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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Charge movements were measured in frog intact fibers with the three-microelectrode technique and in cut fibers with the double Vaseline gap technique. At 13-14 degrees C, the ON segments of charge movement records from both preparations showed an early I beta component and a late I gamma hump component. When an intact fiber was cooled to 4-7 degrees C, the time-to-peak of I gamma (tp,gamma) was prolonged, but I gamma still appeared as a hump. Q-V plots from intact fibers at 4-7 degrees C were fitted with a sum of two Boltzmann distribution functions (method 1). The more steeply voltage-dependent component, identified with Q gamma, accounted for 32.1% (SEM 2.2%) of the total charge. This fraction was larger than the 22.6% (SEM 1.5%) obtained by separating the ON currents with a sum of two kinetic functions (method 2). The total charge in cut fibers stretched to a sarcomere length of 3.5 microns at 13-14 degrees C was separated into Q beta and Q gamma by methods 1 and 2. The fraction of Q gamma in the total charge was 51.3% (SEM 1.7%) and 53.7% (SEM 1.8%), respectively, suggesting that cut fibers have a larger proportion of Q gamma:Q beta than intact fibers. When cut fibers were stretched to a sarcomere length of 4 microns, the proportion of Q gamma:Q beta was unchanged. Between 4 and 13 degrees C, the Q10 of l/tp,gamma in intact fibers was 2.33 (SEM 0.33) and that of 1/tau beta was less than 1.44 (SEM 0.04), implying that the kinetics of I gamma has a steeper temperature dependence than the kinetics of I beta. When cut fibers were cooled from 14 to 6 degrees C, I gamma in the ON segment generally became too broad to be manifested as a hump. In a cut fiber in which I gamma was manifested as a hump, the Q10 of l/tp,gamma was 2.08 and that of l/tau beta was less than 1.47. Separating the Q-V plots from cut fibers at different temperatures by method 1 showed that the proportion of Q gamma:Q beta was unaffected by temperature change. The appearance of I gamma humps at low temperatures in intact fibers but generally not in cut fibers suggests an intrinsic difference between the two fiber preparations.
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PMID:Comparison of charge movement components in intact and cut twitch fibers of the frog. Effects of stretch and temperature. 194 Aug 52

Compound Action Potential Tuning Curves (CAP-TC) for tone pip of 2k, 4 kHz were examined in 8 guinea pigs before and after exposure to noise with main energy centered in the range of 0.25-4.0 kHz. CAP-TC was measured with the pure tone simultaneous masking profiles. AP was evoked by tone pip with an intensity of 10 dB above threshold. Masker level producing 40% reduction in AP amplitude was used. Relations between changes in CAP-TC and AP threshold shifts and the pathology of the stereocilia of hair cells were evaluated by surface preparation and SEM observation in 13 ears. After noise exposure, animals with damaged stereocilia showed AP threshold shift of 20-50 dB, deteriorations of CAP-TC, decrease of Q10 dB value, threshold shift of characteristic frequencies (CF) and displacement of CF towards higher frequencies. It showed that stereocilia damage may affect the susceptibility and frequency selectivity of the cochlea. We consider the CAP-TC may be an useful and sensitive index for detecting physiological and pathological conditions of the cochlea.
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PMID:[Effects of submarine engine room steady noise on the compound action potential tuning curves and its relation to cochlear pathology in guinea pigs]. 198 29

An electrical potential difference (PD) is measured between maternal organism and fetus in the pregnant guinea pig. To investigate whether the PD is generated by active or passive forces these studies examined the temperature dependence of the PD in guinea pigs at 55-61 days gestation. Anesthesia was induced (ketamine, 44 mg/kg) and maintained (halothane, 1.5%) in 5 pregnant guinea pigs. The animals were subjected to alternating 1 hour periods of cooling and recovery, changing core body and intrauterine temperature about 5 degrees C. PD was monitored continuously with Ag/AgCl electrodes placed in the maternal abdominal cavity and the amniotic fluid. The resting PD (+/- SEM) was 24.1 +/- 2.8 mV. Analysis of covariance indicated that PD decreased slowly with time and increased significantly with lowered temperature. A second group of 4 guinea pigs was studied after beta blockade with propranolol (0.1 mg iv, repeated hourly). In this group the resting PD was 20.7 +/- 3.6 mV. The PD decreased gradually with time and decreased consistently during cooling. In the propranolol group the relation between PD and temperature yielded a calculated activation energy of 11.7 +/- 0.8 kcal/mol (Q10 = 1.9, 30-40 degrees C). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that at least some of the PD is generated by an energy-dependent electrogenic ion pump, or by selective passive diffusion of ions across a lipid membrane during which a significant energy barrier is overcome. They are not consistent with the generation of the PD exclusively by passive streaming of ions through water-filled channels. During cooling catecholamines are presumably released, favoring the generation of the PD.
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PMID:Temperature dependence of the maternal-fetal electrical potential difference in guinea pigs. 263 65

