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 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been proposed to serve as a satiety signal in animals and humans. To further explore the role of CCK in humans, the effect on satiety and eating behavior of a specific CCK-receptor antagonist, loxiglumide, that preferentially inhibits peripheral (CCK-A) receptors was investigated. In a randomized, blind, four-period latin square design, 10 subjects received intravenous saline (placebo) or loxiglumide (10 mg/kg per hour) with concomitant intrajejunal perfusions of isotonic saline or fat (containing 50% corn oil and 3% albumin). Food intake and plasma CCK concentrations were assessed, and subjects scored their feelings of hunger and fullness in paired experiments. In placebo-treated subjects, the duration of the meal was shorter during fat perfusion (30 +/- 2 minutes vs. 35 +/- 2 minutes; P less than 0.01; mean +/- SEM). The amount of food intake was reduced (361 +/- 31 g vs. 454 +/- 35 g; P less than 0.05), and fluid ingestion was inhibited (490 +/- 31 mL vs. 625 +/- 38 mL; P less than 0.01). Loxiglumide did not affect any parameter and did not change the pattern of responses. In loxiglumide-treated subjects there was a 4-5-fold elevation in plasma CCK levels. These results confirm that jejunal infusion of lipid reduces the size of the meal and stimulates early satiety. The data imply that these effects are not mediated through peripheral endogenous CCK under these conditions.
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PMID:Role of circulating cholecystokinin in control of fat-induced inhibition of food intake in humans. 156 92

Cholecystokinin decreases food intake in animals and in man. This study investigated whether the structurally related ceruletide reduces food intake in healthy non-obese man. Twelve females and 12 males participated, after an over-night fast, in each of two experiments. During the basal 40 min, saline was infused IV. Thereafter, the infusion was, in random double blind fashion, either continued with saline or switched to 60 or 120 ng/kg b. wt/hr ceruletide. Butter was melted in a pan and scrambled eggs with ham were prepared in front of the subjects, who were instructed to eat, together with bread and mallow tea, as much as they wanted. With 120 ng/kg/hr ceruletide, the subjects ate significantly less (16.8 percent) than with saline (3725 kJ +/- 489 SEM and 4340 kJ +/- 536, respectively; p less than 0.025). They also reported less hunger (p less than 0.005) and activation (p less than 0.005) and activation (p less than 0.01), and had longer reaction times (p less than 0.01) and a weaker psychomotor performance (p less than 0.025). 60 ng/kg/hr ceruletide decreased food intake only slightly (6.6%; 3089 kJ +/- 253 and 3292 kJ +/- 300 respectively) and no significant changes in the above measures occurred. In conclusion, ceruletide reduces food intake in man, thus resembling the effects of cholecystokinin.
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PMID:Ceruletide decreases food intake in non-obese man. 713 28

We examined the effect of inspiratory flow rate (IFR) on respiratory sensation during mechanical ventilation in 10 normal subjects. We adjusted the ventilator tidal volume (VT), frequency, and IFR until subjects indicated that they were maximally comfortable ("comfort IFR"). Subjects then rated breathing discomfort on a visual analog scale (VAS) while IFR was varied among four levels: 70%, 100%, 200%, and 300% of the comfort IFR. When compared with VAS ratings at the comfort IFR (4.4 +/- 1.2, mean +/- SEM), VAS ratings were significantly greater at the lowest (i.e., 70% comfort; 12.1 +/- 2.1) and highest (300% comfort; 8.2 +/- 0.9) IFR; there was no difference in ratings between the comfort IFR and 200% comfort IFR. At the lowest IFR, the breathing discomfort arose in the chest and had an air hunger-like quality; at high IFR, the discomfort arose in the upper airway. In the second portion of the study, subjects used open magnitude estimation to rate breaths of five different sizes at three different IFR (70%, 100%, and 200% of comfort rate). Neither the exponent nor intercept for VT perception differed among the three IFR. Our results demonstrate that although IFR does not alter magnitude estimation of breath size, deviations of IFR from that desired by the subject may greatly affect respiratory comfort.
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PMID:Effect of inspiratory flow rate on respiratory sensation and pattern of breathing. 788 66

