Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous investigations have shown that animals maintained with enteral nutrition are better able to survive an intraperitoneal bacterial challenge than animals receiving parenteral nutrition. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of enteral and parenteral nutrition on reticuloendothelial function. Eighteen enteral-fed male Sprague-Dawley rats had access to a standard hyperalimentation solution via a sipper tube ad libitum. Seventeen parenteral-fed animals received the same solution at an infusion rate determined by the volume ingested by the pair-fed enteral animals. All animals had central venous catheters. After 12 days, reticuloendothelial function was assessed by measuring the clearance rate (K) and the organ distribution of intravenous 51Cr-labeled sheep red blood cells and by plasma fibronectin levels. Nutritional status was assessed by body weight and nitrogen balance. K values in enteral and parenteral animals were similar (0.110 +/- 0.011 and 0.140 +/- 0.012, respectively, mean +/- SEM) as were plasma fibronectin levels (196 +/- 22 and 228 +/- 15 micrograms, respectively). Organ distribution of the 51Cr-labeled sheep red blood cells was the same in both groups. Nitrogen balance and body weights were also similar in both groups. These data demonstrate that in this experimental model enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition were equally effective at maintaining reticuloendothelial function and nutritional status.
 ...
PMID:Effects of enteral vs parenteral nutrition on reticuloendothelial function. 310 83

In this collaborative study involving 27 European medical centers, the plasma GH response to a single iv bolus dose of 2 micrograms/kg BW synthetic GHRH-(1-44)NH2 was determined in 574 children with growth failure of various etiologies. Analysis of the plasma GH response to GHRH was performed in 394 validated prepubertal children; these children were subdivided into 3 groups according to the degree of GH deficiency assessed within 6 months by conventional provocative tests (insulin, arginine, etc.): normal GH status (n = 210), partial GH deficiency (n = 73), or severe GH deficiency (n = 111). The mean peak GH values (+/- 2 SEM) after GHRH treatment in the three groups were 45.8 +/- 4.8, 29.2 +/- 6.3, and 16.8 +/- 3.1 microU/mL, respectively, and were greater than those after the conventional tests. The GH responses were consistent with the degree of GH deficiency based on the responses to the conventional tests. In addition, the areas under the GH response curves in the three groups were significantly different (P less than 0.0001). Among children with severe idiopathic GH deficiency 77% had a peak plasma GH level after GHRH above 10.0 microU/mL and 39% had a peak GH above 20.0 microU/mL. In these children, a single GHRH injection provides information on both their GH secretory capacity and the putative supresellar etiology of their GH deficiency, and may be of potential therapeutic value.
 ...
PMID:Growth hormone (GH) response to a single intravenous injection of synthetic GH-releasing hormone in prepubertal children with growth failure. 311 96

To separate the respective influence of the level and source of infused energy on nitrogen metabolism, 32 studies were performed in 16 appropriate-for-gestational-age newborn infants (birth weight 2150 +/- 115 g, means +/- SEM). In a cross-over design, each patient received two 6-d periods of isocaloric and isonitrogenous (450 mg.kg-1.d-1) infusions, differing only by the source of calories (high or low fat intakes). Half of the patients were studied at 60 kcal.kg-1.d-1, the other half at 80 kcal.kg-1.d-1. Nitrogen balance, urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion, glycemia, and insulin were compared. The results suggest that for an intravenous energy intake ranging from 60 to 80 kcal.kg-1.d-1, glucose and fat provide an equivalent nitrogen sparing effect in the newborn infant. At an energy level covering maintenance requirements, it is the infant's clinical condition rather than the source of energy which affects most the magnitude of amino acids participation in energy metabolism.
 ...
PMID:Total parenteral nutrition in the newborn: impact of the quality of infused energy on nitrogen metabolism. 312 93

Increased plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH) are reported in diabetes and it is suggested that this may be important in the development of complications. We have investigated fasting GH levels and the response to 100 micrograms i.v. growth hormone releasing factor, GRF(1-29)NH2, in age-matched men: six normal weight controls, six obese controls, six insulin-dependent diabetics, six normal weight non-insulin dependent diabetics and six obese non-insulin dependent diabetics. None of the diabetic men had clinical evidence of diabetic complications. Fasting GH values did not differ significantly between the five groups. The peak GH response to GRF was similar in the controls, insulin-dependent diabetics (IDD) and non-insulin dependent (NIDD) normal weight diabetics (mean peak +/- SEM: controls 25.5 +/- 5 mU/l, IDD 26.5 +/- 6 mU/l, NIDD 19.7 +/- 5 mU/l) but was significantly reduced in the two obese groups (obese 6.4 +/- 3 mU/l, obese diabetics 4.5 +/- 1 mU/l, P less than 0.01). This impairment of GH secretion was unrelated to either fasting plasma insulin or glucose concentration. We conclude that our results do not confirm the previous reports of abnormal GH secretion in diabetes but do demonstrate a markedly impaired GH response to GRF to be a feature of obesity.
 ...
PMID:Growth hormone response to growth hormone releasing factor in diabetic men. 313 33

