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 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A left-to-right shunt is accompanied by an increased plasma and blood volume. Since this is likely realized through renin/aldosterone-mediated salt and water retention, other body fluid compartments may be changed too. Therefore, we studied blood volume and body fluid compartments by a single-injection, triple-indicator dilution technique in nine 8-wk-old lambs with an aortopulmonary left-to-right shunt (55 +/- 3% of left ventricular output; mean +/- SEM) and in 11 control lambs, 2.5 wk after surgery. Systemic blood flow was maintained at the same level as in control lambs, but the aortic pressure of the shunt lambs was lower. Blood volume in shunt lambs was larger than in control lambs (110 +/- 6 vs. 84 +/- 7 ml/kg, P < 0.001) through an increase in plasma volume, which correlated significantly with the magnitude of the left-to-right shunt (r = 0.81, P < 0.01). Red blood cell volume was equal to that of control lambs. Evidence was obtained that the increase in plasma volume was induced by a transient increase in renin (8.0 +/- 2.2 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.2 nmol.l-1.h-1; P < 0.02) and aldosterone (0.51 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.24 +/- 0.09 nmol/liter) concentrations. Interstitial water volume, however, was not significantly different from that in control lambs. The amount of intravascular protein was significantly higher than in control lambs (5.0 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.5 +/- 0.2 g/kg body mass, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in intracellular and total body water volumes between the two groups. We conclude that the increased amount of intravascular protein confines the fluid retained by the kidneys to the vascular compartment.
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PMID:Blood volume and body fluid compartments in lambs with aortopulmonary left-to-right shunts. 143 Feb 2

Cerebrospinal fluid and serum were obtained from 16 clinically normal adult cows (11 dairy, 5 beef). Sodium, potassium, magnesium, total protein, and albumin concentrations, osmolality, and lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activities, were quantified in CSF and serum. Total and differential cell counting, protein electrophoresis, and IgG quantification were performed on CSF. Statistical analyses of these variables, including mean, SEM, range, and 95% confidence intervals, were performed. Effects of blood contamination were evaluated, and were found to be negligible for all measured constituents. Correction factors for CSF creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities accounting for cellular contamination were developed. Total nucleated cell count was similar to counts in CSF of other species, but higher than values in healthy people. Differential leukocyte count in CSF was similar to that reported in CSF of other domestic animals: mostly lymphocytes, fewer monocytoid cells, and scant neutrophils. Cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration was higher than concentration reported for dogs, goats, and people, but was similar to values reported for horses. Beef cows had higher CSF total protein concentration than did dairy cows; also, beef cows had higher CSF gamma-globulin concentration. The concentration of sodium in CSF was slightly higher than the value in serum, and potassium concentration was lower than the value in serum. In contrast to studies of human beings, CSF osmolality was generally less than serum osmolality in the cows studied. Reference values for CSF electrolyte concentrations and osmolality are useful for diagnosis of salt poisoning and for assessment of the effects of fluid therapy. Magnesium concentration was lower in CSF, compared with serum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Composition and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in clinically normal adult cattle. 146 1

Among 6,035 people living in 3 villages from the area of La Kara (Togo), 984 randomized subjects were investigated to evaluate goiter prevalence and related etiologic factors. Creatinine and thiocyanates (SCN-) were measured in urine, thyroid hormones and TSH in plasma. Iodine was evaluated in urine, water, salt, soil, millet and sorgho. The amount of cassava was evaluated in food. Mean goiter prevalence was 32%, reaching to 45.9% in one village; urinary iodine remained in a low range (27.2 +/- 2.18 micrograms/g creatinine in adults, 34.3 +/- 6.7 in children--m +/- SEM) independently of the presence of endemic goiter. Urinary SCN- was increased. Low iodine values were found in food, salt, soil and water which contained few mineral elements except flour which was increased in the samples collected in one of the 3 villages. Cretinism was absent, T4, T3, TSH remained in a normal range. This study confirms a high prevalence of endemic goiter in the area of La Kara with iodine deficiency, leading to an urgent iodine supplementation.
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PMID:[Endemic goiter in the La Kara region (Togo). Analysis of etiologic factors]. 150 74

