Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The relative bioavailability of two slow-release theophylline formulations using bead-filled capsules. Slo-bid and Theo-Dur Sprinkle, was examined in randomized crossover multiple-dose trials using collected saliva. Two groups of seven preschool-age asthmatic children received one of these and Slo-Phyllin Gyrocaps as a reference. Dose-normalized areas under the saliva concentration-time curves were significantly less than the reference for Theo-Dur Sprinkle (p = .02) but not for Slo-bid with the relative bioavailability determinations of 66 +/- 8% (mean +/- SEM) and 109 +/- 5% for Theo-Dur Sprinkle and Slo-bid, respectively. The less complete absorption of Theo-Dur Sprinkle during clinical use in preschool-age children is consistent with the malabsorptive effects of food previously reported for the former but not the latter formulation.
Ther Drug Monit 1988
PMID:Oral bioavailability of slow-release theophylline from unencapsulated beads in preschool children with chronic asthma. 305 87

The plasma protein binding of clonazepam was investigated in healthy volunteers, cirrhotic patients, chronic uremic patients maintained on hemodialysis, and patients with reduced renal function. Each group consisted of six subjects. The unbound fraction of clonazepam (mean +/- SEM) was 13.9 +/- 0.2% in volunteers. 17.1 +/- 1.0% in cirrhotic patients, 1.56 +/- 0.5% before and 12.2 +/- 0.4% after hemodialysis in chronic uremic patients, and 16.0 +/- 0.7% in patients with poor renal function. The figure for the healthy subjects was significantly different from that of cirrhotic patients only. Binding of clonazepam to albumin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein was also studied. Clonazepam bound preferentially to albumin.
Ther Drug Monit 1987 Dec
PMID:Plasma protein binding of clonazepam in hepatic and renal insufficiency and after hemodialysis. 342 2

The serum concentrations of amitriptyline (AMI) and its metabolite nortriptyline (NT) were determined in 54 Saudi patients treated for long durations with a daily oral dose (0.111 to 4.167 mg/kg) of AMI. Ten of these patients were concomitantly treated with neuroleptic drugs. The mean (SEM) of the dose-normalized steady-state serum concentration (Css) of AMI in patients who received AMI alone (Group I) was [46.1 (6.5) ng X ml-1/mg X kg-1], with mean NT/AMI Css ratio of 0.962 (0.122). A significantly higher mean of Css of AMI [82.3 (18.8 ng X ml-1/mg X kg-1] was acquired for patients who concomitantly received AMI and neuroleptic drugs (Group II). However, the difference in the mean NT/AMI Css ratio between Group I and Group II [0.929 (0.197)] was not significant. Also, the results of this study indicate that Css of AMI and the NT/AMI Css ratio in Saudi patients treated for depression with AMI alone are not significantly different from those reported for subjects from Western populations.
Ther Drug Monit 1987
PMID:Steady-state concentrations of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline in Saudi patients. 357 61

Oxygenation was monitored concomitantly by measurement of transcutaneous oxygen tension and by pulse oximetry, and the data were compared with arterial blood oxygen tension and saturation values in 10 patients who became hypoxemic when undergoing thoracotomy and one-lung ventilation. A steep decrease in arterial blood oxygen tension was obvious immediately after the institution of one-lung ventilation, reaching the lowest mean value of 63 +/- 2 mm Hg (+/- SEM) at 12 minutes. Despite significant correlation between transcutaneous oxygen tension and arterial blood oxygen tension during one-lung ventilation (r = 0.75; P less than 0.001), the delay in the transcutaneous oxygen tension response resulted in underestimation of the severity of hypoxemia at the beginning of one-lung ventilation. In contrast, the decrease in arterial blood oxygen saturation from 97.9 +/- 0.3% to 92.2 +/- 0.8% as measured by CO-Oximeter was accurately followed by pulse oximetry with almost beat-to-beat response, bringing about a highly significant linear correlation between the two methods (r = 0.93; P less than 0.001). We conclude that pulse oximetry is a simpler and more rapidly responding method than measurement of transcutaneous oxygen tension for detection of hypoxemia during one-lung ventilation in adults.
J Clin Monit 1987 Apr
PMID:Noninvasive monitoring of oxygenation during one-lung ventilation: a comparison of transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement and pulse oximetry. 358 38

