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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human term placental explants were used to investigate the possible role of phospholipid-sensitive and Ca2+ dependent protein kinase in the regulation of human placental progesterone production. Placental tissue was incubated with low density lipoprotein as a precursor of progesterone in the presence or the absence of phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol, and the calcium ionophore A23187. The rate of progesterone production by placental tissue was 21.7 +/- 4.6 ng. (mg wet wt)-1.(2 h)-1 (mean +/- SEM) with 500 mg low density lipoprotein/l (control). The rate of progesterone production was accelerated 2-fold by 1 nmol/l phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate, 1.6-fold by 250 mumol/l 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol and this increase was dose-related (25-250 mumol/l 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol). A nonpromoting derivative, 4 alpha-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate had no effect. The phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate or 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol induced stimulation of progesterone production was not associated with a change in the intracellular cAMP level. Addition of 10 mumol/l A23187 further increased progesterone production with 125 mumol/l 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol. The rate of progesterone production was accelerated 1.6-fold by 125 mumol/l 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol and 10 mumol/l A23187 as compared with control. The effects of the phorbol ester and the diacyl glycerol were completely blocked by the addition of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. We conclude that these phorbol regents are able to stimulate human placental progesterone production. The possible roles of intracellular Ca2+ and protein kinase C in placental steroidogenesis are discussed.
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PMID:Sn-1,2-diacylglycerols and phorbol ester stimulate the production of progesterone from the human placenta. 280 Sep 28

Nonshivering thermogenesis is normally inactive in utero but increases with supplemental oxygenation and again after occlusion of the umbilical cord. To test the hypothesis that brown fat responses are triggered by the surge in triiodothyronine (T3) which occurs at birth, we studied 7 fetal sheep at 132-143 days gestation. Fetuses were first cooled 2-3 degrees C by circulating cold water through an external coil in the amniotic fluid and then ventilated with oxygen in utero to raise arterial PO2 to 109 +/- 10 (SEM) mmHg. An hour later T3 was infused intravenously to elevate and maintain plasma levels at 39.8 +/- 6.1 nmol/l, some 40-50 times basal levels. Indices of brown heat production did not rise during the next 30 min. Following snaring of the umbilical cord, however, plasma free fatty acid levels increased 400% to 423 +/- 91 mEq/l, plasma glycerol rose 350% to 766 +/- 168 mmol/1, and the temperature difference between brown fat and body core widened to 0.59 +/- 0.13 degrees C during the next 30 min. Whole body oxygen consumption peaked at 23.1 +/- 2.8 ml.min-1.kg-1 body weight. These responses to cord occlusion were similar with and without T3 administration. Changes in plasma catecholamines during these experiments did not correlate with the onset of nonshivering thermogenesis. We conclude that the rise in T3 or the changes in plasma catecholamines which occurs at birth are not causally related to the onset of nonshivering thermogenesis.
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PMID:Umbilical cord occlusion but not increased plasma T3 or norepinephrine stimulate brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in the fetal sheep. 280 32

Neuroglucopenia (NGP), which is a serious potential hazard for all insulin-treated diabetics, stimulates many neural and hormonal responses including increased glucagon secretion and activation of beta-adrenergic receptors of the autonomic nervous system. To determine which of these responses is important in recovery from NGP, we induced NGP in baboons by the intravenous (IV) injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose with and without beta-adrenergic blockade (propranolol) and somatostatin. Thirty minutes after the induction of NGP the animals recovered, and the mean (+/- SEM) rise in arterial plasma glucose was 6.6 +/- 0.9 mmol/L, in glycerol 0.106 +/- 0.22 mmol/L, and in beta-hydroxybutyrate 0.091 +/- 0.22 mmol/L. Animal recovery and glucose rise were uninfluenced by the infusion of propranolol (mean 30 minute plasma glucose rise of 6.2 +/- 0.8 mmol/L) and somatostatin (6.8 +/- 0.8 mmol/L). However, the combined infusion of somatostatin and propranolol prevented animal recovery and glucose rise (1.0 +/- 0.1 mmol/L). The glycerol and beta-hydroxybutyrate rises were blocked by the propranolol infusion alone. Thus, recovery from NGP and the associated rise in plasma glucose, glycerol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate are prevented by the combination of the suppression of the glucagon and beta-adrenergic response to NGP. Furthermore, if the results of our study are extrapolated to insulin-dependent diabetic patients, most of whom have an impaired glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia/neuroglucopenia, they would be critically dependent on beta-adrenergic mechanisms for recovery from NGP.
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PMID:Glucose counterregulation during recovery from neuroglucopenia: which mechanism is important? 285 49

