Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Changes in coronary arterial size due to ergonovine maleate are described and quantitated in 90 patients--18 with typical angina pectoris, 56 with atypical chest pain, nine with variant angina pectoris, and seven heart transplant (allograft) recipients. We observed two angiographic changes in the diameter of coronary arteries: 1) spasm, which was characterized by occlusion or marked (greater than 85%) focal or diffuse vessel narrowing, or 2) relatively mild and diffuse vessel narrowing, which was interpreted as the normal pharmacologic response to the drug. Serial bolus injections of 0.05 mg, 0.10 mg and 0.25 mg of ergonovine maleate produced diffuse narrowing of the diameter of coronary arteries of 10 +/- 1.5%, 16 +/- 1.4% and 20 +/- 1.3% (mean +/- SEM), respectively, in the 72 patients with anginal syndromes who did not develop coronary spasm. The degree of coronary arterial narrowing was the same in heart transplant recipients and in patients with normally innervated hearts who did not develop coronary spasm. We believe the normal pharmacologic response to ergonovine maleate was due to a direct vasoconstrictor action of the drug; this action was independent of neural control extrinsic to the heart.
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PMID:The effects of ergonovine maleate on coronary arterial size. 75 27

Following artificial ulceration of the guinea pig bladder epithelium, study by light microscopy showed that mitotic activity occurs within 24 hours in the basal layer of the remaining epithelium; which leads to thickening, disorganization and cell shedding. At the ulcer margin, the epithelium forms a rolled edge, from the extremity of which a two-layered sheet of flat cells grows over the edematous ulcer bed, and the ulcer site is protected during dilation of the bladder by localized muscle spasm. Healing is effected within about one week, as the mitotic activity declines. Organization of the new epithelium commences at the periphery and the cells acquire glycogen and alkaline phosphatase. Study by SEM, which included normal bladders, confirmed that new epithelium spreads from a rolled epithelial edge, and also showed that cells undergoing rejection have globular profiles with surface microvilli. The immature epithelial cells are markedly distorted from mutual pressure during migration and their surfaces show only short microvilli. Ulcers heal after four to seven days, depending on size, and the new cells rapidly assume the pentagonal and hexagonal outlines and the reticular pattern of surface ridges, characteristic of mature surface cells. The ridges apparently develop by fusion of rows of microvilli. By the tenth day it is difficult to identify the original ulcer site.
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PMID:A study of light and scanning electron microscopy of the lining epithelium of the guinea pig bladder following artificial ulceration. 92 Jun 29

In order to evaluate the effects of intracoronary acetylcholine on coronary resistance vessels, oxygen saturation in coronary sinus blood was continuously measured to compare its dynamic changes during intracoronary injection of acetylcholine in both patients with variant angina and control subjects. Group 1 consisted of 6 patients without coronary artery disease. Group 2 consisted of 10 patients with variant angina and spasm in the left anterior descending coronary artery. A fiberoptic reflection oximetry system was used for the continuous measurement of coronary sinus venous oxygen saturation. Acetylcholine (20 micrograms) was injected directly into the left coronary artery over 30 s. In the group 1 patients, coronary sinus venous oxygen saturation was increased from 39 +/- 2% (mean +/- SEM) to 54 +/- 3% at 30 s, continuously climbed to 70 +/- 3% at 60 s and then gradually decreased to 53 +/- 5% at 120 s after the initiation of intracoronary injection of acetylcholine. In contrast, in the group 2 patients, coronary sinus venous oxygen saturation was transiently increased from 39 +/- 2% to 56 +/- 4% at 30 s, reversed, decreased to 52 +/- 4% at 60 s and then rapidly decreased to 36 +/- 3% at 120 s with the onset of chest pain associated with electrocardiographic ischemic changes. Coronary arteriography during attacks demonstrated a total or subtotal occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery due to severe spasm in all of the 10 patients. The extent of increases in coronary sinus venous oxygen saturation at 30 s after acetylcholine injection was not significantly different between the two groups (group 1: 15 +/- 4%, group 2: 17 +/- 3%). Heart rate, blood pressure and rate-pressure product were essentially unchanged at 30 s after intracoronary injection of acetylcholine in both groups. These data suggest that in control adult humans, coronary blood flow was increased through dilatation of resistance vessels by acetylcholine, while in patients with variant angina, coronary blood flow was transiently increased by dilatation of resistance vessels, after which it was suddenly decreased by spasm of an epicardial artery induced by this agent. Relaxant responses to acetylcholine of coronary resistance vessels appear to be preserved well in patients with variant angina.
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PMID:Biphasic changes (initial increase and late decrease) in coronary sinus venous oxygen saturation during anginal attacks induced by intracoronary acetylcholine in patients with variant angina. 130 Dec 47