The authors measured the rate of carbon dioxide elimination (VCO2) in 25 pediatric patients (age 2 days to 9 yr) during total cardiopulmonary bypass at average venous blood temperatures ranging from 19.5 to 35.9 degrees C. A multiplexed mass spectrometer was connected to the gas inlet and exhaust ports of the bubble oxygenator, and the gas-phase Fick principle was used to determine VCO2. A curvilinear relationship was found between log VCO2 and venous blood temperature, and a quadratic regression equation (r2 = 0.74) was fit to the data. Q10 (the ratio of VCO2 before and after a 10 degree C temperature change) was estimated to be 2.7 or 3.0, depending on the analytic method used. Venous blood temperature as a predictor variable explained a greater proportion of the variability of log VCO2 than did nasopharyngeal or rectal temperatures. Analysis of covariance revealed that total circulatory arrest during bypass (utilized in 10 patients for 34 +/- 4 min, mean +/- SEM) affected the relationship of venous blood temperature with log VCO2, by increasing the y-intercept (P = .008) but not the slope. These data, with associated 95% prediction intervals, define the expected CO2 elimination rates at various temperatures during standard bypass conditions in our patients. Real-time measurement of VCO2 using mass spectrometry can be a useful routine monitor during CPB that may help to assess patient metabolic function, adequacy of perfusion, and oxygenator performance.
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PMID:Carbon dioxide elimination during total cardiopulmonary bypass in infants and children. 313 83

The effect of temperature changes (36-40 degrees C) on the liver function was studied in the isolated perfused pig liver. When compared with control studies no effect was observed on lactate, glucose, bile flow, ATP and energy charge, and the recovery after the changes in temperature was complete. The only significant changes observed regarded the hepatic oxygen uptake and galactose elimination capacity. The increase of 1 degree C resulted in an increase in galactose elimination of 6%, corresponding to a Q10 of 1.98 (SEM 0.12) with an energy of activation of 48 kJ/mol (SEM 4.7). Oxygen uptake was linearly related to galactose elimination (1.75 mol for 1 mole change in galactose elimination). These results indicate that circulatory changes are unimportant within physiological temperature changes. It is concluded that temperature effects on galactose elimination are too small to warrant a correction when used as a clinical test of quantitative liver function.
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PMID:The effect of physiological temperature changes on the galactose elimination capacity of the isolated perfused pig liver. 374 57

The contractile properties of the rabbit inferior oblique muscle (IO) were studied in vitro with direct stimulation at temperatures between 20 and 35 degrees C. Isovelocity releases were used to determine the force/velocity relation. Cooling the muscle from 35 degrees C to 20 degrees C increased contraction and half-relaxation times of single twitches with a temperature coefficient (Q10) of 0.4, but did not affect significantly the twitch tension. The tetanic tension increases with increasing temperature (Q10 = 1.32). Cooling decreased the maximum shortening velocity of the IO with a Q10 of 1.6 and the maximum mechanical power with a Q10 of 2.3. At 35 degrees C, the maximum speed of shortening of the muscle (19 +/- 2 muscle lengths/s, mean +/- SEM) corresponded to a maximum shortening velocity of the sarcomeres of 57 +/- 6 microns/s. This value is similar to data obtained for extraocular muscles (EOM) of smaller rodents (mice and rats). In comparison with mammalian limb muscles the isometric and force-velocity properties of mammalian EOM appear to be virtually independent of the size of the animal. Thus, IO is a fast-twitch muscle endowed with a maximum velocity of shortening higher than that of fast-twitch skeletal muscle, but using a tetanic mechanical power lower than that produced by slow-twitch muscle: the combination of these properties makes it ideally suited to move an ocular globe of low mass at high velocity.
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PMID:The force-velocity relation of the rabbit inferior oblique muscle; influence of temperature. 805 24

The effect of [MgADP] on relaxation from isometric tension, initiated by reducing free [Ca2+] through photolysis of the caged photolabile Ca2+ chelator diazo-2, was determined at 20 degrees C in alpha-toxin permeabilized tonic (rabbit femoral artery, Rf) and phasic (rabbit bladder, Rb) smooth muscle. In Rf, the shape of the relaxation curve was clearly biphasic, consisting of a slow "plateau" phase followed by a monotonic exponential decline with rate constant k. The duration of the plateau (d = 44 +/- 4 s, mean +/- SEM, n = 28) was well correlated (R = 0.92) with the total t1/2 of relaxation that was 66 +/- 3 s (n = 28) in the presence of 20 mM creatine phosphate (CP), and was prolonged in the absence of CP (t1/2 = 83 +/- 3 s, n = 7); addition of 100 microM MgADP further slowed relaxation (t1/2 = 132 +/- 7 s, n = 14). In Rb, a plateau was not detectable and t1/2 (= 15 +/- 2 s, n = 6) was not affected by 100 microM MgADP. In Rf the Q10 between 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C was 4.3 +/- 0.4 for d-1 and 2.8 +/- 0.3 for k (n = 8; p = 0.006). The regulatory myosin light chain (MLC20) in Rf was dephosphorylated at 0.07 +/- 0.02 s-1, from 42 +/- 3% before to 20 +/- 2% after photolysis of diazo-2, reaching basal values at a time when force had fallen by only 40%. We conclude that, in the presence of ATP, as during rigor, the affinity of dephosphorylated cross-bridges for MgADP is significantly higher in tonic than in phasic smooth muscle and contributes to the maintenance of force at low levels of phosphorylation. The MgADP dependence of the post-dephosphorylation phase of relaxation is consistent with its being rate-limited by the slow off-rate of ADP from cross-bridges that were dephosphorylated while in force-generating ADP-bound (AM*D) cross-bridge states. The fourfold faster off-rate of ADP from AM*D in the phasic, Rb, compared to tonic, Rf, smooth muscle is a major determinant of the different kinetics of relaxation in the two types of smooth muscle.
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PMID:The role of MgADP in force maintenance by dephosphorylated cross-bridges in smooth muscle: a flash photolysis study. 859 68

