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Body mass index (BMI) has been demonstrated to affect female fertility; however, little information is available on the impact of BMI on male fertility or semen parameters. Therefore, the study objective was to determine the relationship between BMI and semen parameters, including sperm chromatin integrity. We analyzed data on semen samples from 520 men who were grouped based upon calculated BMI values (normal, 20-24 kg/m(2); overweight, 25-30 kg/m(2); obese, >30 kg/m(2)). The data collected included patient height and weight, semen volume, sperm concentration, percent sperm motility, percent sperm morphology (normal forms), and sperm chromatin integrity (DNA fragmentation index [DFI]). Data were analyzed by regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's test for multiple pairwise comparisons. The overall BMI mean (+/-SEM) was 27.5 (+/-0.49) kg/m(2). Linear regression revealed a significant (P < .05) and negative relationship between BMI and the total number of normal-motile sperm cells. ANOVA revealed a significant difference (P < .05) in the total number of normal-motile sperm cells among the different BMI groups. The number of normal-motile sperm cells per BMI group was as follows: normal, 18.6 x 10(6); overweight, 3.6 x 10(6); and obese, (0.7) x 10(6). All multiple pairwise comparisons were found to be significantly (P < .05) different. The overall DFI mean (+/-SEM) was 24.7 (+/-2.57). Linear regression revealed a significant (P < .05) and positive relation between BMI and DFI. Men presenting with a BMI greater than 25 kg/m(2) have fewer chromatin-intact normal-motile sperm cells per ejaculate. Therefore, to ensure maximum fertility potential, patients may be advised to reduce body weight.
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PMID:Impact of body mass index values on sperm quantity and quality. 1633 54

Research indicates that breastfeeding may provide protective effects against the development of obesity; however, breastfed children may still become obese because of the obesogenic environment. This study is designed to examine the effects of retrospective recall of breastfeeding on weight changes in children participating in a 6-month behavioral treatment program for childhood obesity. The independent variable of breastfeeding was defined as children who were exclusively breastfed for 4 weeks (excluding water or medication) versus those who were never breastfed. Child percent overweight and body mass index changes during 6 and 12 months were evaluated for 94 families based on mother report of breastfeeding status using analysis of covariance, controlling for socioeconomic status and initial child weight status. Data were compiled for secondary analysis from pediatric obesity randomized controlled outcome studies evaluating core components of family-based treatments. Results showed that, compared with nonbreastfed (formula) children (n = 28), breastfed children (n = 66) showed significantly larger reductions in (mean +/- SEM) percent overweight at 6 months (-15.2 +/- 1.1 vs -10.2 +/- 1.7, p <.05) and 1 year (-10.3 +/- 1.3 vs -5.9 +/- 1.8, p <.05). Similarly, breastfed children showed greater reductions in body mass index at 6 months (-2.1 +/- 0.19 vs -1.1 +/- 0.28) and 1 year (-0.8 +/- 0.23 vs +0.1 +/- 0.32). Findings suggest the beneficial effects of breastfeeding may extend beyond obesity prevention to include improved outcome in family-based pediatric obesity treatment. Potential mechanisms relating breastfeeding, obesity prevention, and enhanced outcome in pediatric obesity treatment are discussed.
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PMID:Effects of breastfeeding on weight changes in family-based pediatric obesity treatment. 1668 71

This investigation was conducted to study boar culling patterns in swine breeding herds. Data were obtained from 84 swine breeding herds and included 440 boars that were culled. Each producer was involved for 12 consecutive months, and recorded every boar that was removed from the herd, the date, and the reason for culling. The annual culling rate for the 84 farms averaged 59.4% +/- 6.4 (SEM). The correlation coefficient between boar and sow culling was 0.52 (p <0.0001). Removal was the result of being overweight (47%), reproductive problems (18%), leg problems (12%), death (7%), and other diseases (4%). From the annual culling rate, the average breeding life of boars was estimated at 20 months. From this study, we concluded that the annual culling rate for boars in commercial herds was high and related to several different factors.
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PMID:Boar culling in swine breeding herds in Minnesota. 1742 46