Pressures in the common bile duct and duodenum were continuously measured with two pressure microtransducers placed by endoscopy in 10 postcholecystectomy patients. A complete cycle of the migrating motor complex of the duodenum was obtained in seven patients, its length ranging from 62 to 174 min with a mean of 114 min. The biliary pressure showed a transient elevation of 5.0 +/- 0.6 (mean +/- SEM) mm Hg (P < 0.001) in concert with phase III of the duodenal cycle in all 10 patients, whereas it remained stable during other phases. Intramuscular morphine (0.2 mg/kg) given to induce spasm of the sphincter of Oddi 20 min after the passage of phase III invariably produced an activity front in the duodenum and a sustained increase in the biliary pressure, the magnitude of which was 8.3 +/- 0.9 mm Hg. The biliary pressure raised by morphine dropped after an intravenous injection of cerulein (0.1 microgram/kg) as a sphincter relaxant. These findings indicate that the biliary pressure rises transiently at phase III of the duodenal cycle in patients after cholecystectomy, probably due to contractions of the sphincter of Oddi.
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PMID:Biliary pressure variation in coordination with migrating motor complex of duodenum in patients with cholecystectomy and effects of morphine and cerulein. 139 99

The effect of total obstruction of blood flow on traumatically induced vasospasm was studied in the central arteries of rabbits' ears. All side branches were ligated along a 7 cm segment of the artery. Obstruction of blood flow was achieved by ligation of the central artery distal to this segment. The inner diameter of the artery was measured microscopically after transillumination. A standardised injury was induced with a clip applying forceps. The duration, intensity (reduction of diameter) and severity (integrated change in diameter over time) of the resulting spasm were assessed. Spasm induced after cessation of blood flow lasted significantly less time (mean (SEM), 6.0 (2.0) minutes compared with 18.1 (2.5) min) and was less severe than spasm induced when the blood flow was intact (1.6 (0.6) mm/min compared with 6.2 (0.6) mm/min). The results may be explained by local accumulation of vasodilating substances in the injured segment of the vessel in the absence of blood flow.
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PMID:Dependence of traumatic vasospasm on blood flow in the central artery of the ear in rabbits. 147 Aug 70

The effects of the K+ channel activators cromakalim, pinacidil, and nicorandil were investigated in endothelium intact, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precontracted rat isolated basilar artery. Cromakalim, pinacidil, and nicorandil produced concentration-dependent relaxation of rat isolated basilar artery precontracted with 5-HT with a rank order of potency of cromakalim greater than pinacidil greater than nicorandil. All compounds produced full or nearly full relaxation. The calculated Hill coefficients for cromakalim-, pinacidil-, and nicorandil-induced relaxation of 5-HT-precontracted rat isolated basilar artery were 2.20 +/- 0.36, 1.30 +/- 0.07, and 1.00 +/- 0.01, respectively. Under conditions of increased tone produced by 50 mmol/l KCl (which inhibits cromakalim-induced relaxation) pinacidil and nicorandil produced marked reversal of spasm, with pinacidil being more potent than nicorandil. In arteries precontracted with 5-HT, preincubation with glibenclamide (0.1-1 mumol/l) produced concentration-related inhibition of relaxation with calculated mean pA2 values (and slopes of Schild regression) +/- SEM of 6.84 +/- 0.20 (1.1 +/- 0.20) against cromakalim. 6.60 +/- 0.14 (0.95 +/- 0.23) against nicorandil, and 6.57 +/- 0.26 (1.04 +/- 0.18) against pinacidil. For cromakalim, pinacidil, and nicorandil the slopes of Schild regression were not significantly different from unity. Tolbutamide 10 mumol/l was without effect against the cromakalim-, pinacidil-, or nicorandil-induced relaxation. Tetraethylammonium (TEA; 1-10 mmol/l) produced noncompetitive inhibition of the cromakalim-induced relaxation, but appeared to produce competitive inhibition of the pinacidil- and nicorandil-induced relaxations. We conclude that cromakalim, pinacidil, and nicorandil produce relaxation of the 5-HT precontracted rat basilar artery by similar mechanisms to those identified in other peripheral vascular and visceral smooth muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Analysis of cromakalim-, pinacidil-, and nicorandil-induced relaxation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine precontracted rat isolated basilar artery. 183 Jan 31