Computer control of sodium nitroprusside infusion may be safer and provide better control of arterial blood pressure than is achieved with manual control. In a series of test maneuvers in 20 mongrel dogs, the performance of two adaptive control algorithms (controllers) was compared and their safety tested. The controllers were set to infuse sodium nitroprusside to decrease mean arterial pressure and maintain it 20 to 30 mm Hg below the control pressure. Then, sequentially, the right atrium was paced to simulate a supraventricular tachydysrhythmia, the right ventricle was intermittently paced to simulate ventricular extrasystoles, large tidal volumes were given to simulate a respiratory-therapy maneuver, the catheter was clamped to simulate clotting, an air bubble was introduced, and the infused sodium nitroprusside concentrations were either doubled or halved. Next, 500 ml of blood was drawn. Then, in sequence, positive end-expiratory pressure was applied, the right atrium was paced, and large tidal volume breaths were given to cause the blood pressure to fluctuate. When the controllers were turned on, mean arterial pressure reached the set point and remained within 5 mm Hg of the target pressure after 8.6 +/- 0.9 minutes (mean +/- SEM). The controllers properly handled the differences in sodium nitroprusside sensitivity and the catastrophic challenges presented in the experiments. When the animals were not being disturbed, stability was maintained and the blood pressure was kept well within 5 mm Hg of the desired pressure. The controllers rejected all invalid pressure signals during testing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
J Clin Monit 1986 Apr
PMID:Evaluation of two adaptive sodium nitroprusside control algorithms. 371 51

A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method was developed to simultaneously estimate serum concentrations of dapsone (DDS), monoacetyldapsone (MADDS), and pyrimethamine (PYR) in 34 young adult Chinese men after they had taken the sixth weekly dose of Maloprim for malaria prophylaxis. Serum concentrations of DDS, MADDS, and PYR after 24 h were (mean +/- SEM) 374 +/- 31.3, 310 +/- 30.4, and 121 +/- 7.9 ng/ml, respectively. The 72-h serum concentrations of DDS, MADDS, and PYR were (mean +/- SEM) 134 +/- 21.6, 115 +/- 17.9, and 80 +/- 7.2 ng/ml, respectively. Serum concentrations of DDS and MADDS in many subjects after 120 h were less than 20 ng/ml, while mean +/- SEM concentration of PYR was 53 +/- 5.6 ng/ml. Acetylator phenotyping of the subjects showed that there were 31 (91%) fast acetylators, three (9%) intermediate acetylators, and no slow acetylators.
Ther Drug Monit 1985
PMID:Simultaneous estimation of serum concentrations of dapsone, monoacetyldapsone, and pyrimethamine in Chinese men on maloprim for malaria prophylaxis using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. 390 34

Mass spectrometry is widely used to measure the end-tidal concentrations of inhalation anesthetics and other gases during surgery in order to estimate their arterial concentrations. When certain breathing circuits are used in newborns, however, fresh gas or ambient air may contaminate the expired sample, introducing a systematic error in the measurement of any end-tidal gas concentration. We estimated this error in newborn piglets using carbon dioxide as an indicator substance of expired gas. The capnograms and the difference between arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and peak-expired carbon dioxide tension (PeCO2) were compared when either a coaxial (Bain) or circle breathing circuit was used. Gas was sampled from the proximal airway and distal trachea. No combination of circuit and sampling site produced a flat alveolar phase until the circle circuit was modified with diversion valves to reduce gas mixing. The mean PaCO2-PeCO2 gradients using the coaxial/proximal sampling, coaxial/distal sampling, and modified circle/proximal sampling circuits were 12.4, 9.2, and 8.8 mm Hg, respectively. The mean PeCO2 in each of these combinations was significantly different from the corresponding mean PaCO2 (p less than 0.05). Using the modified circle circuit with distal sampling, mean PeCO2 was not significantly different from mean PaCO2: the mean PaCO2-PeCO2 gradient was 2.2 +/- 0.2 mm Hg (SEM), range, 0 to 6 mm Hg, with 95% confidence limits less than or equal to 8 mm Hg. When a coaxial breathing circuit is used in small subjects, PaCO2 may be significantly underestimated regardless of sampling site, although the circle breathing circuit with distal tracheal sampling yields accurate results.
J Clin Monit 1985 Jul
PMID:Accuracy of expiratory carbon dioxide measurements using the coaxial and circle breathing circuits in small subjects. 393 79

