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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Non-nutritive sucking in premature infants accelerates weight gain for unclear reasons. The effects of non-nutritive sucking on enteral hormone secretion may augment digestion and/or absorption of nutrients. Blood concentrations of gastrin, motilin, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 were measured before and 72 h after the initiation of nasogastric feedings in 21 premature infants randomly assigned to either a non-nutritive suckling or control group. Gastrin and motilin concentrations increased significantly after feedings in all infants (mean +/- SEM) (gastrin, 41 +/- 4 to 73 +/- 9 pg/ml, p < 0.01; motilin, 141 +/- 5 to 181 +/- 3 pg/ml, p < 0.01) Pre- and post-feed insulin concentrations were greater in the non-nutritive sucking group receiving bolus feeds than in control infants who were bolus-fed (P < 0.01). Non-nutritive sucking in premature infants does not appear to alter blood concentrations of motilin, gastrin, insulin or insulin-like growth factor-1 three days after initiation of feedings. If changes in the secretion of these hormones are induced by non-nutritive sucking, they may be at a local paracrine level.
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PMID:Non-nutritive sucking does not increase blood levels of gastrin, motilin, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 in premature infants receiving enteral feedings. 129 Aug 61

Our aim was to determine the role of intrinsic myoneural and enteric luminal continuity in the coordination of gastric and duodenal motility patterns. Three groups of dogs were prepared: five dogs with an intact gastrointestinal tract served as a Control group; four dogs had transection and reanastomosis of the duodenum 0.5 cm distal to the pylorus (Pyloric Transection group); and seven dogs had identical proximal duodenal transection, but with oversewing of duodenum and pylorojejunostomy to a Roux-en-Y limb (Roux-en-Y group). In the Control and Pyloric Transection groups, the gastric and intestinal MMCs were similar in appearance, the cycle durations (x +/- SEM) were not different (134 +/- 19 vs 111 +/- 26 min, respectively; P > 0.05), and the times between the start of gastric and duodenal Phase III (gastroduodenal latency) were similar (6 +/- 1 vs 10 +/- 3 min; P > 0.05). In the Roux-en-Y group, MMCs also occurred in six of seven dogs but tended to have a longer cycle duration (176 +/- 19 min) and a more variable gastroduodenal latency (23 +/- 15 min). Plasma motilin concentration, measured only in the Roux-en-Y group, was greater during Phase III in the stomach and duodenum than during Phases I or II (P < 0.05). Feeding inhibited the gastric and duodenal MMCs in all groups, but the duodenal MMC returned earlier in the Roux-en-Y group. The Roux-en-Y jejunal limb exhibited a postprandial pattern in only seven of 14 studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The role of myoneural and luminal continuity in the coordination of canine gastroduodenal patterns of motility. 149 92

Erythromycin has been shown to interact with gastrointestinal smooth muscle in a similar manner to motilin, and has been postulated as a motilin receptor agonist. We report that in isolated preparations from the biliary tract of thirty one Australian Brush-tailed Possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) erythromycin acts in a similar manner to motilin. In all muscle strips from the sphincter of Oddi, prepared in both the circular and longitudinal orientation, both synthetic porcine motilin (10(-10) M-10(-6) M) and erythromycin (lactobionate) (10(-8) M-10(-4) M) stimulated contractile activity in a concentration dependent manner, via a direct effect on the smooth muscle (the response was unaffected by tetrodotoxin, omega conotoxin GVIA or atropine). In strips prepared from the gallbladder neither agonist affected the contractile activity in 7 of 8 animals. Motilin was approximately 1000 fold more potent in stimulating contractile activity than erythromycin in both sphincter of Oddi circular strips [pD2 for peak response to motilin 8.67 (mean) +/- 0.06 (SEM) compared with erythromycin 5.67 +/- 0.09] and sphincter of Oddi longitudinal strips [pD2 for peak response to motilin 8.64 (mean) +/- 0.28 (SEM) compared with erythromycin 5.45 +/- 0.23]. The concentration response curves for motilin and erythromycin were similar and both agonists required the presence of extracellular calcium to elicit responses (responses were diminished by verapamil and abolished in calcium free Krebs solution). Our results support the hypothesis that erythromycin mimics the action of motilin in stimulating the sphincter of Oddi in vitro.
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PMID:Motilin and erythromycin enhance the in vitro contractile activity of the sphincter of Oddi of the Australian brush-tailed possum. 153 93