Cholecystokinin 33 (CCK) was infused intravenously to eight healthy obese women and 10 healthy lean women of the same age, in doses that elicited plasma cholecystokinin concentrations in the physiological range. The effect of these infusions after a standardised banana 'shake' (preload) on food intake and satiety signals was compared with the effect of saline infusions in the same subjects. For the whole group food intake (mean (SEM)) (282 (29 g)) was significantly less during CCK than during saline (346 (31) g, p < 0.05). Hunger feelings tended to be less during CCK infusions. Examination of the separate subgroups showed no differences between lean and obese subjects in the satiety effects of CCK. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, CCK significantly decreases food intake in humans, and this effect is similar for lean and obese subjects.
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PMID:Satiety effects of a physiological dose of cholecystokinin in humans. 788 12

We studied the effect of heat-treated fats on gastric emptying. Eight healthy asymptomatic volunteers (five males; age 28-41 years) ate on different days and in random order two meals identical in contents (pasta, tomato, beef, olive oil, carrots, orange, water; 870 kcal males, 700 kcal females; 47% of calories from carbohydrate, 36% from fat, 17% from protein), but cooked differently (fats fried or not). Ultrasound measurement of antral diameters was used to calculate basal antral section, its maximal dilation after the meal, the time necessary for total emptying, and the percent retention at hourly intervals. No difference was found in basal and maximal antral diameters after the two meals. On the contrary, total gastric emptying was significantly delayed after the fried meal [317.1 (24.12) vs 226.7 (18.4) min, mean (1 SEM); P < 0.002]. A significantly greater percentage of maximal antral distension was still present between 120 and 240 min after the fried meal. The glycemic response and hunger feeling were the same after the two meals, whereas there was a longer persistence of satiety and epigastric fullness after the fried meal. In conclusion, gastric emptying can be influenced not only by the meal content, but also by the way it is cooked.
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PMID:Gastric emptying of solids is markedly delayed when meals are fried. 795 93

Suspected postprandial (reactive or idiopathic) hypoglycemia is characterized by predominantly adrenergic symptoms appearing after meals rich in carbohydrates and by their rare association with low blood glucose level (< 2.77 mmol/L). We studied heart rate, blood pressure, plasma insulin, C-peptide, and catecholamine responses during a 5-h oral glucose tolerance test in eight patients with suspected postprandial hypoglycemia and eight age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched healthy controls. We also evaluated beta-adrenergic sensitivity by using the isoproterenol sensitivity test. Psychological profile was assessed by the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90R) self-report symptom inventory. Patients with suspected postprandial hypoglycemia had higher beta-adrenergic sensitivity (defined as the dose of isoproterenol required to increase the resting heart rate by 25 beats/min) than controls (mean +/- SEM, 0.8 +/- 0.13 vs. 1.86 +/- 0.25 microgram isoproterenol; P = 0.002). After administration of glucose (75 g) blood glucose, plasma C-peptide, plasma epinephrine, and plasma norepinephrine responses were identical in the two groups, but plasma insulin was higher in the patients (group effect, P = 0.02; group by time interaction, P = 0.0001). Both heart rate and systolic blood pressure were significantly higher (but remained in the normal range) after glucose administration in patients with suspected postprandial hypoglycemia than in controls (group by time interactions, P = 0.004 and 0.0007, respectively). After glucose intake, seven patients had symptoms (palpitations, headache, tremor, generalized sweating, hunger, dizziness, sweating of the palms, flush, nausea, and fatigue), whereas in the control group, one subject reported flush and another palpitations, tremor, and hunger. Analysis of the SCL-90R questionnaire revealed that patients had emotional distress and significantly higher anxiety, somatization, depression, and obsessive-compulsive scores than controls. We may conclude that patients with suspected postprandial hypoglycemia have normal glucose tolerance, increased beta-adrenergic sensitivity, and emotional distress.
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PMID:Suspected postprandial hypoglycemia is associated with beta-adrenergic hypersensitivity and emotional distress. 796 39