Overweight and obesity result in musculoskeletal impairments that limit exercise capacity. We examined if the muscle strength and size response to resistance training (RT) differed among 687 young (mean +/- SEM, 24.2 +/- 0.2 years) overweight and obese (OW) compared to normal weight (NW) adults as denoted by the body mass index (BMI). Subjects were 449 NW (22.0 +/- 0.1 kg.m(-2), 23.4 +/- 0.3 years) and 238 OW (29.2 +/- 0.2 kg.m(-2), 25.6 +/- 0.4 years) men (n = 285) and women (n = 402) who underwent 12 weeks (2 d.wk(-1)) of RT of the nondominant arm. Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and 1 repetition maximum (1RM) assessed peak elbow flexor strength. Magnetic resonance imaging measured the biceps muscle cross sectional area (CSA). Multiple dependent variable analysis of covariance tested if muscle strength and size differed among BMI groups pre-, post-, and pre-to-post-RT. Overweight and obese had greater MVC, 1RM, and CSA than NW pre- and post-RT (p < 0.001). Maximum voluntary contraction and 1RM gains were not different between BMI groups pre- to post-RT (p >or= 0.05). When adjusted for baseline values, NW had greater relative MVC (21.2 +/- 1.0 vs. 17.4 +/- 1.4%) and 1RM (54.3 +/- 1.5 vs. 49.0 +/- 2.0%) increases than OW (p < 0.05). Normal weight also had greater allometric MVC (0.48 +/- 0.02 kg.kg(-0.67) vs. 0.40 +/- 0.03 kg.kg(-0.67)) and 1RM (0.25 +/- 0.00 vs. 0.22 +/- 0.01 kg.kg(-0.67)) gains than OW (p < 0.05). CSA gains were greater among OW than NW (3.6 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.1 cm(2)) (p < 0.001); however, relative CSA increases were not different between BMI groups (19.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 18.4 +/- 0.7%) (p >or= 0.05). Despite similar relative muscle size increases, relative and allometic strength gains were less among OW than NW. These findings indicate the short-term relative and allometric muscle strength response to RT may be attenuated among adults who are overweight and obese.
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PMID:The muscle strength and size response to upper arm, unilateral resistance training among adults who are overweight and obese. 1753 Sep 88

The aim of the present investigation was to examine how 8 weeks of intense endurance training influenced right and left ventricular volumes and mass in obese untrained subjects. Ten overweight subjects (19-47 years; body mass index of 34+/-5 kg/m(2)) underwent intensive endurance training (rowing) three times 30 min/week for 8 weeks at a relative intensity of 72+/-8% of their maximal heart rate response (mean+/-SD). Before and after 8 weeks of endurance training, the left and the right end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), stroke volume (SV) and ventricular mass (VM) were measured by Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Submaximal heart rate decreased from 126+/-5 to 113+/-3 b.p.m. (10%; P<0.01), and from 155+/-5 to 141+/-4 b.p.m. (9%; P<0.001) at submaximal workloads of 70 and 140 W (110 W for women), respectively (mean+/-SEM). Resting ventricular parameters increased significantly: left ventricular SV, EDV and VM increased by 6%, 7% and 13%, respectively (P<0.01). The right side of the heart showed significant changes in SV, EDV and VM with increase of 4%, 4% and 12%, respectively (P<0.05). Eight weeks of endurance training significantly increased left ventricular SV and right ventricular SV, due to an increase in left ventricular EDV and right ventricular EDV. Furthermore, left VM and right VM increased. We conclude that using MRI and a longitudinal design it was possible to demonstrate similar and balanced changes in the right and left ventricle in response to training.
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PMID:Effect of eight weeks of endurance exercise training on right and left ventricular volume and mass in untrained obese subjects: a longitudinal MRI study. 1806 24

Objective was to assess dietary intake and physical activity in a Canadian population sample of male patients with HIV and metabolic abnormalities and to compare the data to Canadian recommendations. Sixty-five HIV-infected men with at least one feature associated with the metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, central obesity, or lipodystrophy) were enrolled. Results from 7-day food records and activity logs were compared to the Dietary Reference Intakes and recommendations of Canada's Physical Activity Guide, respectively. Anthropometric data were also measured. Fifty-two percent of the subjects were overweight, another 15% were obese. However, energy intake (mean+/-SEM) (2153+/-99 kcal/d) was lower than the estimated requirement (2854+/-62 kcal/d; p<0.0001), and 84.5% of the patients reached the recommended minimum of 60 min of mild or 30 min of moderate daily exercise. Intake was adequate for protein, but high for fat and cholesterol in 40% of patients. No patient reached the recommendation for fiber. Intake from diet alone was suboptimal for most micronutrients. Prevalence was highest for low vitamin E (91% of patients) and magnesium (68%) intake, and high sodium intake (72%). In summary, a large proportion of HIV patients with metabolic abnormalities were overweight or obese. However, this was not associated with high energy intake, or reduced physical activity. High fat, low fiber and inadequate micronutrient intakes were prevalent.
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PMID:Dietary intake and physical activity in a Canadian population sample of male patients with HIV infection and metabolic abnormalities. 1828 80

Emotional eating has often been linked to overweight and/or obesity. Multiple group SEM analyses were conducted using cross-sectional data from 517 minority students in Los Angeles County. Results showed no differences in emotional eating between normal weight and overweight students. Perceived stress was indeed a significant correlate of emotional eating, independent of BMI status, as indicated by the lack of a modifying effect of BMI status. Findings highlight the fact that emotional eating is not an issue only for overweight and obese persons. This study shows that some children in this population at increased risk for obesity and related chronic disease have already incorporated emotional eating as a learned response to stress by the time that they enter adolescence.
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PMID:BMI as a moderator of perceived stress and emotional eating in adolescents. 1832 3