Subjective feeling of fatigue was quantified before and 20 days after elective uncomplicated abdominal surgery in 16 otherwise-healthy patients and compared with changes in heart rate and various hormonal and substrate responses to a 10-minute bicycle exercise (65% of preoperative maximal work capacity) preoperatively and postoperatively. Postoperatively, fatigue increased (p less than 0.001) from 3.0 +/- 0.5 to 5.3 +/- 0.5 arbitrary units (mean +/- SEM). Heart rate, plasma catecholamines, and serum growth hormone, lactate, alanine, and glycerol values always increased, whereas serum insulin values decreased in response to exercise (p less than 0.01). During exercise, only heart rate (p less than 0.01) and lactate (p less than 0.05) values were higher postoperatively compared with preoperatively. Increase in fatigue postoperatively correlated significantly to increase in heart rate (p less than 0.01) and correlated positively, but not significantly, to increase in plasma levels of noradrenaline (p = 0.08), growth hormone (p = 0.09), and alanine (p = 0.08) during exercise, but not to increase in serum lactate values (p greater than 0.8). Thus, after uncomplicated surgery, there was increased fatigue and amplified metabolic and cardiovascular response to a given absolute work load. These findings are similar to those observed during detraining and suggest a therapeutic role of exercise in the treatment of postoperative fatigue.
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PMID:Fatigue and cardiac and endocrine metabolic response to exercise after abdominal surgery. 291 3

Management of glucose homeostasis in newly kidney transplanted insulin-dependent diabetic patients is difficult. To examine whether continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) could reverse this problem, six consecutive kidney-transplanted Type I diabetic patients either proceeded with conventional insulin therapy (CIT) or were changed to CSII beginning on the third postoperative day. After a mean of 13 days, the insulin administration mode was changed from CIT to CSII (n = 3) or from CSII to CIT (n = 3), and continued for a further 15 days. Mean blood glucose calculated on the basis of four daily measurements (8.00, 12.00, 17.00, 22.00 h) during the study periods was significantly lower during CSII (8.0 +/- 0.4 mmol/l, mean +/- SEM) than on CIT (11.0 +/- 0.6 mmol/l; p less than 0.005). Moreover, the variability of blood glucose expressed as the M-value was lower during the pump treatment compared to CIT (p less than 0.001), while the number of blood glucose values below 3.0 mmol/l was similar (3.8 vs. 4.4%). Diurnal metabolic and hormonal profiles were twice determined on each regimen with 2 hourly sampling. Glycemic control was again found to be improved during CSII therapy as compared to CIT (p less than 0.01 or 0.05 less than p less than 0.10). Moreover, insulin pump treatment resulted in a significant reduction of two major intermediary metabolites, lactate and glycerol (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Metabolic control in newly kidney transplanted insulin-dependent diabetics: improvement by insulin pump treatment (CSII). 296 10

1. Somatostatin analogues, such as SMS 201-995 (sandostatin), have been suggested as treatment for a variety of disease states including acromegaly, secretory gastrointestinal tumours and diabetes mellitus. 2. Somatostatin-14 has actions to prolong gastro-intestinal transit time and inhibit intestinal absorption, and we have therefore studied the effects of SMS 201-995 on these processes. Five male subjects received a test meal having been given either saline or 50 micrograms of SMS 201-995 subcutaneously 30 min before ingestion. 3. SMS 201-995 caused a delay in mouth-to-caecum transit time for lactulose assessed by breath hydrogen analysis (316 +/- 17 vs 192 +/- 14 min, mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.01), a delay (234 vs 120 min, P less than 0.05) in the plasma peak of the non-metabolizable glucose analogue 3-O-methylglucose and conversion of the expected postprandial rise in serum triglycerides (with saline 1.02 +/- 0.20 to 1.51 +/- 0.28 mmol/l, P less than 0.05) to a decrease below basal values (with SMS 201-995 0.97 +/- 0.80 to 0.79 +/- 0.11 mmol/l, P less than 0.05). 4. After SMS 201-995, an enhancement of the increase in blood glucose (8.2 +/- 0.7 vs 4.7 +/- 0.2 mmol/l, P less than 0.01) and inhibition and postponement of the postprandial rise in insulin (27.6 +/- 6.7 vs 9.9 +/- 2.1 m-units/l, P less than 0.05) occurred. Furthermore, a rise in non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate, compared with the decline in concentrations of these metabolites after saline, was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 (sandostatin) on mouth-to-caecum transit time and absorption of fat and carbohydrates in normal man. 305 74

Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine cryofracture surfaces of ventricular myocardium from glutaraldehyde fixed rat and rabbit hearts subjected to intravascular injection of polymerizing acrylic resin. This allowed simultaneous observation of morphological features of cardiac muscle cells and the functional state of their associated small blood vessels. Because the resin injected to identify capillaries accessible to flow might be soluble in commonly used tissue dehydrating agents, alternative preparation methods using the cryoprotectants dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol were investigated. Provided a high performance backscattered electron detector and simple environmental cell were used to abolish specimen charging and circumvent potential instrument contamination, immersion in 2.82 M DMSO for 12 hr prior to cryofracture and freeze-drying gave the best results. The SEM appearance of specimens dehydrated in this way differed little from that of specimens prepared by ethanol dehydration and freeze-drying or by acetone dehydration and critical-point drying. Tissue shrinkage was 26.5 +/- 9.4%, comparable to that found after standard methods using solvent dehydration and critical-point drying.
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PMID:Scanning electron microscopy of heart muscle freeze-dried from dimethylsulfoxide for simultaneous demonstration of cell morphology and microvascular function. 309 79