Resting potentials (Vm) were measured in mouse Leydig cells, using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. In contrast to conventional microelectrode measurements, where a biphasic potential was observed, we recorded a stable Vm around -32.2 +/- 1.2 mV (mean +/- SEM, n = 159), at 25 degrees C, and an input resistance larger than 2.7 x 109 W. Although Vm is sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentrations of potassium and chloride, the relationship between Vm and these ions' concentrations cannot be described by either the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz or the Nernst equation. Perifusing cells with potassium-free solution or 10?3 M ouabain induced a marked depolarization averaging 20.1 +/- 3.2 mV (n = 9) and 23.1 +/- 2.8 mV, (n = 7), respectively. Removal of potassium or addition of ouabain with the cell voltage-clamped at its Vm, resulted in an inwardly directed current, due to inhibition of the Na+K+ATPase. The pump current increased with temperature with a Q10 coefficient of 2.3 and had an average value of -6.5 +/- 0.4 pA (n = 21) at 25 degrees C. Vm also varied strongly with temperature, reaching values as low as -9.2 +/- 1.2 mV (n = 22) at 15 degrees C. Taking the pump current at 25 degrees C and a minimum estimate for the membrane input resistance, we can see that the Na+K+ATPase could directly contribute with 17.7 mV to the Vm of Leydig cells, which is a major fraction of the ?32.2 +/- 1.2 mV (n = 159) observed.
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PMID:The resting potential of mouse Leydig cells: role of an electrogenic Na+/K+ pump. 1253 79

Ih is a poorly selective cation current that activates upon hyperpolarization, present in various types of neurons. Our aim was to perform a detailed thermodynamic analysis of Ih gating kinetics, in order to assess putative structural changes associated with its activation and deactivation. To select dorsal root ganglia neurons that exhibit large Ih, we applied a current signature method by Petruska et al. (J Neurophysiol 84:2365-2379, 2000) and found appropriate neurons in cluster 4. Currents elicited by 3,000-ms hyperpolarizing pulses at 25 and 33 degrees C were fitted with double exponential functions, yielding time constants similar to those of HCN1. The fast activation and deactivation rates showed temperature coefficients (Q10) of 2.9 and 3.1, respectively, while Q10 of the absolute conductance was 1.3. Using the Arrhenius-Eyring formalism we computed heights of voltage-independent Gibbs free energy and entropy barriers for each rate. The free energy barriers of the fast rates were just approximately 2RT units lower than those of the corresponding slow rates (31.3 vs. 33.2RT for activation, and 24.7 vs. 25.8RT for deactivation, at 25 degrees C). Interestingly, the entropy barriers of the slow rates were negative: -15.2R units for activation and -11.9R units for deactivation, compared to 4.6 and 1.3R units, respectively, for the fast component. The equivalent gating charge (zg) (3.75 +/- 0.32, mean +/- SEM, at 25 degrees C) and half-activation potential (V1/2) (-70.0 +/- 1.3 mV at 25 degrees C) did not vary significantly with temperature.
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PMID:Thermodynamic properties of hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) in a subgroup of primary sensory neurons. 1667 67

The present work investigates the effects of a variety of natural cryoprotectants in combination on post-thaw viability and apoptosis of cryopreserved mononuclear cells (MNCs) derived from umbilical cord blood. The extracellular cryoprotectants (10 mM) namely trehalose, hydroxyl ethyl starch, polyvinyl pyrrolidine and intracellular CPAs (5 mM) like erythritol, taurine and ectoine were used to prepare different combinations of freezing medium following L9 (3(4)) Taguchi orthogonal array. Catalase, coenzyme Q10 and n-acetyl cystine (100 microg/m) were added as antioxidants. Among various combinations, freezing medium consisting of hydroxyl ethyl starch, ectoin and co-enzyme Q10 with 10% FBS is found to be most effective combination achieving maximum cell viability of 93%, 5.6% early apoptotic, 0.7% late apoptotic and 0.1% necrotic cells. SEM and phase contrast microscopy confirmed the normal cell morphology of the post-thaw cultured cells with retaining their membrane integrity. The survival rate of MNCs is higher than the rate achieved using conventional Me2SO.
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PMID:Effects of non-toxic cryoprotective agents on the viability of cord blood derived MNCs. 2444 65


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