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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Failure to arouse in response to hypoxia has been described in infants at increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and has been suggested as a possible mechanism for SIDS. However, most SIDS victims are not in a high-risk group before death. Thus, if a hypoxic arousal disorder is an important contributor to SIDS, normal infants might fail to arouse from sleep in response to hypoxia. To test this hypothesis, the authors studied hypoxic arousal responses in 18 healthy term infants younger than 7 months of age (age 12.1 +/- 1.7 [SEM] weeks; 56% girls). Hypoxic arousal challenges were performed during quiet sleep by rapidly decreasing inspired oxygen tension (PIO2) to 80 mm Hg for 3 minutes or until arousal (eye opening, agitation, and crying) occurred. Tests were performed in duplicate when possible. Only 8 infants (44%) aroused in response to one or more hypoxic challenges; arousal occurred during 8 (32%) of 25 trials. There were no significant differences in lowest PIO2 or arterial oxygen saturation during hypoxia between those infants who aroused and those who failed to arouse. All 18 infants had a fall in their end-tidal carbon dioxide tension during hypoxia, suggesting that each had a hypoxic ventilatory response despite failure to arouse in the majority. Periodic breathing occurred following hypoxia in only 1 (13%) of the 8 trials that resulted in arousal, compared with 16 (94%) of 17 trials without arousal (P less than .005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hypoxic arousal responses in normal infants. 157 95

To conduct SEM studies on epithelium containing mucus-producing cells it is essential to remove the mucus which normally obscures the epithelial surface. This study presents a method which effectively removes the covering layer of mucus in the rat middle ear. Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were decapitated and the middle ears dissected free. Incubation and agitation of the middle ear specimens in hyaluronidase (50 IE ml-1) and/or glucosidase (8%) removed the mucus from the middle ear cavity without altering the surface structures. It was also revealed that substances such as polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) (used to increase the colloid osmotic pressure of, e.g., the fixative solution) must be omitted when preparing ciliated specimens for SEM.
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PMID:The use of hyaluronidase and glucosidase to remove mucus from the rat middle ear cavities for SEM studies. 158 77

To determine whether naloxone infusion is efficacious in severe hyperdynamic septic shock, we conducted a prospective study of 22 patients randomly assigned to a naloxone or placebo group. Patients were treated 12 +/- 2 h (SEM) after the onset of shock, with a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 63 +/- 3 mm Hg. All patients had clinical evidence of an infectious process and required dopamine 20 +/- 2 micrograms/kg.min. Five (46%) of 11 patients in the naloxone group and one (9%) of the other 11 patients in the placebo group responded clinically. The MAP among the five responders increased from 62 +/- 5 to 89 +/- 4 mm Hg within 20 min of naloxone treatment (p less than .01). This favorable hemodynamic response was sustained throughout the patients' clinical course. In contrast, the MAP did not change significantly in the nonresponders who received naloxone, nor did it change in the placebo group. More patients in the naloxone group than in the placebo group received steroids concurrently. Survival rate was 100% in those who responded to naloxone clinically. However, overall survival rate in each group was essentially the same. No adverse effects were observed, except for mild agitation in some of the patients receiving naloxone. We conclude that naloxone infusion is clinically efficacious in improving the hemodynamic profile of a subgroup of patients with severe early hyperdynamic septic shock, but does not appear to improve the overall survival rate.
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PMID:Prospective, controlled, randomized trial of naloxone infusion in early hyperdynamic septic shock. 267 43

Hypoxic and hypercapneic arousal responses from quiet sleep were tested in 56 infants with apnea of infancy (one or more episodes of cyanosis, limpness, and apnea requiring vigorous stimulation or resuscitation with no treatable cause; age 6.8 +/- 1.1 [SEM] months). Responses were compared with those of nine control infants ranging from 1 to 25 months of age. To assess hypercapneic arousal, the inspired PCO2 was rapidly increased during quiet sleep to 60 mm Hg or until arousal (restlessness, agitation, eye opening) occurred. All control infants and those with apnea of infancy aroused to hypercapnea, but control infants aroused at a lower inspired PCO2 (inspired PCO2 40.1 +/- 2.6 mm Hg) than those with apnea of infancy (inspired PCO2 46.9 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, P less than .05). To assess hypoxic arousal, the inspired PO2 was rapidly decreased during quiet sleep to 80 mm Hg or until arousal occurred. All control infants aroused to hypoxia (inspired PO2 78.3 +/- 2.1 mm Hg). However, only 38% of those with apnea of infancy aroused (inspired PO2 78.1 +/- 0.8 mm Hg), indicating an abnormality in recognition of hypoxia, or central brainstem response to hypoxia. During the 10.4 +/- 1.2 months of follow-up, there was a high incidence of subsequent apneas (greater than 20 seconds) during sleep at home in 50 apneic infants. Infants with abnormal hypoxic arousal responses had more severe subsequent apneas than those with normal hypoxic arousal responses (P less than .05).
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PMID:Hypoxic and hypercapneic arousal responses and prediction of subsequent apnea in apnea of infancy. 399 Dec 71