To evaluate the response of patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) to exercise and to demonstrate if prognosis could be predicted, 200 male patients (64 +/- 1 years) with AF were identified retrospectively who underwent resting echocardiography and symptom-limited treadmill testing. They were classified by underlying disease into three subgroups: hypertension or no underlying disease (LONE; n = 102), ischemic heart disease (IHD; n = 45) and history of congestive heart failure or valvular disease (CHF-VD; n = 53). Maximal exercise capacities for LONE, IHD and CHF-VD were (mean +/- 1 SEM) 8.0 +/- 0.3, 6.4 +/- 0.4 and 6.0 +/- 0.3 metabolic equivalents, respectively (p < 0.01), and resting left ventricular ejection fractions were 61.7 +/- 1.6, 60.1 +/- 2.2 and 49.5 +/- 1.9%, respectively (p < 0.01). Stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that, except for group classification (R2 = 0.13, p < 0.01), no clinical, exercise or morphologic variables could predict exercise capacity. After a mean 39.1-month follow-up (range 1-78), 17 of the 200 had died from cardiovascular causes. The rate of cardiac death using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was significantly greater in CHF-VD patients (p < 0.01). However, Cox hazard function and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that neither echocardiographic measurements of cardiac size or function at rest, nor exercise or clinical variables were significant predictors of outcome. AF patients with a history of CHF and/or VD demonstrated a reduced exercise tolerance ad a worse prognosis than those without morphologic heart disease or those with IHD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Exercise capacity and prognosis in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. 772 99

Nineteen acutely disturbed psychotic Asian patients were treated with a single intramuscular injection of 50 mg of zuclopenthixol acetate in Viscoleo. Patients were assessed clinically before and after treatment using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Serum zuclopenthixol and the inactive geometric isomer trans(E)-clopenthixol were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography after intramuscular injection. All patients improved, with the BPRS being significantly reduced (p < 0.001) at 72 h after injection. Adverse effects were generally few. The mean +/- SEM serum zuclopenthixol concentrations at 24, 48, and 72 h were 19.9 +/- 2.8, 31.5 +/- 4.5, and 17.8 +/- 2.9 micrograms/L, respectively. trans(E)-Clopenthixol concentrations ranged from negligible to 39.5 micrograms/L. This study confirms that a single intramuscular injection of 50 mg is adequate for managing severely disturbed psychotic patients for the first 3 days. The serum zuclopenthixol concentrations attained in the Asian patients were higher than those reported in Caucasian psychiatric patients. In some patients, a considerable amount of zuclopenthixol had been transformed to trans(E)-clopenthixol.
Ther Drug Monit 1993 Apr
PMID:Clinical evaluation and serum concentration of zuclopenthixol acetate in psychotic Asian patients: a single-dose preliminary study. 809 40

Cyclosporine binds with cyclophilin, an abundant protein found in almost all tissues, and the resulting complex interacts with calcineurin diminishing T-cell activation. Cyclophilin can be regarded as a cellular "receptor" for cyclosporine. Measuring cyclosporine binding to cyclophilin may offer a link between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics that could improve monitoring of cyclosporine therapy. The authors investigated the feasibility of the cyclophilin binding assay and compared the results with a standard specific monoclonal radioimmunoassay in 100 blood samples taken for therapeutic drug monitoring. The results obtained with these methods were related closely with each other (r = 0.96; p < 0.001) but the mean (+/-SEM) concentrations were approximately two-fold higher in cyclophilin binding assay than in radioimmunoassay (520.4 +/- 49.9 ng/ml versus 257.7 +/- 28.6 ng/ml, respectively, p < 0.001). The shapes of the cyclosporine concentration versus time curves in two patients after a liver and heart transplantation, respectively, were similar after both methods but cyclophilin binding assay gave higher values than radioimmunoassay. Before firm conclusions on the clinical value of cyclophilin binding assay can be made, comparative studies in patients linking cyclosporine concentrations measured with cyclophilin binding assay and standard methods to the therapeutic outcome are needed.
Ther Drug Monit 1997 Aug
PMID:Comparison of cyclophilin binding assay and radioimmunoassay in monitoring of blood cyclosporine. 926 87


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