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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Glass-ceramics containing crystalline oxy-fluoroapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(O,F2)) and wollastonite (CaSiO3) (designated AWGC) are reported to have a fairly high mechanical strength as well as the capability of forming a chemical bond with bone tissue. The chemical composition is MgO 4.6, CaO 44.9, SiO2 34.2, P2O5 16.3, and CaF2 0.5 in weight ratio. In this study the influence of substituting B2O3 for CaF2 on the bonding behaviour of glass-ceramics containing apatite and wollastonite to bone tissue was investigated. Two kinds of glass-ceramics containing apatite and wollastonite were prepared. CaF2 0.5 was replaced with B2O3 at 0.5 and 2.0 in weight ratio (designated AWGC-0.5B and AWGC-2.0B). Rectangular ceramic plates (15 x 10 x 2 mm, abraded with No. 2000 alumina powder) were implanted into a rabbit tibia. The failure load, when an implant detached from the bone, or the bone itself broke, was measured. The failure load of AWGC-0.5B was 8.00 +/- 1.82 kg at 10 weeks after implantation and 8.16 +/- 1.36 kg at 25 weeks after implantation. The failure load of AWGC-2B was 8.08 +/- 1.70 kg at 10 weeks after implantation and 9.92 +/- 2.46 kg at 25 weeks after implantation. None of the loads for the two kinds of glass-ceramics decreased as time passed. Giemsa surface staining and contact microradiography revealed direct bonding between glass-ceramics and bone. SEM-EPMA showed a calcium-phosphorus rich layer (reaction zone) at the interface of ceramics and bone tissue. The thickness of the reaction zone was 10 to -15 microns and did not increase as time passed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Influence of substituting B2O3 for CaF2 on the bonding behaviour to bone of glass-ceramics containing apatite and wollastonite. 161 Sep 64

This paper introduces the composition of Castabe Glass-Ceramic (CGC), synthetic technique and physical and chemical properties. By means of TEM, SEM, XRD and EPMA techniques, the structure of CGC on K2O-MgO-Al2O-SiO2-F glass, type and size of crystallization are investigated. The results are as follows: the main crystal phase is tetrasilicic flourmica (K2Mg2.5Si4-O10F2), refractive index = 1.53, transparency = 48%, Density = 2.7 g/cm3, elastic modulus = 68.22 GPa, breaking strength = 141.1 MPa, breaking durability = 1.83 and V. H. = 505 kg/mm2. Base the above properties described, the function of CGC is similar to the Dicor (Dentsply. Int. U. S. A.) which is one of the well known material in western countries in now days.
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PMID:[Castable glass-ceramic-synthesizing and testing]. 181 64

The purpose of this study is to examine the formation of hydroxyapatite on the surface of glass-ceramics (chemical composition: SiO2, 34.2; P2O5, 16.3; CaO, 44.9; MgO, 4.6; CaF2, 0.5 in weight ratio). Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, plates (2 x 25 x 25 mm) of glass-ceramics containing apatite-wollastonite (designated A.W-GC) were used. In the second experiment, plates (15 x 10 x 2 mm) of A.W-GC and its parent glass (designated G) were used. In each experiment, two paired specimens of identical material, one tied with silk thread, the other not tied, were implanted subcutaneously into rats. In both experiments, bonding to each other of both tied and untied specimens was observed one month after implantation. A pattern resembling hydroxyapatite was identified on the detached surface of the bonded A.W-GC by micro-beam x-ray diffraction. The weak crystalline pattern was also observed on the detached surface of bonded G samples. Analysis of the interface by SEM-EPMA showed that a calcium-phosphorus rich layer formed between the two bonded surfaces in both experiments. It is suggested that the bonding between the two materials was formed by the calcium-phosphorus rich layer, and that the calcium-phosphorus rich layer is virtually identical to hydroxyapatite.
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PMID:Analysis of A.W glass-ceramic surface by micro-beam x-ray diffraction. 215 98

The reactivity of various refractory oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, ZrO2) with molten titanium was investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), using single crystals of oxide as specimen. The region of the reaction boundary between titanium and single crystal oxide was observed by electron microscopy (SEM). Elemental analysis across the Ti/oxide boundary was done by EDS and the reaction layer thickness was quantitatively determined. Of these refractory oxides, SiO2 is the most reactive with titanium followed by Al2O3. The 250 microns thick Si-rich region and 100 microns thick Al-rich region were formed respectively in Ti around the remnant oxides. The diffusion of Si as a result of reaction is greater than that of Al. MgO, CaO, ZrO2 show very little reaction with Ti and the reaction layer thickness was below the spatial resolution of EDS (approximately 1 micron). The thickness and composition of the reaction layer and reactivity were determined. These results were in good agreement with those obtained by ESCA.
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PMID:[High temperature reactivity between titanium and refractory oxides in dental casting procedure. Fundamental study on refractoriness of investments and ceramo-metal bonding by analytical SEM and oxide single crystals]. 269 Mar 91