The plasma concentrations of immunoreactive thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1 alpha were determined in coronary venous blood sampled from open-chested, anaesthetised beagle dogs by local vein catheterisation. Thromboxane levels were high immediately following catheterisation (2.08 +/- 0.75 ng X ml-1, mean +/- SEM, n = 6) and fell over 25 min to 0.48 +/- 0.07 ng X ml-1. Initial trauma of the coronary veins (agitation of the catheter) produced a large but variable increase to 5.13 +/- 2.27 ng X ml-1 (0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05) within 2 min, but arterial trauma (repeated momentary occlusions) produced 0.4 +/- 0.03 ng X ml-1, a value not significantly different from control. After 7 min ischaemia an increase to 0.98 +/- 0.26 ng X ml-1 was detected (P less than 0.05). Reperfusion after 15 min ischaemia caused a fall to 0.43 +/- 0.09 ng X ml-1 at 2 min. In contrast, 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1 alpha levels varied little with trauma but increased to 0.64 +/- 0.14 ng X ml-1 (P less than 0.01) within 2 min ischaemia, remaining elevated. On reperfusion, levels fell to 0.27 +/- 0.06 ng X ml-1 (P less than 0.05) at 2 min, progressively increasing to 0.35 +/- 0.05 ng X ml-1 at 30 min. We conclude that intimal trauma of coronary veins induced thromboxane release and that the physical effects of venous sampling may contribute to apparent thromboxane release from ischaemic muscle. Although transient arterial and venous trauma had no significant effect on 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1 alpha, it is still possible that its release during ischaemia may follow prolonged arterial clamping.
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PMID:Effects of vascular trauma and transient myocardial ischaemia on coronary venous prostaglandin levels in the dog. 668 2

The semen of turkeys with numerous spermiophages was used for isolating spermiophages by density gradient centrifugation. Isolated spermiophages were suspended in Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) and added to semen with low spermiophage numbers to give approximate spermiophage concentrations of: 2 x 10(5)/mL (medium) and 10(6) (high). Semen with no added spermiophages was the control. Samples were diluted to 1:1 with BPSE, and for each spermiophage level (treatment), semen aliquots were either immediately inseminated or stored 6 h at 4 C with agitation (150 rpm) before insemination. Hens were inseminated weekly, and fertility, embryonic mortality, and hatchability of eggs were determined for a 10-wk period. The experiment was performed twice. In Trial 1, there were no differences in fertility between treatments except that fertility for control stored semen was lower (P < or = 0.05) than that for fresh semen (89.27 vs 95.97, respectively; SEM = 2.2). Neither hatchability nor embryonic mortality was affected by spermiophage level in Trial 1. Spermiophages did not affect fertility in Trial 2; however, hatchability for unstored treatments with added spermiophages was significantly lower than for the control. For stored semen, hatchability was significantly (P < or = 0.05) greater for treatments with added spermiophages than for the control. Differences in embryonic mortality in Trial 2 did not relate to adding spermiophages to the semen. No clearly defined detrimental effect of seminal spermiophages was shown in the present experiments.
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PMID:Effect of added spermiophages in pooled turkey semen on fertility, embryonic mortality, and hatchability. 896 84

Continuous culture fermentations of Escherichia coli W3110 have been carried out at controlled dissolved oxygen levels of 40% and 10% of saturation. Satisfactory and reproducible results were obtained. Agitation speeds of 400 and 1200 rpm at an aeration rate of 1 vvm have been used as well as an aeration rate of 3 vvm at 400 rpm. The upper levels of these variables represent much higher agitation and aeration intensities than those normally used in practical fermentations. The fermentations were monitored by mass spectrometry and optical density, and cell samples were studied by flow cytometry, SEM, and TEM. Protocols were developed so the state of both cell membranes and cell size could be measured by flow cytometry. Under all the conditions of agitation and aeration, flow cytometric analysis indicated that both cell membranes were intact and that a cytoplasmic membrane potential existed; also the cell size did not change, results confirmed by SEM and TEM. There were no detectable changes in off-gas analysis or optical density during the continuous fermentation nor in the cell structure as revealed by SEM or TEM, except at the highest agitation intensity. Under the latter conditions, after 7 h, the outer polysaccharide layer on the cell was stripped away. It is concluded that any changes in biological performance of this E. coli cell line due to variations in agitation or aeration intensity or scale of operation cannot be attributed to fluid dynamic stresses associated with the turbulence generated by impellers or with bursting bubbles.
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PMID:The use of flow cytometry to study the impact of fluid mechanical stress on Escherichia coli W3110 during continuous cultivation in an agitated bioreactor. 1009 79