We studied the potential contribution of acetate to the cardiovascular effects of ethanol in 12 healthy male volunteers. Sodium acetate, or sodium chloride in control experiments, was infused i.v. at the rate of 0.033 mEq/kg/min for 60 min. Left ventricular function was examined by M-mode echocardiography and systolic time intervals during infusion and for 60 min thereafter. Blood acetate rose during infusion from 0.19 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM) to a maximum of 0.99 +/- 0.08 mmol/liter. Changes in serum free fatty acids, glycerol, and ketone bodies indicate that acetate inhibited peripheral lipolysis. The volume of urine excreted during the acetate experiment (305 +/- 37 ml) was significantly larger (p less than 0.01) than during the chloride experiment (181 +/- 21 ml). Left ventricular function did not differ between the experiments during the infusions even though at 45 min heart rate was increased by acetate (7%; p less than 0.01, between infusions). After the infusion period, at 75 min the treatment by acetate increased cardiac output from the baseline by 17% (p less than 0.05, between infusions), and decreased peripheral arterial resistance (19%, p less than 0.05), and diastolic blood pressure (10%, p less than 0.01). Circumferential fiber shortening velocity was increased during the acetate experiment maximally by 7% (p less than 0.01) from the baseline at 120 min. These data indicate that acetate is an arterial vasodilator and a mild diuretic and may slightly improve myocardial performance in the concentrations encountered during ethanol metabolism in men.
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PMID:Acute cardiovascular and metabolic effects of acetate in men. 327 60

The metabolic effects of four weeks' high dose inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (500 micrograms twice daily) were studied in nine normal subjects with an open study design. No effect was found on fasting blood glucose concentration or glycosylated haemoglobin concentration. Peak blood glucose concentration 30 minutes after a 75 g oral glucose load was, however, significantly higher (7.1 (SEM 0.2) versus 6.7 (0.1) mmol/l, or 128 (3.6) v 121 (1.8) mg/100 ml). After treatment there was a 36% increase in fasting serum insulin concentration (7.6 (0.7) versus 5.6 (0.5) mU/l) and a 32% increase in the area under the serum insulin concentration curve after glucose challenge. High dose inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate treatment raised the fasting plasma cholesterol concentration (4.62 (0.25) v 4.16 (0.26) mmol/l, or 178 (9.7) v 161 (10.0) mg/100 ml) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.19 (0.065) versus 0.97 (0.065) mmol/l, or 45 (2.5) v 37 (2.5) mg/100 ml). Fasting blood lactate and pyruvate concentrations were also significantly higher and blood glycerol lower. The findings indicate that high dose inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate may disturb both carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
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PMID:Effect of high dose inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in normal subjects. 332 44

Hepatic glucose production (HGP) and net splanchnic glucose balance (NSGB) were simultaneously determined in the basal state in 8 hyperthyroid patients and 10 normal subjects using iv infusion of [3H]3-glucose and the hepatic venous catheter technique. Splanchnic glucose uptake (SGU) was calculated as the difference between the HGP and NSGB. SGU was also measured by determining the splanchnic extraction ratio of [3H]3-glucose across the splanchnic bed. In 5 hyperthyroid patients and 5 normal subjects a renal vein was also catheterized in the basal state. The influence of increased endogenous insulin secretion [stimulated by a low rate iv infusion of glucose (2 mg/kg . min)] on splanchnic and hepatic glucose exchange was also examined. Basal HGP (measured with [3H]3-glucose) was increased by 20% in the hyperthyroid patients [14.2 +/- 0.6 (SEM) mumol/kg . min] as compared to normal subjects (11.9 +/- 0.6, P less than 0.02). In marked contrast, NSGB output was slightly but not significantly decreased in the hyperthyroid group. SGU in the hyperthyroid patients, as determined with both techniques, was more than 2-fold higher than in the normal group (P less than 0.02-P less than 0.005). Splanchnic uptake of gluconeogenic precursors (lactate, pyruvate, glycerol) was increased by 20-120% in the patient group. During iv infusion of glucose, plasma insulin levels increased more in the hyperthyroid group (66% vs. 37%, P less than 0.05). Nevertheless, HGP and NSGB were less markedly suppressed in the patients as compared to the normal subjects (P less than 0.01), whereas the augmented SGU in the hyperthyroid patients reverted to normal. Splanchnic uptake of gluconeogenic precursors was unchanged in both groups. No net renal glucose production could be demonstrated in either group in the basal state. We conclude that in hyperthyroidism, increased HGP occurs in the face of an unchanged or slightly reduced rate of net glucose delivery to extrasplanchnic tissue. This discrepancy can be ascribed to augmented splanchnic uptake of glucose. These findings raise the possibility of futile cycling of glucose in the liver as a mechanism of increased oxygen consumption in hyperthyroidism. The data also demonstrate a diminished inhibitory effect of endogenous insulin on splanchnic glucose production, suggesting the presence of hepatic resistance to insulin in hyperthyroidism.
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PMID:Hepatic glucose production and splanchnic glucose exchange in hyperthyroidism. 351


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