In this study, it was found that a Ca-P layer and a Si layer were formed on the interface of the mother glass of apatite-wollastonite containing glass-ceramics (designated AW) and bone tissue. The dissolution of Si, Ca, and P from glass (MgO-CaO-SiO2-P2O5-CaF2) is necessary to form a chemical film (a Si layer and a Ca-P layer). The three kinds of glasses used were 1) a mirror surface of the mother glass (MgO 4.6, CaO 44.9, SiO2 34.2, P2O5 16.3, CaF 0.5 weight ratio) of AW (designated G-AW (mirror], 2) an abraded surface of G-AW (designated G-AW (#2000)), 3) a mirror surface SiO2 glass (designated G-Si, 100% SiO2). The glass plates (15 mm x 10 mm x 2 mm) were implanted into the metaphysis of tibia of mature male rabbits for 10 and 25 weeks. The failure load, when an implant detached from the bone or when the bone itself broke, was measured by a detaching test and the interface of glass/bone was observed by SEM-EPMA. Failure loads in G-Si, G-AW (mirror), and G-AW (#2000) 10 weeks after implantation were 0.18 +/- 0.24, 3.06 +/- 1.29, and 2.94 +/- 1.77 kg, respectively. Those in G-Si, G-AW (mirror), and G-AW (#2000) 25 weeks after implantation were 1.30 +/- 1.18, 3.88 +/- 1.06, and 3.55 +/- 1.51, respectively. The failure loads in G-Si vs. G-AW (mirror) and those in G-Si vs. G-AW (#2000) differed significantly (P less than 0.01). There were no significant differences in the failure load according to the surface roughness of G-AW. As shown by SEM-EPMA observation, a Si layer next to G was adjacent to a Ca-P layer next to the bone. The chemical film showed no increase in thickness as time passed. A Ca-P layer did not form on the interface of Si-G and bone.
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PMID:Bone bonding behavior of MgO-CaO-SiO2-P2O5-CaF2 glass (mother glass of A.W-glass-ceramics). 273 79

The progressive changes of a Ca-P-rich layer between bone and three types of apatite-containing glass-ceramics of the same chemical composition: MgO 4.6, CaO 44.9, SiO2 34.2, P2O5 16.3, CaF2 0.5 (in weight ratio) were examined. Plates (15 mm X 10 mm X 2 mm, mirror surface) containing apatite (35 wt%) (designated A-GC), apatite (35 wt%) and wollastonite (40 wt%) (designated A.W-GC), and apatite (20 wt%), wollastonite (55 wt%), and whitlockite (15 wt%) (designated A.W.CP-GC) were prepared. They were implanted into the tibia of mature male rabbits for 5 days, 10 days, 20 days, 30 days, 60 days, 6 months, and 12 months. All three types of glass-ceramics showed direct bonding to the bone 30 days after implantation. It was observed by SEM-EPMA 30 days after implantation that Si and Mg content decreased, P content increased, and Ca content did not change across the reactive zone from the glass-ceramics to bone. The level of P and Si in the A.W.CP-GC changed five days after implantation. In A.W-GC and A-GC, a little change in P and Si levels was observed between 10 and 20 days after implantation. The width of reactive zone was narrowest with A-GC, wider with A.W-GC, and widest with A.W.CP-GC. The dissolution of glass-ceramics stopped 6 months after implantation. This phenomenon shows that the glass-ceramics may be suitable for clinical use.
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PMID:SEM-EPMA observation of three types of apatite-containing glass-ceramics implanted in bone: the variance of a Ca-P-rich layer. 369 88