The mobility of pooled turkey sperm following various storage regimens was assessed by objectively measuring the ability of sperm to penetrate a 2% Accudenz [5-(N-2,3-dihydroxypropylacetamido)-2,4,6-tri-iodo-N,N'-bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)isophthalamide] solution at 41 C. When semen was diluted with Beltsville poultry semen extender and stored at 5 C with agitation at 150 rpm, sperm mobility declined as the storage interval increased (P < or = 0.05), with mobility scores (mean +/- SEM) of 0.440+/-0.029, 0.374+/-0.031, 0.282+/-0.011, 0.202+/-0.019, and 0.130+/-0.019 for 0-, 3-, 6-, 24-, and 48-h storage, respectively. For a 10-wk fertility trial using the same storage method, sperm mobility and fertilizing capacity of semen were significantly reduced following 24-h storage compared with values for unstored semen. The sperm mobility scores were 0.404+/-0.051 and 0.101+/-0.046 for unstored and 24-h stored semen, respectively, whereas the percentage of fertilized eggs was 95.9+/-5.1 for unstored semen and 48.0+/-5.1 for 24-h stored semen. When caffeine or pentoxifylline was added to semen at 2.5, 5, or 10 mM, no significant effect on sperm mobility was seen, regardless of whether these compounds were added to unstored semen, were present during 6-h storage, or were added following the 6-h storage interval. These studies demonstrate that sperm mobility and fertilizing capacity of pooled turkey semen declines with storage, and that addition of caffeine or pentoxifylline either during or after storage does not affect sperm mobility.
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PMID:The effects of methylxanthines on the mobility of stored turkey sperm. 1119 44

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) and beta 2 (TGF-beta2) are present in human milk and are involved in growth differentiation and repair of neonatal intestinal epithelia. Heat treatment at 56 degrees C has been shown effective for providing safe banked donor milk, with good retention of other biologically active factors. The purpose of our study was to determine the effect of heat sterilization on TGF-alpha and TGF-beta2 concentrations in human milk. Twenty milk samples were collected from 20 lactating mothers in polypropylene containers and frozen at -20 degrees C for transport or storage. Before heat treatment by holder pasteurization, the frozen milk was thawed and divided into 1-mL aliquots. All samples were heated in an accurately regulated water bath until a holding temperature was achieved, then held for 30 minutes using constant agitation. Holding temperature ranged from 56.5 degrees C to 56.9 degrees C. The milk was then stored at 4 degrees C overnight for analysis the following day. The concentration of TGF-alpha was measured by radioimmunoassay. Mean concentration +/- SD of TGF-alpha in raw milk samples was 119+/-50 pg/mL, range 57 to 234. The mean concentration +/- SD of TGF-alpha in heat treated samples was 113+/-50 pg/mL, range 51 to 227. TGF-alpha concentration was minimally affected by pasteurization, with an overall loss of 6.1%. Of 19 samples, 4 had increased and 15 had decreased concentrations after pasteurization (mean percent SEM: 94%+/-7% of raw milk, range 72%+/-107%). The concentration of acid-activated TGF-beta2 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mean concentration +/- SD of TGF-beta2 in raw milk samples was 5624+/-5038 pg/mL, range 195 to 15480. The mean concentration +/- SD of TGF-beta2 in heat-treated samples was 5073+/-4646 pg/mL, range 181 to 15140. TGF-beta2 survived with relatively little loss (0.6%): of 18 samples, 11 had increased and 7 had decreased concentrations after pasteurization (mean percent +/- SEM: 99.4+/-6.7% of raw milk, range 79%-120%). In conclusion, both TGF-alpha and TGF-beta2 were well-preserved in whole milk after holder pasteurization at 56.5 degrees C. The relative increase in growth factor concentration in some of the samples may be attributable to the release of that factor from the cellular and/or fat compartments into the aqueous fraction of human milk. These findings have implications regarding use of donor milk as an alternate source of growth factors and cytokines for the newborn gut when mother's milk is unavailable.
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PMID:The effect of pasteurization on transforming growth factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta 2 concentrations in human milk. 1178 29

Itch is a major symptom of skin disease and remains poorly studied. We have used limb-worn digital accelerometers, and infrared video of patients as a gold standard, on children with atopic dermatitis and control subjects in their own homes at night. Video analysis shows that nocturnal scratching and restlessness are more complex than we first thought, with many movements that potentially damage the skin not conforming to stereotypical scratch movements. Children with atopic dermatitis spent a mean of 46 minutes less time motionless or sleeping at night than control subjects (468 +/- 3 [SEM] vs 422 +/- 37 [SEM], P<.001). Children with atopic dermatitis showed 2 to 3 times as much scratching or restlessness activity as control subjects, with little overlap between groups (P<.01). Scratching and restlessness were highly correlated with each other (0.94, P<.01). Accelerometer scores were highly correlated with video results (rho>0.02, P<.01, for scratching, restlessness, and sleeping time). Individual limb scores were highly correlated with each other (rho approximately 0.87-0.98), suggesting that little information would be lost if only 1 limb was measured. There was little relation between parental assessment of scratch and objective measured scratch. Accelerometers provide a useful and practical way of assessing scratching at night in the patient's own home and could be used as an objective measure of disease activity both in clinical trials and in everyday clinical practice.
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PMID:The development of an objective method for measuring scratch in children with atopic dermatitis suitable for clinical use. 1469 62


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