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary K intake, independent of whether the accompanying anion is Cl- or HCO3-, on urinary Ca excretion in healthy adults. The effects of KCl, KHCO3, NaCl and NaHCO3 supplements, 90 mmol/day for four days, were compared in ten subjects fed normal constant diets. Using synthetic diets, the effects of dietary KCl-deprivation for five days followed by recovery were assessed in four subjects and of KHCO3-deprivation for five days followed by recovery were assessed in four subjects. On the fourth day of salt administration, daily urinary Ca excretion and fasting UCa V/GFR were lower during the administration of KCl than during NaCl supplements (delta = -1.11 +/- 0.28 SEM mmol/day; P less than 0.005 and -0.0077 +/- 0.0022 mmol/liter GFR; P less than 0.01), and lower during KHCO3 than during control (-1.26 +/- 0.29 mmol/day; P less than 0.005 and -0.0069 +/- 0.0019 mmol/liter GFR; P = 0.005). Both dietary KCl and KHCO3 deprivation (mean reduction in dietary K intake -67 +/- 8 mmol/day) were accompanied by an increase in daily urinary Ca excretion and fasting UCaV/GFR that averaged on the fifth day +1.31 +/- 0.25 mmol/day (P less than 0.005) and +0.0069 +/- 0.0012 mmol/liter GFR (P less than 0.005) above control. Both daily urinary Ca excretion and fasting UCaV/GFR returned toward or to control at the end of recovery. These observations indicate that: 1) KHCO3 decreases fasting and 24-hour urinary Ca excretion; 2) KCl nor NaHCO3, unlike NaCl, do not increase fasting or 24-hour Ca excretion and 3) K deprivation increases both fasting and 24-hour urinary Ca excretion whether the accompanying anion is Cl- or HCO3-. The mechanisms for this effect of K may be mediated by: 1) alterations in ECF volume, since transient increases in urinary Na and Cl excretion and weight loss accompanied KCl or KHCO3 administration, while persistent reductions in urinary Na and Cl excretion and a trend for weight gain accompanied K deprivation; 2) K mediated alterations in renal tubular phosphate transport and renal synthesis of 1.25-(OH)2-vitamin D, since KCl or KHCO3 administration tended to be accompanied by a rise in fasting serum PO4 and TmPO4 and a fall in fasting UPO4 V/GFR, a fall in serum 1,25-(OH)2-D and a decrease in fasting UCa V/GFR, while dietary KCl or KHCO3 deprivation were accompanied by a reverse sequence.
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PMID:Potassium administration reduces and potassium deprivation increases urinary calcium excretion in healthy adults [corrected]. 164 46

The pathophysiological role of the central dopaminergic mechanism in human essential hypertension (EHT) is still unknown, so we investigated a possible relationship between the central dopaminergic activity and salt sensitivity to blood pressure in patients with EHT. We divided 22 inpatients with EHT into salt-sensitive (SS, n = 11) and non-salt-sensitive (NSS, n = 11) groups according to an 8% increase of mean blood pressure (MBP) when dietary salt intake was increased from 2 g/day to 20 g/day for two periods of 7 days each. The change of central dopaminergic activity by salt load was evaluated as the percentage change of plasma prolactin (PRL) response to a small dose (25 micrograms) of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) administered intravenously. The mean percentage change of PRL response by salt load in the SS group was -9.4 +/- 8.5% (mean +/- SEM), which was remarkably lower than the 26.8 +/- 5.5% in the NSS group (P less than .01). There was a significant negative correlation between the percentage change of PRL response and that of MBP by salt load (r = -0.456, P less than .05). These results suggest that a lack of activation of the central dopaminergic system by salt load may contribute in part to a rise in blood pressure in SS patients with EHT.
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PMID:Salt sensitivity and central dopaminergic activity in patients with essential hypertension. 168 22

Influence of surrounding media on the surface structures of the cell wall of Candida albicans was discussed with respect to the preservation of ultrastructure during the specimen preparation for scanning electron microscopy. The fibrillar structure of the cell surface was distinctly identified by the rapid-freezing technique. It was difficult, however, to observe this structure by the conventional specimen preparation technique. The reason for the difference between these two preparation techniques was studied using a low temperature SEM. Through investigating the influence of each step of the conventional technique on the fibrillar structure, it was found that the fibrils were drastically deformed and disappeared during the dehydration step in ethanol above 80% in concentration. In order to study which physicochemical properties participated in this disappearance phenomenon, yeast cells were treated with various media: solutions in different pH ranges and at different salt concentrations, ionic solutions, surfactants, formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone and Fehling's solution. As a result, the fibrillar structure was found well preserved when the medium had an affinity for the constituent molecules of the fibrils. When without affinity, the fibrils suffered a remarkable deformation. The mechanism of this deformation is discussed in terms of molecular interaction of solute and solvent.
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PMID:Influence of surrounding media on preservation of cell wall ultrastructure of Candida albicans revealed by low temperature scanning electron microscopy. 170 62

