Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Aspirin alters the gastric mucosal barrier as measured by ionic flux and potential difference. The effect of cimetidine on aspirin-induced alterations in gastric mucosa was studied in five normal male volunteers. Aspirin effects were studied with and without previous treatment with cimetidine. Mean (+/- SEM) basal potential difference was -48 +/- 1 mV. After 600 mg of aspirin in 1 dl of isotonic saline, potential difference decreased in 10 min to -39 +/- 1 mV (P less than 0.001) and returned to baseline within 60 min. Control biopsies showed 2% damaged mucosal cells compared with 20% damaged at the time of maximal drop in potential difference (P less than 0.001) after aspirin. Recovery to 9% damage occurred by 60 min. In subjects pretreated with 300 mg cimetidine, potential difference rose during 1 h to -62 +/- 1 mV (P less than 0.001). After aspirin potential difference fell to -48 +/- 1 mV compared with -39 +/- 1 mV with aspirin alone (P less than 0.01) and returned to -62 +/- 1 mV at 60 min. The cimetidine-treated group showed 4% mucosal damage at the peak potential difference fall after aspirin, significantly less (P less than 0.02) than in the untreated subjects.
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PMID:Protective effect of cimetidine on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage. 2 5

Intra-arterial and intravenous catheters were inserted in six fetal lambs at 125-130 days of gestation. On the following day, fetal arterial pressures and blood gases were monitored and fetal cardiac output and its distribution were measured by injection of radionuclide-labeled microspheres 15 mum in diameter. Acetylsalicylic acid, 55-90 mg/kg of estimated fetal weight, then was administered into the fetal stomach. Fetal pulmonary arterial pressure rose significantly after an average of 58 minutes, increasing the pressure difference between the pulmonary artery and the aorta from 2 +/- 0.3 (SEM) mm Hg during control to 11.2 +/- 1.6 mm Hg. Resistance across the ductus arteriosus rose from 4.2 +/- 0.5 (SEM) to 27.4 +/- 4.01 units, and flow fell from 495 +/- 44 (SEM) to 409 +/- 20 ml/minute. The proportion of combined ventricular output distributed to the placenta, adrenals, heart, and lungs increased, whereas the proportion of combined ventricular output distributed to the brain, liver, intestine, kidneys, and upper and lower body fell. In two fetuses infusion of prostaglandin E1 reversed the pulmonary hypertension. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in fetal lambs produced constriction of the ductus arteriosus and redistribution of cardiac output. It is probable that prostaglandins, particularly E1, are involved in regulation of blood flow through the ductus arteriosus and various vascular beds in the normal resting fetus.
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PMID:Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on the ductus arteriosus and circulation in fetal lambs in utero. 94 22

To determine whether the dose of atropine affects the rate of neostigmine-induced recovery from vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade, the authors monitored isometric adductor pollicis mechanical activity in 36 anesthetized (thiopental, fentanyl, nitrous oxide) adult patients (ASA physical status 1 or 2). Once surgery was completed and twitch height had spontaneously regained 25% of its initial value, the patients were randomly allocated into three groups (A10, A15, A20; n = 12 in each group) according to the dose of atropine (10, 15, or 20 micrograms/kg) that was mixed with 40 micrograms/kg neostigmine. Twitch height, train-of-four, and 50- and 100-Hz tetanic fade were recorded for 15 min after the administration of the reversal agents. No significant differences were found among the three groups in the final twitch height (95% +/- 2%), train-of-four (87% +/- 1%, 88% +/- 2%, 89% +/- 1%), and 50-Hz tetanic fade (90% +/- 1%, 94% +/- 1%, 93% +/- 1%) (mean +/- SEM). Fifteen minutes after reversal, fade in response to 100-Hz tetanus was statistically greater in the A10 group than in the two other groups (70% +/- 3% of control versus 84% +/- 4% and 81% +/- 2%) (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.05). The present results demonstrate that larger doses of atropine facilitate neostigmine's reversal of vecuronium neuromuscular blockade. The clinical implications of the differences observed in this study remain to be determined.
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PMID:The influence of atropine dose on recovery from vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade. 809 86

The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy of esmolol and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as primary drugs for producing controlled hypotension and limiting blood loss during orthognathic surgery. Thirty ASA physical status I and II patients (mean age 22 yr) undergoing LeFort I maxillary osteotomies were randomly assigned to receive either esmolol (n = 15) or SNP (n = 15) as the primary drug to induce hypotension. All patients received a balanced anesthetic technique including isoflurane, with controlled hypotension during the downfracture of the maxilla. Patients assigned to the esmolol treatment group received boluses of 500 micrograms/kg of esmolol, followed by a continuous infusion of 100-300 micrograms.kg-1.min-1, and the SNP treatment group received a continuous infusion of SNP at 0.25-4.00 micrograms.kg-1.min-1; both infusions were titrated to obtain a mean arterial blood pressure within the target range of 55-65 mm Hg. The mean arterial blood pressure during the hypotensive period was 58.7 +/- 0.7 (mean +/- SEM) and 61.8 +/- 0.4 mm Hg for esmolol and SNP, respectively (P less than 0.001). In addition, 40% +/- 4% of the observed values in the esmolol group and 53% +/- 3% in the SNP group were outside the target range for mean arterial blood pressure (difference significant at P less than 0.05), and a greater proportion of the deviations were above 65 mm Hg in the SNP group than in the esmolol group (0.64 vs 0.46, respectively, P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Esmolol is more effective than sodium nitroprusside in reducing blood loss during orthognathic surgery. 845 90