The plasma concentrations of seven gut regulatory peptides were measured in 11 infants suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Samples were taken at the time of the acute illness, upon reintroduction of feeding, and three months after recovery. These results were compared with controls. In the infants with diarrhoea, a massive increase in the fasting plasma mean (SEM) concentrations of enteroglucagon was found at the time of illness (1292 (312) v 79 (27) pmol/l), with concentrations of pancreatic glucagon, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, and motilin also being increased (17.8 (3.1) v 6.3 (1.1) pmol/l, 114.6 (15.2) v 37.0 (11.0) pmol/l, 217.6 (44.1) v 98.5 (18.3 pmol/l) respectively). The preprandial concentrations of motilin were found to be still increased at recovery (183.9 (35.4) pmol/l), but the concentrations of the other three peptides had returned to normal values. No differences in plasma concentrations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neurotensin, or pancreatic polypeptide were found. An increased intestinal permeability was demonstrated at the time of diarrhoea by the urinary ratio of lactulose to mannitol, suggesting simultaneous gut damage. The effects of regulatory peptides may be relevant to the pathophysiology of gastroenteritis in infants.
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PMID:Gut regulatory peptides and intestinal permeability in acute infantile gastroenteritis. 157 47

Delayed gastric emptying occurs in up to 50% of patients after truncal vagotomy and Roux-Y antrectomy and is often resistant to nonsurgical therapy. This study evaluates the effect of erythromycin, metoclopramide, and motilin on delayed gastric emptying in four dogs after Roux-Y antrectomy. Solid food gastric emptying was measured using a radionuclide technique. Study groups were: (1) saline control; (2) erythromycin 1 mg/kg intravenously over 1 hour; (3) erythromycin 3 mg/kg by mouth 45 minutes prior to feeding; (4) metoclopramide 0.6 mg/kg intravenously over 1 hour; and (5) motilin 500 ng/kg intravenously over 1 hour. After Roux-Y antrectomy, saline control dogs had 73% +/- 5% (SEM) gastric retention at 2 hours. After intravenous and oral erythromycin, gastric emptying improved at 2 hours to 27% +/- 6% and 39% +/- 5% (p less than 0.01 compared with control). Erythromycin intravenously and by mouth improved gastric emptying compared with metoclopramide (64% +/- 8%, p less than 0.05). Motilin enhanced gastric emptying to a similar degree as erythromycin, with a 2-hour gastric retention of 37% +/- 4% (NS). Erythromycin improved gastric emptying in dogs with severe Roux-Y gastroparesis and may have clinical application.
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PMID:Erythromycin enhances delayed gastric emptying in dogs after Roux-Y antrectomy. 198 56

Incubation of human mononuclear leukocytes (MLN) with isoproterenol rapidly desensitizes beta-adrenergic receptors, i.e. isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP accumulation decreases. This desensitization is accompanied by a redistribution of the receptor into a cellular environment to which hydrophilic compounds have limited access. We found that the total number of beta-receptors [defined as binding of [3H]dihydroalprenolol (DHA) inhibited by 1 microM propranolol] was unchanged in the desensitized MNL. In control MNL, virtually all DHA binding was inhibited by 1 microM CGP-12177, suggesting that all of these receptors are on the cell surface, whereas in desensitized cells, only 33 +/- 2% (mean +/- SEM) of the DHA binding was inhibited by CGP-12177. We quantitated the sequestered receptors by subtracting the number of surface receptors from the total number of receptors. The sequestered receptors were homogeneous, with an affinity for DHA identical to that of surface receptors (Kd, 0.66 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.62 +/- 0.08 nM). The time courses of desensitization and sequestration were identical. The functional status of the sequestered receptors was assessed using the agonist zinterol, which (unlike catecholamines) is quite hydrophobic. Zinterol competed for DHA binding to both sequestered and surface receptors, whereas isoproterenol only competed for binding to the surface receptors. However, cAMP accumulation in desensitized MNL was reduced to the same extent regardless of whether isoproterenol or zinterol was used as the agonist. These results demonstrate that desensitization of intact cells to beta-agonists cannot be attributed to limited accessibility of the sequestered receptors to catecholamines, but, rather, that the sequestered receptors are not functionally coupled to adenylate cyclase.
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PMID:Agonist-induced redistribution of beta-adrenergic receptors on intact human mononuclear leukocytes: redistributed receptors are nonfunctional. 286 70

The release of brain-gut peptides during sauna bathing was studied in seven women. All women underwent a 20 min sauna bath. Their sublingual temperature rose from 36.9 +/- 0.1 degrees C to 38.6 +/- 0.2 degrees C (mean +/- SEM). A significant increase in circulating plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was observed during heat exposure, whereas plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP), motilin and blood glucose rose and stayed significantly elevated first during the ensuing 60 min (P less than 0.05 in all cases). A similar increase in plasma insulin failed to reach statistical significance, whereas the plasma levels of somatostatin and cholecystokinin (CCK) remained unchanged. It is suggested that the plasma VIP levels are related to compensatory mechanisms during heat exposure with vasodilatation and heat loss.
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PMID:Brain-gut peptides in sauna-induced hyperthermia. 290 6