We have produced three kinds of apatite-containing glass ceramics of the same chemical composition: MgO (4.6), CaO (44.9), SiO2 (34.2), P2O5 (16.3), CaF2 (0.5) (in weight ratio). They contain different crystal combinations and have different mechanical properties. The first glass ceramic (A-GC) was prepared by heating a glass plate to 870 degrees C. It contains only oxy- and fluoroapatite (35 wt%). The second glass ceramic (A-W-GC), and the third (A-W-CP-GC), were prepared by heating glass powder compacts to 1050 degrees C and 1200 degrees C, respectively. A-W-GC contains oxyapatite and fluoroapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(O,F2] (35 wt%) and beta-wollastonite (40 wt%). A-W-CP-GC contains oxyapatite and fluoroapatite (20 wt%), beta-wollastonite (CaO X SiO2) (55 wt%), and beta-whitlockite (3CaO X P2O5) (15 wt%). The bending strengths of A-GC, A-W-GC, and A-W-CP-GC were 88MPa, 178MPa, and 213MPa, respectively, in air. Rectangular ceramic plates (15mm X 10mm X 2mm) were implanted into a rabbit tibia. Ten and 25 weeks after implantation, the segment of tibia with implant was excised for examination. The segment was held by a special jig and the traction breaking load (failure load) was measured by an autograph. A-GC showed a lower load than A-W-GC and A-W-CP-GC. The loads for A-W-GC and A-W-CP-GC were almost equal. The failure loads did not change significantly between 10 and 25 weeks for any of the materials. The interface was examined by Giemsa surface staining, contact micro-radiography, and SEM-EPMA. Giemsa surface staining and CMR revealed direct bonding between the materials and the bone for all the three materials. SEM-EPMA showed that Si and Mg content decreased, Ca content did not change, and P content increased at the reaction zone between all three glass ceramics and bone. This was observed at 10 weeks, as well as at 25 weeks, after implantation. The reaction zone was narrowest with A-GC, wider with A-W-GC, and widest with A-W-CP-GC.
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PMID:Bone bonding behavior of three kinds of apatite containing glass ceramics. 378 83

The crystallization feature of a castable apatite glass-ceramics was studied by the means of DTA, XRD and SEM. The effect of chemical composition on the microsturcture of the glass-ceramics was discussed. The introduction of MgO and Al2O3 into the system has a substantial influence on the crystallization feature.
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PMID:[The crystallization feature of a castable apatite glass-ceramics]. 981 34

CaO-P(2)O(5) glasses with additions of MgO and CaF(2) were used as a sintering aid of hydroxyapatite, and glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites obtained. Glasses promoted significant changes in the microstructure of the composites, namely with the formation of tricalcium phosphate secondary phases, beta and alpha-TCP. Quantitative phase analysis was performed by the Rietveld method using General Structure Analysis Software. Grain size measurements were carried out on SEM photomicrographs, using a planimetric procedure according to ASTM E 112-88. Flexural bending strength was determined from concentric ring-on-ring testing. Flexural bending strength (FBS) of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites was found to be about twice or three times higher than that of unreinforced hydroxyapatite and tended to depend more on porosity and beta and alpha-TCP secondary phases, rather than on grain size. Traces of alpha-tricalcium phosphate significantly enhanced the strength of the composites. Using the rule of mixtures to estimate the zero porosity bending strength, the Duckworth-Knudsen model applied to the composites gave a porosity correction factor, b, with a value of 4.02. Weibull statistics were also used to analyze biaxial strength data and the level of reinforcement obtained by comparing failure probability for the composites and for the unreinforced hydroxyapatite. Lower activation energies for grain growth were observed for the composites compared to unreinforced hydroxyapatite, which should be attributed to the presence of a liquid glassy phase that promotes atomic diffusion during the sintering process.
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PMID:Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites: secondary phase proportions and densification effects on biaxial bending strength. 1049 Jun 90

The aim of this work has been to test the biocompatibility of four bioactive, gel derived glass-ceramic materials of CaO-PO2-SiO2 system, modified by addition of boron, aluminum and magnesium compounds. We have examined the growth, collagen synthesis, adhesion and morphology of NRK rat fibroblasts cultured in direct and indirect contact with biomaterials. The growth of cells cultures has been quantified by two methods: [3H]thymidine incorporation and direct counting of cells. The level of collagen synthesis has been used as a parameter describing metabolic activity of cells. Cellular morphology has been assessed following 24 h and 4 days of culturing cells on biomaterials by using SEM and confocal microscopy, respectively. Additionally, in order to obtain information about the attachment of cells to substratum the presence of focal contacts has been examined. The results of all the experiments have demonstrated that none of the materials under study significantly altered cellular functions that were tested. This indicates that additions of MgO, Al2O3 and B2O3 have not induced cytotoxicity of the materials under study. This qualifies them for further in vivo experiments.
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PMID:Evaluation of biocompatibility of apatite-wollastonite ceramics in fibroblast cultures. 1097 73


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