Nitrogen metabolism and plasma insulin level were studied postoperatively in 14 patients (six males and eight females) with a disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract and therefore operated on electively. The patients received one of the two isocaloric parenteral nutrition regimens postoperatively: one, on the average, with 1.2 g of amino acids/kg/day and the other with 3.1 g of amino acids/kg/day. During postoperative intravenous alimentation rich in amino acids the cumulative nitrogen balance over 3 days was +13.1 (interval from -1.3 to +21.4) gN but -10.1 (interval from -12.1 to -2.4) gN during parenteral nutrition with a smaller amount of amino acids. The difference was significant (p less than 0.001). During parenteral nutrition rich in amino acids the changes of the serum albumin level, ie, -0.4 (SEM 1.1) g/liter, and of the serum transferrin level, ie; -0.16 (SEM 0.22) g/liter, were statistically insignificant (p greater than 0.05). During intravenous alimentation poor in amino acids serum albumin decreased by 3.8 (SEM 1.2) g/liter (p less than 0.01) and serum transferrin by 0.44 (SEM 0.05) g/liter (p less than 0.001). The differences of the changes between the groups were significant (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.01, respectively). These various effects of the two parenteral nutrition regimens were not dependent on the different fluid balances during intravenous alimentation or on the different plasma insulin levels. It is concluded that a rich supply of amino acids--more than 1.2 g/kg/day--in postoperative parenteral nutrition better maintains the visceral protein levels in the serum, which possibly depends on the greater protein production in the liver.
 ...
PMID:Maintenance of visceral protein levels in serum during postoperative parenteral nutrition. 314 41

The main adduct of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-Pt) with DNA, cis-[Pt(NH3)2(dGpdG)], was administered i.p. to rats. Urine was collected daily for 4 days. The adduct was purified by a weak cation exchanger and quantitated by HPLC with UV detection. The recovery of the adduct was 30.0 +/- 7.0% (mean +/- SEM). The main reason for the low recovery was the chemical instability of cis-[Pt(NH3)2 (dGpdG)] in urine as shown in an in vitro incubation. Adjusted for this instability the recovery in urine was greater than 70% of the dose. When cis-Pt-DNA (the molar ratio of cis-Pt to nucleotide = 1:50) was administered i.p. to rats only 1.25 +/- 0.23% of platinum was excreted in urine in the form of cis-[Pt(NH3)2(dGpdG)] and cis-[Pt(NH3)2(dApdG)] during the first 4 days. If the removal of the cis-Pt-DNA adducts from human tissues is to be followed, their possible slow excretion and chemical instability in urine needs to be considered.
 ...
PMID:Excretion kinetics of the DNA adducts of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) formed in vitro in rat urine. 316 53

Rats with experimental diabetes due to streptozotocin (75 mg/kg body weight) and free access to food were divided into two groups. One group (n = 9) was optimally treated with insulin (glucosuria less than 4.0 mmol/24 h), using heat treated very long-acting ultralente insulin. The other group (n = 10) was poorly treated with insulin (glucosuria 20-30 mmol/24 h). The nitrogen balance and energy balance of optimally treated diabetic rats was positive and not different from the control group (n = 6). In the poorly treated diabetic rats the nitrogen balance was reduced whereas the energy balance was not different from that of control rats. After 4 weeks the fasting glucagon was: 50 +/- 21 ng/l (mean +/- SEM) in control rats, 62 +/- 18 ng/l in optimally treated diabetic rats and 249 +/- 58 ng/l in poorly treated diabetic rats (p less than 0.01). The capacity of urea nitrogen synthesis determined during alanine loading was: 9.6 +/- 1.0 mumol/(min 100 g body weight) in control rats, 10.6 +/- 1.7 mumol/(min 100 g body weight) in optimally treated diabetic rats and 17.3 +/- 1.3 mumol/(min 100 g body weight) in poorly treated diabetic rats (p less than 0.01). Nitrogen contents of carcass, heart, intestines, liver, and kidneys as determined by Kjeldahl analyses were identical in control rats and optimally treated diabetic rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Strict insulin therapy normalises organ nitrogen contents and the capacity of urea nitrogen synthesis in experimental diabetes in rats. 328 51