The incidence, character and treatment of backache associated with epidural anesthesia (EA) using 3% chloroprocaine (2-CP, Nesacaine-MPF) were observed in ten volunteers undergoing a study of the effects of EA upon plasma catecholamines. Three levels of epidural analgesia were sequentially sought, T10, T4 and C8, in ascending order. Each block was allowed to fully dissipate prior to the next injection. For the first, second and third injections, 15-20 ml, 25-35 ml and 52-60 ml, respectively, of 3% 2-CP were injected via an epidural catheter. Mean total volume of 2-CP injected was 103 ml (range, 92-115 ml) over seven hours. Back pain was first reported after as little as 15 ml (mean +/- SEM, 24.0 +/- 3.9 ml; range, 15-45 ml). The pain was described as a dull ache deep in the lumbar back, ranging in severity from mild to severe. No profound spasm of the erector spinae muscles was observed. Mean verbal analog scale pain scores after regression of the first, second and third blocks were 2.2, 4.3 and 6.5, respectively. Epidural fentanyl (100-200 micrograms) was effective in providing rapid relief of the pain. Large doses or possibly repeated injections of epidural Nesacaine-MPF are associated with an increased incidence and severity of postanesthesia lumbar back pain.
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PMID:Back pain after epidural anesthesia with chloroprocaine in volunteers: preliminary report. 183 45

Severe coronary artery spasm can occur in orthotopic cardiac transplant recipients. To investigate the possible mechanisms and relevance of coronary spasm to the subsequent development of coronary disease, the response of the coronary arteries to intracoronary ergonovine maleate was studied in 10 patients who had undergone orthotopic cardiac transplantation and were shown to have normal coronary arteries at angiography. Ergonovine in doses of 1, 5 and 10 micrograms was injected into the left coronary artery followed by 2 mg of isosorbide dinitrate. Proximal coronary artery luminal diameters were measured using automated computerized quantitative angiography of the left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex (LCX) vessels. Five patients (responders) demonstrated a dose response curve to intracoronary ergonovine which was similar to that previously seen in non-transplant patients (mean percentage diameter change +/- SEM, -24.68 +/- 1.93 for LAD, -24.06 +/- 3.91 for LCX). The remaining five patients (non-responders) demonstrated a virtually flat dose response curve significantly different from that of the responders (P = 0.001 for LAD, P = 0.013 for LCX). Angiography after 2 years demonstrated significant coronary disease in four of the five responders to ergonovine. In contrast, the five non-responders to ergonovine continue to have no detectable disease by angiography.
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PMID:Coronary reactivity to ergonovine--possible relationship to accelerated coronary arterial disease in cardiac transplant recipients. 206 86

Dysphagia is a frequent cause of referral for oesophageal manometry although the motor response to eating is not routinely studied. We examined symptoms and oesophageal motor patterns in response to eating bread in 30 patients with either gastro-oesophageal reflux (n = 20), or normal oesophageal function tests (n = 10). No patient experienced symptoms while swallowing water but one complained of heartburn and one developed symptomatic oesophageal 'spasm' during eating. In eight further patients, pain or dysphagia which occurred with swallowing bread was associated with aperistalsis. Comparing asymptomatic and symptomatic periods, there was a slight increase in mean swallow frequency from 7.5 (0.79) (SEM) to 9.0 (1.17) swallows per minute (NS; n = 10). The mean number of aperistalsis swallows increased from 4.5 (0.96) per minute to 6.2 (1.30) (p less than 0.01; n = 10). Aperistalsis during symptoms was mainly caused by non-conducted swallows rather than synchronous contractions (mean 5.8 (1.45) per minute compared with 1.2 (0.44]. Aperistalsis can be produced by rapid swallowing in the normal oesophagus through 'deglutitive inhibition'. These results suggest that some patients experience dysphagia associated with aperistalsis perhaps as a response to increased frequency of swallowing. Functional abnormalities of this nature will not be detected by conventional oesophageal manometry.
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PMID:Oesophageal manometry during eating in the investigation of patients with chest pain or dysphagia. 280 85

Criteria indicating injury of endothelial cells (craters, protrusion, denudation) in saphenous veins for aorto-coronary bypass grafting have been examined and quantitated by use of light-(LM), scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The specimens were fixed either by immersion or under pressure. It was shown that the conventional way of handling saphenous vein grafts prior to implantation results in serious damage of the endothelial lining. The factors responsible are presumed to be hypoxia, manual flushing and distension with isotonic saline for blood removal, control of leakage, and counteracting spasm of the graft. Even samples collected by a "no touch" technique and exposed to a short hypoxic interval sometimes revealed slight injury.
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PMID:A quantitative study of endothelial cell injury in aorto-coronary vein grafts. 348 41


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