood pressure, and heart rate increased to about the same extent in response to mental testing regardless of salt phase. In conclusion, sodium restriction induced a differential and physiological increase in resting renal sympathetic nervous activity, leaving cardiac norepinephrine overflow unchanged. Cardiac norepinephrine uptake was normal, which further supports the concept of a true increase of efferent renal nerve activity.
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PMID:Evidence for increased renal norepinephrine overflow during sodium restriction in humans. 237 45

Rat peritoneal mast cells were isolated and purified by differential centrifugation in Ficoll. Cells pooled from three to four rats were suspended at approximately 10(6) cells/ml in a buffered salt solution and incubated for 1 h at 37 degrees C in 300 microliter volumes in the absence or presence (9 X 10(-4) M) of calcium chloride. Addition of D-galactosamine hydrochloride (DGM; 2.8 X 10(-4)M) caused (in addition to basal release) a mean +/- SEM percent histamine release of 15.7 +/- 5.2 in the presence of Ca++ and 19 +/- 4.9 in the absence of Ca++ (p greater than 0.05). It is suggested that D-galactosamine does not require extracellular Ca++ for the release of histamine from the rat mast cell.
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PMID:Role of calcium in the histamine release induced by D-galactosamine from rat mast cells. 241 82

The effect of pancreatitis on magnetic resonance T1 and T2 relaxation times was evaluated in two different models of acute pancreatitis in the rat. Acute edematous pancreatitis was induced by repetitive intraperitoneal injections of the cholecystokinin-analogue caerulein; acute hemorrhage pancreatitis was induced by retrograde infusion of the bile salt sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. T1 and T2 relaxation times were obtained in vitro from fresh pancreatic specimens at 37 degrees C with a 0.25 resistive spectrometer. In both edematous and hemorrhagic pancreatitis, significant prolongation of T1 and T2 was noted as early as 1.5 hours after the initiation of pancreatitis when compared with normal rat pancreas. Maximal prolongation occurred at 7 hours in the caerulein model with T1 of 966 +/- 46 msec (mean +/- SEM) (normal + 278 +/- 12 msec) and T2 of 75.9 +/- 2.9 msec (normal = 32.8 +/- 3.3 msec), and after 6 hours in the bile salt model with T1 of 798 +/- 40 msec and T2 of 92.5 +/- 3.3 msec. After the time point of maximal prolongation, T1 and T2 gradually decreased toward the normal values. The prolongation of T1 and T2 paralleled each other throughout the time course of pancreatitis in both models. The prolongation of both relaxation times correlated closely with pancreatic weight, water content, and amylase concentration in serum and ascites. The present determination of T1 and T2 relaxation times by in vitro spectrometry suggests that magnetic resonance imaging has the potential for detecting early pathologic changes in acute pancreatitis and thus may be helpful for an early clinical diagnosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Experimental acute pancreatitis. In vitro magnetic resonance characteristics. 244 17

The effect of canrenone, an antialdosterone and partial ouabain-agonist drug, was studied in rats that developed volume expansion and hypertension after renal mass reduction and excess Na+ intake (RRM-salt). The RRM-salt was characterized by: (1) increased endogenous "digitalis-like" compounds in plasma [cross reactivity with digoxin-antibodies (57.5 +/- 5.0 vs. 42.1 +/- 3.8 pg/ml, p less than 0.02); inhibition of kidney Na+, K+-ATPase activity (135 +/- 5 vs. 154 +/- 5 mumol/mg/h, p less than 0.01); and inhibition of Na+ extrusion from normal erythrocytes (5.96 +/- 0.40 vs. 7.68 +/- 0.34 mmol/L cells/h, p less than 0.01)]; (2) reduced Na+, K+-pump activity (7.34 +/- 0.29 vs. 10.88 +/- 0.41 mmol/L cells/h, p less than 0.001) and increased Na+ content (4.66 +/- .08 vs. 4.16 +/- 0.11 mmol/L cells, p less than 0.01) in erythrocytes; and (3) low plasma renin activity (2.1 +/- 0.9 vs. 12.6 +/- 1.6 ng/ml/h). Ninety minutes after the administration to RRM-salt of a single oral dose of 60 mg/kg of canrenone, the systolic blood pressure decreased by 36 +/- 4 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM). Chronic canrenone administration (60 mg/kg/day) resulted in a marked antihypertensive effect associated to a correction of volume expansion, a decrease in endogenous "digitalis-like" compounds, and a partial recovery of Na+, K+-pump activity and Na+ content in erythrocytes. Our results suggest that the antihypertensive effect in RRM-salt rats results, at least in part, from antagonism with endogenous "digitalis-like" compounds.
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PMID:Antihypertensive effect of canrenone in a model where endogenous ouabain-like factors are present. 245 Feb 60