Intracellular pH (pHi) and buffer power of frog muscle were measured using pH-sensitive microelectrodes under conditions used previously in energy balance experiments because pH strongly influences the molar enthalpy change for phosphocreatine splitting, the major net reaction during brief contractions. The extracellular pH (pHe) of HEPES buffered Ringer's solution influenced pHi, but change in pHi developed slowly. Addition or removal of CO2 or NH3 from the extracellular solution caused a rapid change in pHi. The mean buffer power measured with CO2 was 38.4 mmol.l-1.pH unit-1 (+/- SEM 2.1, n = 49) and with NH3 was 36.2 (+/- SEM 5.5, n = 4) at 20-22 degrees C. At 5 degrees C, in experiments with CO2 the mean buffer power was 40.3 (+/- SEM 2.6, n = 3). For pHi values above approximately 7.0, the observed buffer power was greater than that expected from the values in the literature for the histidine content of intracellular proteins, carnosine and inorganic phosphate in the sarcoplasm. The measured pHi values were similar to those assumed in energy balance calculations, but the high measured buffer power suggests that other buffering reactions occur in addition to those included in energy balance calculations.
 ...
PMID:Buffer power and intracellular pH of frog sartorius muscle. 349 33

In 89 healthy full-term newborn infants, we studied the different contribution of gastrin 17 (G17) and gastrin 34 (G34) to neonatal hypergastrinemia and the G17 and G34 response to a meal in the first days of life. Serum concentrations of G17 and G34 were measured by radioimmunoassay specific for the NH2-terminus of G17 and G34 in 23 newborn infants in the cord blood and in 66 newborn infants before or 20 min after bottle-feeding. Basal serum G17 and G34 values were also obtained in 38 healthy fasting adults. Mean (+/- SEM) G17 levels in the cord blood were not different from those of the adult controls (29.28 +/- 4.16 versus 31.00 +/- 2.62 pg/ml) and increased significantly either at 12 h (48.06 +/- 7.32 pg/ml, p less than 0.025) or on the 4th day of life (80.56 +/- 9.99 pg/ml, p less than 0.01). Serum G34 levels in the cord blood were significantly higher than in adult controls (163.22 +/- 11.19 versus 126.68 +/- 5.57 pg/ml, p less than 0.005) and increased at 12 h of life (225.22 +/- 25.95 pg/ml, p less than 0.02), but no increase was found on the 4th day of life (204.87 +/- 18.08 pg/ml). Neither postprandial G17 nor G34 increases were found on the 1st or on the 4th day of postnatal life. The study supports the following conclusions: (a) neonatal hypergastrinemia is mainly due to G34 fraction; (b) the increased levels of gastrin on the 4th day of life are due to G17 fraction; (c) bottle-feeding does not stimulate either G17 or G34 release in the first 4 days of life.
 ...
PMID:Gastrin 17 and gastrin 34, before and after a meal, in newborn infants. 369 65

The purpose of this study was to develop an in vitro model of the proximal colon that would permit investigation of the function of colonic bacteria. Five continuous cultures of fecal bacteria were maintained anaerobically in steady state for at least 21 days in a medium simulating ileostomy effluent. The pH was maintained at 6 by the controlled infusion of sodium bicarbonate. Fresh medium (13 ml) was pumped into the culture for 2 min every hour and excess culture was simultaneously removed. The redox potential of all cultures remained below -300 mV, whereas the osmolality was maintained hypertonic compared with the original inoculum or medium. The cultures readily produced volatile fatty acids at a rate of 30.4 +/- 3.6 mmol/day (mean +/- SEM). Acetic acid (10-19 mmol/day) and propionic acid (5-30 mmol/day) were produced in the largest amounts, whereas butyric acid was produced only in small amounts or not at all. Ammonia was produced in each culture in amounts that varied from day to day and between cultures. The osmolality and volatile fatty acid production increased when the carbohydrate input was doubled and decreased when the cultures were deprived of carbohydrate. Thus it is possible to maintain actively fermenting viable cultures in vitro for prolonged periods; such cultures respond to changing conditions and may be useful in investigating the metabolic function of the colon.
 ...
PMID:Metabolism of mixed human colonic bacteria in a continuous culture mimicking the human cecal contents. 388 70


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>