We examined 174 subjects (82 men and 92 women) with essential hypertension to determine whether gender played an important role in the association of blood pressure (BP) familial disposition, and hypertension. To evaluate the salt sensitivity of BP, we measured changes in blood pressure after restricting salt intake from about 15 g/day to less than 3 g/day. The familial disposition to hypertension was categorized into four groups according to the presence or absence of hypertension in the father, mother, and siblings. If none, one, two, or three family members had hypertension, they were assigned the FH(-), FH(+), FH(++), and FH( ) groups, respectively. Only in women did the FH(-) group show a significantly smaller blood pressure reduction than that of the other groups. The mean BP reduction in the four groups was 4.1 +/- 1.9, 8.5 +/- 1.1, 10.1 +/- 1.5, and 11.2 +/- 2.8 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM), respectively. This difference in BP reduction was not observed in men. Multiple regression analysis, using percent changes in mean BP as the dependent variable and other factors as independent variables, also showed a significant partial correlation coefficient for familial disposition to hypertension only in women. Thus, the relationship between salt sensitivity and familial disposition to hypertension differed according to gender. This difference may provide an important insight into the hereditary nature of hypertension.
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PMID:A gender difference in the association between salt sensitivity and family history of hypertension. 173 28

We have shown that the inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in man decreases the fractional clearance of urea (FCurea). To understand the mechanism(s) by which PG affect the renal handling of urea, 6 normal volunteers were randomly studied in maximal antidiuresis (by water deprivation and by administering 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin) before and during PGE1 infusion, in two separate occasions: (A) after 7 days of normal protein (1 g/kg b.w./day) and water intake (10 ml/kg b.w./day), and (B) after 7 days of low protein intake (0.5 g/kg b.w./day) and high water intake (80 ml/kg b.w./day) to lower the corticomedullary osmotic gradient. During infusion of PGE1 at rates of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 micrograms/min/kg, randomly administered, the urinary fluid losses were replaced by infusing equal volumes of hypotonic NaCl (80 mmol/l). To evaluate the time effects of this protocol, control studies were performed in an other 8 subjects receiving vehicle infusion without PGE1. In study A, FCurea rose by 23% (p less than 0.01) at the lowest PGE1 infusion rate (0.01 micrograms/min/kg), in the absence of any simultaneous change in water and salt output, Uosm, PAH and inulin clearance. Higher PGE1 infusion rates (0.05 and 0.1 micrograms/min/kg) were associated with a progressive increase of FCurea (50%, p less than 0.001 and 91%, p less than 0.001, respectively), fractional clearance of water and salt output, inulin and PAH clearance and reduced Uosm from 1,005 (22 SEM; basal value) to 772 (38 SEM; minimum value) mosm/kg (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Inhibition of urea tubular reabsorption by PGE1 infusion in man. 173 12

Dietary supplementation with calcium may prevent the development of colorectal cancer. This mechanism may be related to fatty acid and bile salt chelation in the small bowel forming non-toxic calcium-soap compounds. Calcium may also act locally or systemically on the colonic mucosa. Faecal concentrations of free fatty acids and free bile acids were measured in 17 Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 472 (39 g)) whose daily calcium intake had been trebled by enriching the chow and adding calcium lactate (24 g/l) to the drinking water. Mean (SEM) faecal concentrations of free bile acids were 33% less than in 19 controls (1.23 (0.15) v 1.82 (0.20) mg/g; p less than 0.001), whereas free fatty acid concentrations were 117% higher (14.68 (3.59) v 6.76 (2.41) mg/g; p less than 0.02). The 'direct' effect of calcium was assessed by organ culture of rat colonic explants in three different concentrations of calcium. Crypt cell production rate (measured by a stathmokinetic technique), which was (mean (SEM)) 4.80 (0.23) cells/crypt/h in control medium (Ca2+ = 2.14 mmol/l), fell by 43% when calcium concentration was doubled (p less than 0.05) and by a further 43% when the concentration was trebled (p less than 0.02). Calcium binds free fatty acids but not free bile acids intraluminally. Calcium has a direct antitropic action on colonic crypts.
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PMID:Effect of dietary calcium on the colonic luminal environment. 175 71

The present study was designed to clarify the role of calcium in suppressed renin release in DOCA-salt hypertension. Rat glomeruli were isolated by the modified Beierwaltes' sieving method. The glomeruli were superfused with Krebs-Ringer solution. Basal levels of renin release were lower in the DOCA-salt hypertensive rats (1.16 +/- 0.27 ng/ATI/hr/hr/10(4) glomeruli, mean +/- SEM, n = 8) than in the control rats (1.92 +/- 0.18, p less than 0.01, n = 8). Perfusion with a calcium free solution containing EGTA and A23187 stimulated renin release in the DOCA-salt hypertensive and control rats. The maximum levels of renin release during the perfusion in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats (1.79 +/- 0.17, n = 8) were lower than those in control rats (10.60 +/- 1.85, p less than 0.01, n = 8). These results suggest that high levels of intracellular calcium might not contribute to the suppression of renin release in DOCA-salt hypertension.
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PMID:Altered renin release from isolated superfused rat glomeruli in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. 176 Aug 88


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