Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine the effectiveness of vigorous realimentation with dietary fat, 17 subjects aged 64.0 +/- 2.1 years (mean +/- 1 SEM) were pump-fed via a nasogastric tube for an average of 22 days. The diet was liquid and nutritionally complete, high in unsaturated fat (67% of energy) and in the caloric density (12.6 kJ/mL or 3 Kcal/mL) [corrected]. Advanced malnutrition was manifested by 74% of the ideal body weight, subnormal anthropometric measurements, and low serum protein levels. At an intake of 17,986 +/- 945 kJ (4068 +/- 225 Kcal [corrected]) and 344 +/- 18 g of fat per day, the rate of nutrient absorption was 93% for energy and fat and 88% for protein. An increase in the daily fecal fat to 23 +/- 6 g was not associated with diarrhea. While serum triglyceride levels remained unchanged, the total cholesterol level decreased, with a relative increase in the high-density lipoprotein level. Effective utilization of nutrients resulted in a positive nitrogen balance and increases in body weight, triceps skinfold, the midarm muscle circumference, total iron binding capacity, and serum urea nitrogen level.
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PMID:Absorptive capacity for dietary fat in elderly patients with debilitating disorders. 210 86

Low cell calcium level is essential for preservation of red blood cell (RBC) membrane deformability and survival. RBCs from patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) demonstrate reduction in membrane deformability, possibly as a result of increased RBC cellular calcium level. To evaluate calcium homeostasis in RBCs from patients with ESRD, we measured cell calcium level, basal and "calmodulin"-stimulated calcium-stimulated Mg-dependent ATPase (CaATPase) activity, and calcium 45 efflux were measured before and after hemodialysis. The in vitro effect of uremic plasma and of urea on CaATPase activity of normal RBCs was tested, and 45Ca influx into RBCs of patients undergoing hemodialysis also was determined. A morphologic evaluation of red cells from patients with ESRD was performed with a scanning electron microscope. RBC calcium level in patients (mean +/- SEM 21.2 +/- 2.8 mumol/L of cells; n = 28) was higher than in controls (4.9 +/- 0.3 mumol/L of cells; n = 24; p less than 0.001). Hemodialysis had no effect on cell calcium level. Both basal and "calmodulin"-stimulated RBC CaATPase activities in patients with ESRD (n = 9) were reduced by approximately 50% (p less than 0.01), but after hemodialysis, enzyme activity returned to normal. 45Ca efflux from calcium-loaded cells, which was 2574.0 +/- 217.0 mumol/L of cells per 0.5 hours before hemodialysis, increased to 3140.7 +/- 206.8 mumol/L of cells per 0.5 hours after hemodialysis (p less than 0.005). In vitro incubation of normal RBCs with uremic plasma depressed CaATPase activity, but incubation with urea had no effect. RBCs of patients with ESRD revealed increased 45Ca influx, 7.63 +/- 1.15 mumol/L of cells per hour versus 4.61 +/- 0.39 mumol/L of cells per hour (p less than 0.025). RBCs of patients revealed a high incidence of spherocytosis and echynocytosis, which correlated with a high cell calcium level (r = 0.894, p less than 0.01). These results indicate that RBC calcium level is elevated in patients with ESRD and suggest that a dialyzable uremic factor inhibits RBC CaATPase activity and thereby calcium efflux, which may account for the elevated cell calcium level. The increased calcium influx further increases cellular calcium level. These abnormalities are associated with spherocytosis and echynocytosis and may contribute to the shortened survival of RBCs in uremia.
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PMID:Red blood cell calcium homeostasis in patients with end-stage renal disease. 252 34

Eight infants aged between 4 days and 12 weeks with severe heart failure that was refractory to optimal conventional treatment with diuretics were treated with enalapril. The starting dose was 0.1 mg/kg/day, increasing according to response to 0.12-0.43 mg/kg/day. One infant with severe myocarditis did not tolerate enalapril because of hypotension and later died of intractable heart failure. Six of the remaining patients had congenital systemic to pulmonary shunts and one had a simple aortic coarctation. Two weeks after starting enalapril the clinical features of heart failure had improved in all the infants, the mean (SEM) plasma sodium concentration had increased from 129 (2.4) to 136 (1.1) mmol/l and plasma urea concentration had fallen from 7.0 (0.85) to 2.9 (0.85) mmol/l. These data suggest that enalapril is a potentially useful treatment for severe heart failure in infancy.
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PMID:Enalapril for severe heart failure in infancy. 253 59

A placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study was conducted to assess a possible effect of a dihydropyridine Ca-entry blocker, nifedipine, on urinary concentration ability in nine healthy men under a water-deprivated condition. Placebo and nifedipine (20 mg) were orally administered on two separate occasions, at least one week apart, after the urinary osmolarity was stabilized. Urinary osmolarity, osmolar clearance, negative free water clearance, urine volume, urinary solutes (Na, K and urea), creatinine clearance and plasma vasopressin (AVP) were measured during the postdose 3-hour period and compared with those during the respective predose (baseline) period. Urinary osmolarity decreased by nifedipine from 1047.2 +/- 34.4 to 873.0 +/- 38.3 mOsm/kg (mean +/- SEM) at 2 hours postdose (P less than 0.05). Mean % decrease in urinary osmolarity at 1 to 3 hours after nifedipine was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than after placebo. Urine volume significantly (P less than 0.01) increased from the baseline of 0.49 +/- 0.06 to 1.1 +/- 0.15 ml/min at 2 hours after nifedipine. Relationship between osmolar clearance and negative free water clearance relative to glomerular filtration rate observed during the postnifedipine phase was significantly (P less than 0.01) shifted downward compared with that derived from the pooled data unrelated to nifedipine dosing. No significant drug effect was detected on plasma AVP. Both placebo and nifedipine dosed during the continued water deprivation and stabilized urinary osmolarity condition caused an increase in the urinary excretions of solutes. The results indicate that nifedipine inhibits urinary concentration. This does not appear to be due to the inhibition of AVP secretion from the hypophysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of nifedipine on urinary concentrating ability: a placebo controlled study. 259 85

The ESCA study gives a good qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of internal and external surfaces of foreign materials. Microporous hydrophobic Mitrathane (a polyetherurethane urea) grafts were implanted as blood conduits in dogs for up to 6 months. Surface analysis of explanted grafts demonstrated the presence of different contaminants: sodium, chlorine, silicon, in patent grafts, i.e. those implanted for 1 month and less. The sulphur probably comes from the presence of proteins on the surface of the polymer and the high level of nitrogen is also protein-related. At 6 month implantation, the grafts were occluded and a decrease of proteins on the surface was observed. The values of N/C and O/C ratios are also reported. For the virgin material, these ratios correspond to the quantity of hard and soft segments; but, for the explanted grafts, these parameters are also influenced by the presence of proteins due to the Versaclean washing which did not wash away all the proteins on the surface of the polymer. The SEM photographs showed a certain degradation of polyurethane after 6 month of implantation. However, by ESCA study, it is difficult to compare the surface of virgin and explanted grafts because it is masked by the presence of proteins.
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PMID:Hydrophobic and fibrillar microporous polyetherurethane urea prosthesis: an ESCA study on the internal and external surfaces of explanted grafts. 260 85

Low-protein diets in nondiabetic renal failure may slow the progressive loss of renal function in some patients, but few studies have detailed the nutritional consequences of these diets in patients with diabetic nephropathy. We studied 7 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and chronic renal insufficiency [mean +/- SEM creatinine clearance (S, U): 28.3 +/- 6.5 ml/min (0.47 +/- 0.11 ml/s x 1.73/A)] for 15 weeks who were prescribed a diet of 0.6 g protein/kg ideal body weight. Midarm muscle circumference (24.1 +/- 1.8 at onset vs. 24.5 +/- 1.5 cm at completion), triceps skinfold thickness (21.6 +/- 3.1 vs. 21.0 +/- 1.5 mm), body weight (71.8 +/- 4.1 vs. 71.2 +/- 4.6 kg), and serum albumin [3.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.1 g/dl (30 +/- 1 vs. 32 +/- 1 g/l)] remained stable. Based on urinary nitrogen excretion, diet diaries overestimated the degree of dietary protein restriction; there was good adherence to the diet as evidenced by a reduction in urinary urea nitrogen (average 32%). Blood glucose control was maintained despite increased carbohydrate intake. On average, creatinine clearance did not change significantly, but proteinuria diminished slightly (1.8 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.6 g/day). These results indicate that 0.6 g/kg/day protein diets did not cause protein depletion in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Longer-term studies are indicated to assess more fully the efficacy of these dietary regimens in reducing proteinuria or benefiting diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:Protein-restricted diets in diabetic nephropathy. 271 Feb 67