Seventeen non-insulin-dependent diabetics poorly controlled by diet and sulphonylurea drugs took part in a long-term (20-52 weeks) trial of the effect of an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (acarbose 100 mg thrice daily) on postprandial glycaemic and gastro-entero-pancreatic hormone responses. Patients were assessed before, during, and after the trial period with identical 2.2 MJ mixed test meals plus placebo or acarbose 100 mg, and sulphonylurea therapy was continued throughout. Acarbose administration reduced the integrated postprandial plasma responses of glucose to 58 +/- 10% (mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.001), insulin to 61 +/- 10% (p less than 0.01) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide to 45 +/- 8% (p less than 0.001) of control values, increased the enteroglucagon response to 152 +/- 26% (p less than 0.001) of control and slightly prolonged the postprandial release of motilin. Recorded glycosuria was significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced throughout the treatment period. The effects of acarbose on postprandial glycaemic and endocrine responses remained approximately constant throughout the trial period, and responses returned to pre-treatment values within 2 days of stopping treatment.
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PMID:Long-term effects of intestinal alpha-glucosidase inhibition on postprandial glucose, pancreatic and gut hormone responses and fasting serum lipids in diabetics on sulphonylureas. 295 Nov 58

The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on gastro-jejunal motility was studied in five, healthy, male subjects using tethered, pressure sensitive, radiotelemetry capsules. Thirty minutes after the intravenous injection of soluble insulin (0.15 unit/kg body weight), a significant reduction in blood glucose concentration (control: 5.26 +/- 0.19 SEM mmol/l; insulin: 1.48 +/- 0.44 mmol/l; P less than 0.001) was associated with a rise in heart rate (mean peak rise 29 +/- 8 beats/min, P less than 0.05), systolic arterial blood pressure (mean peak rise 28 +/- 4 mmHg, P less than 0.01) and plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentration (control: 20 +/- 7 pmol/l; insulin: 287 +/- 66 pmol/l; P less than 0.01). These events coincided with a short period of jejunal motor activity, which was not associated with gastric motor activity nor with raised plasma motilin concentrations. During the control study, there were no changes in blood glucose concentration, heart rate, arterial blood pressure or plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentrations, and there was no jejunal motor activity. The interval between successive gastric migrating motor complexes (MMC) was not significantly different in the insulin and control studies (control: median interval 110 min, range 108-148 min; insulin: median interval 124 min, range 115-125 min), suggesting that the fasting gastrojejunal MMC and jejunal motor activity arose independently. Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia is accompanied by jejunal motor activity, which may underlie the abdominal symptoms associated with hypoglycaemia.
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PMID:The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on gastrointestinal motility in man. 329 71

Our aim was to determine the role of endogenous motilin in initiation of motor patterns of the upper gut. We studied the motor response to intravenous motilin and morphine in six dogs after total duodenectomy and in six normal dogs. Motilin (0.1 micrograms/kg) and morphine (200 micrograms/kg) induced large-amplitude gastric contractions after duodenectomy. The duration of gastric contractions after motilin (4.4 +/- 0.3 minutes; mean +/- SEM) was less than spontaneous or motilin-induced gastric phase III in controls (21 +/- 2 minutes and 11 +/- 2 minutes, respectively; p less than 0.01), while the response to morphine (7.4 +/- 3.7 minutes) was less than spontaneous (21 +/- 2 minutes; p less than 0.01) but similar to morphine-induced phase III in controls (7.7 +/- 0.9 minutes). After morphine, plasma motilin increased by 51 +/- 6 pg/ml, but the magnitude of increase was not correlated with the effectiveness of morphine in inducing gastric contractions. Both agents induced phase III-like activity in the jejunum. The durations of jejunal phase III activity after motilin (6.2 +/- 0.3 minutes) and morphine (6.4 +/- 0.3 minutes) were greater than spontaneous phase III after duodenectomy (4.8 +/- 0.4 minutes; p less than or equal to 0.05) and in controls (4.7 +/- 0.2 minutes; p less than 0.05). The latency of response to motilin in the stomach (0.2 +/- 0.1 minute) was less than in jejunum (8.9 +/- 0.6; p less than 0.05), but the latency after morphine was not different in stomach and jejunum (2.9 +/- 0.9 minutes and 2.8 +/- 0.8 minutes, respectively). These observations suggested that the duodenum, possibly by the release of endogenous motilin, may "recruit" and further augment the gastric response to initiation of the migrating motor complex. Also, the mechanism for initiation of the migrating motor complex in the stomach and in the jejunum may differ.
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PMID:Effects of exogenous motilin and morphine on interdigestive gastrointestinal motor activity after total duodenectomy in dogs. 340 63


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