We studied recovery in 25 adult patients, ASA I, undergoing elective orthopaedic procedures after anaesthesia with 0.65 MAC desflurane (n = 16) or isoflurane (n = 9) with 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Early emergence from anaesthesia was assessed in the operating room by measuring time to spontaneous movement, cough, response to painful pinch, tracheal extubation, opening of the eyes and stating correct age, name and body parts. The return of cognitive functions in the late recovery phase was assessed in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) by post-anaesthesia recovery scores (PARS), the Trieger dot test (TDT), and the digit substitution test (DST). In the early recovery phase, time to tracheal extubation, opening eyes, telling correct name, age and body parts occurred significantly faster in the desflurane group than in the isoflurane group (P < 0.05). The mean "triple orientation" time (to name, age, body parts) was 10.9 (SEM 0.9) min for desflurane, compared with 18.6 (2.5) min for isoflurane (P < 0.01). In the late recovery phase, desflurane patients had significantly greater PARS, more correct responses to the DST and fewer error responses to the TDT. Recovery times were not increased by increased duration of desflurane anaesthesia. The desflurane patients showed no delirium, minimal sedation and less shivering during the entire postoperative course. We conclude that desflurane anaesthesia was superior to isoflurane anaesthesia, not only in emergence, but also in the recovery of cognitive functions.
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PMID:Recovery of cognitive functions after anaesthesia with desflurane or isoflurane and nitrous oxide. 138 42

Aspirin at high but not at low doses reduces the fibrinolytic response to venous occlusion. Inhibition of vascular prostacyclin synthesis could be involved in this effect. Fish oil supplementation may redirect prostanoid metabolism toward an overall "antithrombotic" condition but with controversial effects on prostacyclin formation. In this study we investigated the effect of low-dose aspirin together with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on the fibrinolytic response to venous occlusion. Following a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, six healthy volunteers (three men and three women, 24-37 years old) were given for 29 days 5.3 g eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids or a corresponding dose of n-6 PUFAs as control; aspirin (40 mg/day) was then added for an additional 14 days. A 2-month washout period was allowed before the crossover. Blood was collected before and after venous stasis on days 0, 29, and 43 of each test period. A combination of aspirin with n-3 PUFAs reduced the fibrinolytic response to venous occlusion in all subjects, the mean value of fibrinolytic activity after stasis being 240 +/- 40 mm2, a value significantly lower than at baseline (366 +/- 51 mm2, mean +/- SEM, p < 0.05). Similarly, the tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen level was lower in the aspirin + PUFA-treated group. Plasminogen activator inhibitor activity before stasis was enhanced by n-3 PUFA supplementation (from 7.5 +/- 2 to 14.8 +/- 3 IU/ml, p < 0.05), an effect not affected by aspirin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Modulation of fibrinolytic response to venous occlusion in humans by a combination of low-dose aspirin and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. 139 May 91

Twelve ASA physical status I-II patients undergoing pelvic laparoscopy for infertility were enrolled in a study to quantify the effects of CO2 insufflation and the Trendelenburg position on CO2 elimination and pulmonary gas exchange, and to determine the minute ventilation required to maintain normocapnia during CO2 insufflation. Measurements of O2 uptake (VO2), CO2 elimination (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE), FIO2, and respiratory exchange ratio (RQ) were made during three steady states: control (C) taken after 15 min of normoventilation but before CO2 insufflation, after 15 min (L1) and 30 min (L2) of hyperventilation during CO2 insufflation. The FIO2 was controlled at 0.5 and arterial blood gases were used to calculate the oxygen tension-based indices of pulmonary gas exchange. After 15 min and 30 min of CO2 insufflation, the volume of CO2 absorbed from the peritoneal cavity was estimated at 42.1 +/- 5.1 and 38.6 +/- 6.6 (SEM) ml.min-1 respectively, increasing CO2 elimination through the lungs by about 30%. Hyperventilation of the lungs by a 20-30% increase in minute ventilation maintained normocapnia. Despite the CO2 pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position, there was no impairment of pulmonary oxygen exchange as estimated by (A-alpha)DO2. This study demonstrated that a 30% increase in minute ventilation, achieved by increasing tidal volume to more than 10 ml.kg-1, is sufficient to eliminate the increased CO2 load and maintain normal pulmonary O2 exchange during pelvic laparoscopy.
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PMID:Carbon dioxide absorption and gas exchange during pelvic laparoscopy. 139 55