Snacking is often regarded as a cause of overweight. However, the main issue is to determine whether the consumption of snacks leads to an increase in energy intake or whether a compensation phenomenon exists and maintains daily energy intake at a constant level. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the repeated consumption of a high-protein, moderate-energy, cheesy snack given as a preload 1 h before a meal altered energy intake at the next meal and then throughout the day, and if this kind of snack was energetically compensated. Normal-weight women (n 27) were recruited for the study. All subjects were healthy non-smokers, aged 18-60 years. The snacks consisted of portions of cheese containing 22 g protein, with an energy value of 836 kJ. Two types of snack were compared, differing in terms of the type of milk proteins they contained: the first contained casein only (CAS), while the second contained a mixture of casein and whey proteins (WHEY+CAS; 2:1). The principal finding of the present study was that the ingestion of the two snacks 1 h before lunch led to energy compensation of 83.1 (SEM 9.4) and 67.0 (SEM 16.4) % for WHEY+CAS and CAS respectively, at lunch, and 121.6 (SEM 36.5) and 142.1 (SEM 29.7) % for WHEY+CAS and CAS respectively, regarding the whole-day energy intake. In conclusion, the repeated consumption of a high-protein, moderate-energy, regular cheesy snack should not promote overweight because energy intake appears to be regulated during subsequent meals on the same day.
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PMID:A high-protein, moderate-energy, regular cheesy snack is energetically compensated in human subjects. 1921 14

Obesity is a cardiovascular risk factor associated with endothelial dysfunction, but the effect of different weight loss strategies on endothelial function is not known. The effect of diet on endothelial function in two hypocaloric diets, a very-low-carbohydrate diet (A) and a Mediterranean diet (M), was measured by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Design Using a longitudinal, randomized, open study design, subjects were engaged in a 2-month weight loss diet. FMD, inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha] and a marker of oxidative stress [8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2alpha)] were measured in subjects on three occasions: before initiating the diet (T0), after 5-7 days of dieting (T5) and after 2 months of dieting (T60). The very short- and medium-term time points were established to discriminate respectively the effect of the diet itself (T5) from that of weight loss (T60). Twenty overweight/obese but otherwise healthy women (BMI: 27-34.9 kg m(-2); age 30-50 years) completed the study. Results Group A lost more weight (mean +/- SEM; -7.6 +/- 0.8 kg) than group M (-4.9 +/- 0.6 kg, P = 0.014) at T60. The FMD was not significantly different between the two groups at T0 (group A: 12.2 +/- 2.9% vs. group B: 10.3 +/- 2.3%, P = ns). In group A, FMD was significantly reduced at T5 and returned to baseline at T60; in group M, FMD increased at T5 and returned to baseline at T60 (P = 0.007 for diet x time interaction). Serum concentrations of IL-6 and 8-iso-PGF2alpha were not significantly different between the two groups at T0 and increased significantly at T5 only in group A (P < 0.001 and P < 0.005 respectively). Conclusion As endothelial dysfunction is known to be associated with acute cardiovascular events, this study suggests that the cardiovascular risk might be increased in the first days of a very-low-carbohydrate diet.
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PMID:Effects of hypocaloric very-low-carbohydrate diet vs. Mediterranean diet on endothelial function in obese women*. 1930 63

Interindividual differences in gonadotropin suppression achieved by short- and long-acting intramuscular testosterone (T) preparations were studied to detect factors hindering complete suppression of gonadotropins as the prerequisites for effective male contraception. Forty healthy men received a single injection of T propionate; 4 weeks later they received 2 injections of 1000 mg of T undecanoate (TU) given 6 weeks apart. Following TU, declines of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were consistent in 17.5% and almost absent in 25% of men. Men showing the most rapid and consistent declines in LH and FSH levels received a slightly higher dose per body weight of TU (13.1 +/- 0.6 vs 11.3 +/- 0.6 mg/kg; P = NS) and reached higher maximal concentrations of total T (40 +/- 4.8 vs 18.4 +/- 2.4 nmol/L; P < .001) and free T as well as estradiol. Men with high fat mass (mean +/- SEM, 10.3 +/- 1.5 vs 23.2 +/- 6.4 kg) had a delayed increase in T levels and an impaired relative decline in LH (12 +/- 2% vs 53 +/- 10%) and FSH (17 +/- 6%. vs 70 +/- 25%) levels within the first 2 weeks after the first TU injection. We conclude that overweight reduces the chance of rapid and profound gonadotropin suppression during treatment with TU. Body weight needs to be considered to avoid failure of hormonal male contraception.
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PMID:Body fat content and testosterone pharmacokinetics determine gonadotropin suppression after intramuscular injections of testosterone preparations in normal men. 1934 2


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