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 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ketamine is often used in combination with tranquilizers to produce surgical anesthesia in rabbits. While generally effective, there is considerable variation in the depth and duration of anesthesia achieved with ketamine combinations. Butorphanol is a mixed agonist-antagonist opioid that is widely used in a variety of other species. In this study, the commonly used ketamine (35 mg/kg)/xylazine (5 mg/kg) combination is compared with ketamine (35 mg/kg)/xylazine (5 mg/kg)/butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg). Rabbits were anesthetized on consecutive weeks with one of the two regimens. Physiologic parameters including heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and arterial blood gases (pH, PO2, PCO2) were measured throughout anesthesia. Loss of palpebral, pedal and righting reflexes were recorded and reflexes were subsequently evaluated. The addition of butorphanol prolonged reflex loss to 140% (X = 68 min +/- 20 SEM) of control for palpebral reflex; 506% (X = 52 min +/- 18 SEM) of control for pedal reflex; and 159% (X = 128 min +/- 21 SEM) of control for righting reflex. Addition of butorphanol to ketamine/xylazine resulted in mild alterations in the physiologic changes traditionally associated with this combination. Butorphanol can be safely added to the ketamine/xylazine combination in rabbits and results in moderate increases in the duration of reflex loss.
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PMID:Ketamine/xylazine/butorphanol: a new anesthetic combination for rabbits. 131 11

The efficacy of pain relief and the maternal and neonatal effects of continuous epidural infusion of 0.0625% bupivacaine/0.002% butorphanol was compared with the infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine alone in a randomized, double-blind study of 32 women in labor. A test dose of 2 ml 0.5% bupivacaine was given to every patient and followed by two epidural regimens in randomized, double-blind manner. Group B-B (bupivacaine/butorphanol) patients received 7.5 ml 0.125% bupivacaine plus 1 mg butorphanol (0.5 ml) followed by an infusion of 0.0625% bupivacaine/0.002% butorphanol at a rate of 12 ml/hour; Group B (bupivacaine alone) patients received 8 ml 0.25% bupivacaine followed by an infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine at a rate of 12 ml/hour. A bolus of 5 ml 0.125% bupivacaine or 0.0625% bupivacaine was given to Group B or B-B, respectively, if additional pain relief was required. Infusion of B-B combination resulted in similar pain relief and fewer patients with motor block than bupivacaine alone; 12% versus 38% in Groups B-B and B, respectively, had motor weakness. A smaller dose of bupivacaine was used in the B-B group compared to the B group; 71 +/- 14 versus 99 +/- 13 mg (mean +/- SEM; p less than 0.05). Progress of labor and the mode of delivery did not differ significantly between the two groups. All infants were vigorous and had normal acid-base status and neurologic adaptive capacity scores. Butorphanol appears to be useful as an adjunct to epidural bupivacaine for continuous epidural infusion during labor without adversely affecting the mother or the neonate.
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PMID:Continuous infusion epidural anesthesia during labor: a randomized, double-blind comparison of 0.0625% bupivacaine/0.002% butorphanol and 0.125% bupivacaine. 229 85

To determine the efficacy and the safety of epidural morphine or butorphanol combined with bupivacaine, 40 healthy parturients were studied during labor and delivery. All patients received an epidural test dose of 2 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine. Patients were then randomly assigned to receive one of four epidural regimens in a double-blind fashion: 0.25% bupivacaine + 1 mg butorphanol (Group I), 0.25% bupivacaine + 2 mg butorphanol (Group II), 0.25% bupivacaine + 2 mg morphine (Group III), or 0.25% bupivacaine alone (Group IV). Each group consisted of ten patients. All subsequent epidural injections were with plain 0.25% bupivacaine. Duration of analgesia was significantly longer for groups I, II, and III when compared to group IV (p less than or equal to .01); 139 +/- 111, 141 +/- 14, 199 +/- 29, and 96 +/- 6 minutes, X +/- SEM respectively. Quality of analgesia was significantly better in groups I, II, and III when compared with group IV. There were no differences between groups in duration of first and second stages of labor, uterine activity, or method of delivery. Thirty percent of patients in the morphine group (group III) developed mild pruritus that did not require any treatment. All neonates were vigorous at 5 minutes and had good Apgar Scores, umbilical cord acid base status, and Neurological Adaptive Capacity Scores. The authors conclude that adding small doses of either morphine or butorphanol to epidural bupivacaine during labor is effective and safe. Butorphanol may be preferable since none of the patients experienced pruritus.
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PMID:Epidural morphine or butorphanol augments bupivacaine analgesia during labor. 248 90

The effect of butorphanol on respiratory drive was assessed using a carbon dioxide response test (CRT). Eight male volunteers received 3 mg/70 kg of intravenous butorphanol every 30 min to a cumulative dose of 15 mg/70 kg (5 doses). Thirty minutes before the first butorphanol dose, each subject received normal saline to establish a baseline CRT. After each butorphanol dose, a CRT was repeated at 15 min to assess respiratory depression. Minute ventilation was plotted against PaCO2 to generate a regression line for saline and each dose. Slopes and intercepts for each line were calculated by least squares linear regression, and CRT displacement from saline was determined at each dose. The mean slope for each dose was not significantly different from the saline slope (p = 0.23-0.91). The mean displacement (+/- SEM) of the CRT from saline was greatest after the second dose (7.29 +/- 1.94 mm Hg) but not significantly different from the first or subsequent doses (p greater than 0.05). Butorphanol in doses of up to 15 mg/70 kg may have a 'ceiling effect' in respiratory depression.
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PMID:Respiratory effects of high-dose butorphanol. 312 14

Premedication that provides sedation and analgesia is commonly used for patients undergoing endoscopic procedures. We studied the efficacy and safety of butorphanol and diazepam as preprocedure medications for patients having upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. To achieve an adequate level of sedation, patients receiving diazepam required a mean (+/- SEM) dose of 12.0 +/- 1.0 mg, whereas those receiving butorphanol required a mean dose of 4.8 +/- 0.4 mg. There were no differences between treatment groups in the overall assessment of sedation, the ease of performance of the endoscopic procedure, or vital signs during or following the procedure. Fifty-four percent of butorphanol patients and 48% of diazepam patients experienced at least one minor adverse event. Butorphanol in small doses can produce satisfactory sedation and analgesia for patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures.
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PMID:Randomized, prospective, double-blind clinical trial of butorphanol and diazepam in patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. 327 94