Intramucosal 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and acetylated 5-ASA (Ac-5-ASA) concentrations were determined in ileocolonic biopsy specimens from 61 patients with irritable bowel syndrome treated for one week with near equimolar doses of different slow release preparations of 5-ASA (Claversal, Asacol, or Pentasa) or azo-bound drugs (Salazopyrin, Dipentum). The transit time in these patients was accelerated by a laxative, metoclopramide, and colonic lavage. The presence of 5-ASA in the mucosa was confirmed by autofluorescence. The highest concentrations of 5-ASA were obtained after Asacol (mean (SEM), 298.5 (37.3) ng/mg wet wt), followed by Claversal 500 mg (108.8 (11.7) ng/mg wet wt) and Pentasa (25.7 (2.2) ng/mg wet wt). Very low concentrations only were observed after Claversal 250 mg (0.3 (0.03) ng/mg wet wt), Salazopyrine (1.2 (0.1) ng/mg wet wt), and Dipentum (11.0 (3.2) ng/mg wet wt). The results for Ac-5-ASA were similar but the concentrations were generally lower. Serum concentration-time curves over eight hours were obtained from 34 healthy volunteers after a single oral dose of 400 to 500 mg of the different drugs. For the slow release forms, an apparently inverse relationship was found between the area under the curve of the serum concentrations and the intramucosal concentrations, supporting the importance of the local availability of the drug. This inverse relationship was absent for the azo-bound drugs. Colonic washout induced mechanical removal of intraluminal 5-ASA with a secondary disturbance in absorption resulting in a rapid decline in the serum concentrations. However, only for Dipentum did this result in significantly lower 5-ASA mucosal concentrations. This is the first reported attempt to evaluate the mucosal availability of 5-ASA after different oral preparations. It shows that where transit time is accelerated higher mucosal concentrations occur after slow release preparations (except for Claversal 250 mg) than after azo-bound drugs. Additional studies are necessary to correlate these concentrations with clinical effects.
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PMID:Concentrations of 5-ASA and Ac-5-ASA in human ileocolonic biopsy homogenates after oral 5-ASA preparations. 850 78

New Zealand rabbits were chronically incannulated in the lateral ventricle and cisterna magna to assess the hypothesis that calcium concentration (Ca) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) varies during fevers of diverse origin. In normothermic and febrile animals recovering from surgery, CSF Ca was positively and significantly correlated to rectal temperature (TR). IV injection of E. coli endotoxin and ICV injection of human recombinant interleukin 1 beta (hrIL-1 beta) induced a TR rise of 1.7 +/- 0.3 degrees C (mean +/- SEM) and 1.45 +/- 0.25 degrees C, respectively, accompanied by significant increases in CSF Ca. After endotoxin administration, maximal Ca increases ranged between 0.21 and 0.48 mM above basal values in individual animals (p < 0.01), whereas after administration of hrIL-1 beta increases were 0.17 and 0.25 mM (p < 0.05). Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) countered the fever induced by both endotoxin and hrIL-1 beta administrations and concomitantly antagonized the Ca increase in CSF. HrIL-1 beta-derived nonapeptide was characteristically devoid of pyrogenic effect and did not modify CSF Ca. Although ICV injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increased TR by 2.1 +/- 0.77 degrees C, it failed to have any effect on CSF Ca. Differently from the other Ca enhancers, PGE2, however, increased CSF protein concentration (protein). These findings suggest that brain calcium metabolism plays a role in fever development and that prostaglandin involvement is only engaged once changes in CSF calcium concentration have taken place.
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PMID:Calcium changes in rabbit CSF during endotoxin, IL-1 beta, and PGE2 fever. 147 10

Dose-response relationships for doxacurium and neostigmine were established in 24 young (18-40 yr) and 24 elderly (70-85 yr) patients, ASA physical status I or II, anesthetized with thiopental, fentanyl, nitrous oxide, and isoflurane. Mechanomyographic response of the adductor pollicis muscle to the train-of-four stimulation of the ulnar nerve was recorded. Doxacurium (5, 10, 15, or 20 micrograms/kg IV) was administered by random allocation. After maximal blockade, and additional dose, for a total of 30 micrograms/kg, was administered. When first twitch height recovered to 25%, incremental doses of 5 micrograms/kg were administered for maintenance of relaxation. Neostigmine (5, 10, 20, or 40 micrograms/kg) was injected at 25% first twitch recovery, and neuromuscular monitoring was continued for 10 min. The doses of doxacurium (+/- SEM) required to produce a 50%, 90%, and 95% depression of twitch tension in the young patients were, respectively, 13.3 +/- 1.6, 23.6 +/- 2.8, and 28.6 +/- 3.4 micrograms/kg, not statistically different from corresponding values in the elderly, 11.8 +/- 1.3, 21.2 +/- 2.3, and 25.9 +/- 2.9 micrograms/kg, respectively. Time to 25% recovery after 30 micrograms/kg was 80.2 +/- 12.2 min in the young versus 133.0 +/- 17.1 min in the elderly (P less than 0.05). Neostigmine-assisted recovery was not significantly different in both groups. The estimated doses of neostigmine to obtain 70% train-of-four recovery after 10 min were 53.6 +/- 7.5 micrograms/kg in the young and 41.6 +/- 5.8 micrograms/kg in the elderly (P = NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Dose-response relations of doxacurium and its reversal with neostigmine in young adults and healthy elderly patients. 153 72


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