Desoxycorticosterone-salt (DOC-salt) hypertension in the rat can be prevented by administration of nitrendipine. We have studied the effect of nitrendipine on exchangeable body sodium (NaE) in this model. Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats had a left nephrectomy and after 14 days received subcutaneous injections of deoxycorticosterone (Percorten, CIBA) 12.5 mg three times weekly for 4 weeks and were given 22Na-labeled 1% saline plus 0.2% KCl to drink. They were fed a sodium-free diet. NaE, systolic blood pressure, and body weight were measured weekly. The animals were divided into two groups of nine, one group being given subcutaneous nitrendipine 5 mg/kg twice daily, while the control group was given vehicle only. Blood samples from conscious animals were drawn at the start and at the end of the study for measurement of plasma renin concentration (PRC) and haematocrit, and at the end for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) measurement. Twenty-four hour urine was collected at the end of the study from eight rats of each group, and urine and blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis. In the control rats, blood pressure rose from an initial mean of 140.6 +/- 1.7 (SEM) mm Hg to 187.2 +/- 6.5 (p less than 0.001) at week 4. In the nitrendipine-treated rats, blood pressure fell from 143.9 +/- 2 at week 0 to 127.2 +/- 3.3 mm Hg at week 4 (p less than 0.001). However, body weight rose similarly in both groups and there was no difference in NaE between the groups throughout the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of nitrendipine on blood pressure, plasma renin, and exchangeable sodium in DOC-salt hypertension in the rat. 245 17

Mast cells are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma, and several investigators have suggested that increased numbers of mast cells in the airway lumen or increased releasability of histamine from these mast cells are responsible for chronic airway hyperreactivity. To determine whether mast cells in the lumen of the airways of hyperreactive Basenji greyhound (BG) dogs differ from those of mongrel dogs with normal airway reactivity, we investigated the morphologic and functional characteristics of mast cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). BAL was performed in five BG and five mongrel dogs with 900 cc of a buffered salt solution. The recovered lavage fluid contained 115 +/- 19 X 10(6) and 116 +/- 14 X 10(6) (mean +/- SEM) cells in BG and mongrel dogs, respectively. The proportion of all mast cells within the recovered cell population as enumerated after fixation with basic lead acetate and staining with alcian blue was not different in BG and mongrel dogs and averaged 0.80 +/- 0.07% and 1.1 +/- 0.3%, respectively. Typical mast cells as identified after fixation with paraformaldehyde were rare; however, significantly more mast cells were found in mongrel (0.03 +/- 0.009%) than in BG dogs (0.004 +/- 0.002%; p less than 0.02). Mast cells recovered from BG and mongrel dogs were not different in their low spontaneous histamine release (2.0 +/- 0.5% and 2.9 +/- 0.8%), their histamine release on stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187 (maximum release 44.8 +/- 5.7% and 41.5 +/- 3.9%), and their lack of response to compound 48/80 (maximum release 5.8 +/- 1.8% and 6.1 +/- 6.0%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Functional and morphologic characterization of mast cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage from Basenji greyhound and mongrel dogs. 246 34


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