The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone is associated with head trauma; however, there are no reports concerning vasopressin levels in pediatric patients with head trauma. Urine vasopressin in eight children (mean +/- SEM, age 7.5 +/- 1.6 years, range 1 to 15 years) was measured by radioimmunoassay during their hospitalization for head trauma. Urine vasopressin values for ten healthy children (mean age 5.4 +/- 1.3 years) and for eight children hospitalized for systemic antibiotic treatment of infections (age 5.9 +/- 1.8 years) also were obtained. Urine vasopressin, urine and serum sodium concentration and osmolality, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and fluid intake were measured within 24 hours of admission and daily for the following two days. For the first three days following head trauma, mean urine vasopressin levels in pediatric patients with head trauma were increased (P less than .05) compared with those of healthy children. Despite fluid restriction to 85% of maintenance level, 25% of patients with head trauma exhibited the clinical syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (hyponatremia, increased urinary sodium, diminished serum osmolality, and urine osmolality greater than serum osmolality). Urine osmolality greater than 800 mosm/kg was associated with markedly increased urine vasopressin levels (200 to 1,650 pg/mL); children with this finding may be at particular risk for the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone without restrictive water intake.
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PMID:Vasopressin levels and pediatric head trauma. 271 86

Forty patients over 70 years old with a diastolic blood pressure of 95 to 110 mm Hg and/or a systolic blood pressure of 170 to 220 mm Hg after two weeks' placebo therapy underwent a single-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized cross-over study using captopril and triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide (Dyazide). Blood pressure was lowered from a mean of 189 +/- 2.0/92 +/- 1.7 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) to 161 +/- 2.8/78 +/- 1.7 mm Hg with captopril therapy, and therapy with triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide produced similar reductions (156 +/- 2.7/78 +/- 1.7 mm Hg). Two patients on triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide therapy withdrew because of side effects, while only minor side effects were observed with captopril therapy. Therapy with triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide produced significant elevation of urea, creatinine, and uric acid, while captopril therapy produced no biochemical or hematologic changes. A single daily dose of captopril alone was sufficient to normalize the blood pressure in 31 (75%) of 40 patients. Captopril appears to be a promising monotherapy for the elderly with mild to moderate hypertension.
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PMID:A single-blind, randomized, cross-over study of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension in the elderly. 282 Mar 29

Urinary excretion of alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) is an extremely sensitive indicator of drug-induced renal tubular damage. The urinary excretion of AAP was determined in patients after enflurane anesthesia with or without concurrent aminoglycoside administration to determine if enflurane enhances the nephrotoxic potential of aminoglycosides. Twenty-two patients with normal renal function were studied. Ten received enflurane alone, eight received enflurane plus gentamicin or tobramycin, and four patients who underwent nitrous oxide and narcotic anesthesia were the control group. Preoperative values ranged from 1010 to 2461 microU/24 hour. Urinary AAP excretion increased significantly in both enflurane groups 2 days postoperatively (P less than 0.025). Patients who received both enflurane and aminoglycosides had significantly greater urinary AAP excretion on postoperative day 2 than did patients given enflurane alone: 21,342 +/- 4074 microU/24 hour and 6336 +/- 1496 microU/24 hour, respectively (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.005). There was no change in AAP excretion in the control group compared to baseline; on day 3 AAP was 1412 +/- 710 microU/24 hour. No changes in blood urea nitrogen or serum creatinine levels were observed. These data suggest that enflurane increases the renal tubular effects of aminoglycosides, possibly increasing the risk of aminoglycoside renal toxicity.
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PMID:The increase in urinary alanine aminopeptidase excretion associated with enflurane anesthesia is increased further by aminoglycosides. 289 8

Two methods of administration of amphotericin B were compared for their ability to produce nephrotoxicity in 12 dogs. Six dogs received six alternate day doses of amphotericin B: 1 mg/kg administered as a rapid bolus in 25 mL 5% dextrose in water. Another six dogs received alternate day treatments of the same dose of amphotericin B in 1 L 5% dextrose in water over 5 h. Both treatment groups experienced significant reductions in glomerular filtration rate, as measured by inulin clearance, 24 h endogenous creatinine clearance, serum creatinine and serum urea. This reduction in glomerular filtration rate was most marked in the group receiving the drug as a rapid bolus. The inulin clearances decreased from 3.54 +/- 0.30 mL/min/kg (means +/- SEM) on day 0 to 1.15 +/- 0.25 mL/min/kg on day 12 in the slow infusion group and from 3.24 +/- 0.25 mL/min/kg on day 0 to 0.46 +/- 0.11 mL/min/kg on day 12 in the rapid bolus group. Renal lesions characteristic of amphotericin B administration were observed in all dogs tested. The dogs which received amphotericin B as a rapid bolus had a significantly greater number of tubular lesions than the slow infusion group. Systemic side effects, such as vomiting, diarrhea and weight loss, were observed in both treatment groups but were most severe in the rapid bolus group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B in dogs: a comparison of two methods of administration. 291 23


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