Satiation, the process that brings eating to an end, and satiety, the state of inhibition over further eating, may be influenced by cholecystokinin (CCK). In animal and human studies, it has been shown that infusion of exogenous CCK decreases food intake, but the doses given may well have led to supraphysiological plasma concentrations. This study was done to discover if a low dose of intraduodenal fat releasing physiological amounts of endogenous cholecystokinin exerts satiation or satiety effects, or both and if these effects could be inhibited by the CCK receptor antagonist loxiglumide. In 10 healthy lean volunteers (5 F, 5 M, mean age 26) three tests were performed in a randomised blind fashion. Intralipid 20% (6 g/h) (experiments A and C) or saline (experiment B) were given intraduodenally from 1030 until 1300. The subjects received saline (experiments A and B) or loxiglumide (experiment C) a specific CCK-receptor antagonist (10 mg/kg/h) intravenously from 0930 until 1300. At 1200 a meal was served. At regular time intervals hunger feelings were measured using visual analogue scales and food selection lists and plasma CCK was measured by radioimmunoassay. Food intake (mean (SEM)) during intraduodenal fat (206(35)g) was lower than in the control study (269(37)g, p = 0.09). Loxiglumide largely prevented the inhibitory effect of intraduodenal fat on food intake (245(30)g). From 1030 until the meal at 1200 there was a significant satiating effect of intraduodenal fat compared with the control and loxiglumide experiments according to the food selection lists, which was because of the satiating effect for the fat rich items (p<0.05). Also feelings of fullness were significantly higher during intraduodenal fat than in the control or loxiglumide experiments (p<0.05). During intraduodenal fat there was a significant increase of plasma CCK from 2.4(0.3) to 4.8(0.4) pM (p<0.001). Loxiglumide led to an exaggerated CCK release to a peak concentration of 16(2.4) pM before the meal. This study shows that in humans low dose intraduodenal fat increases satiety and satiation, mainly through the effect of CCK.
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PMID:Effect of a low dose of intraduodenal fat on satiety in humans: studies using the type A cholecystokinin receptor antagonist loxiglumide. 817 88

1. To assess the influence of counterregulatory hormones, independently of neuroglycopaenia, on higher cerebral (cognitive) function, 'hypoglycaemic' warning symptoms and glucose kinetics, 10 healthy subjects participated in two hyperinsulinaemic (2 m-units min-1 kg-1) glucose clamp studies. After 100 min of euglycaemia (plasma glucose level 5 mmol/l), the plasma glucose level was either (a) maintained at 5 mmol/l for 120 min by glucose infusion with concomitant replacement of counterregulatory hormones (continuous infusions of glucagon, adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol and growth hormone) to mimic the hormonal milieu normally associated with hypoglycaemia (hormone infusion study) or (b) lowered to 2.8 mmol/l for 120 min (hypoglycaemia study). Assessments were made of cognitive function (P300 auditory evoked responses), symptoms (visual analogue scales) and glucose kinetics (3-[3H]glucose). 2. Hypoglycaemia was associated with an increase in all symptoms (facial flushing, palpitations, tingling, trembling, sweating, hunger, light-headedness and sleepiness, P < 0.01) and all subjects were aware that blood glucose levels had fallen. P300 evoked potential latency increased from 280 +/- 6 to 312 +/- 5 ms (mean +/- SEM, P < 0.01). In contrast, P300 latency and several individual symptoms (hunger, facial flushing, sweating and light-headedness) did not change from baseline during the hormone infusion study (P < 0.05 versus hypoglycaemia). Hepatic glucose production was lower (1.5 +/- 0.4 versus 2.3 +/- 0.3 mg min-1 kg-1, P < 0.05) and peripheral glucose uptake was higher (7.4 +/- 1.0 versus 5.6 +/- 0.6 mg min-1 kg-1, P < 0.01) during infusion of the hormones compared with during hypoglycaemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Influence of counterregulatory hormones, independently of hypoglycaemia, on cognitive function, warning symptoms and glucose kinetics. 840 88

Self-selected food intake of 15 reduced-obese women living in a metabolic ward was studied for 14 consecutive days to determine the effect of exercise and other metabolic and behavioral variables on energy intake. A choice of prepared food items were offered at breakfast, lunch and dinner, and a variety of additional food items were available continuously 24 h/day. Subjects performed either moderate intensity aerobic exercise (A-EX) (n = 8) expending 354 +/- 76 kcal/session or low intensity resistance weight training (R-EX)(n =7) expending 96 +/- kcal/session, 5 days/week. Mean energy intakes (kcal/day, +/- SEM) of the exercise groups were similar: 1867 +/- 275 for A-EX, 1889 +/- 294 for R-EX. Mean energy intakes of individuals ranged from 49 to 157% of the predetermined level required for weight maintenance. Resting metabolic rate per kg 0.75 and the Eating Inventory hunger score contributed significantly to the between subject variance in energy intake, whereas exercise energy expenditure did not. Regardless of exercise, eight women consistently restricted their energy intake (undereaters), and seven other consumed excess energy (overeaters). Overeaters were distinguished by higher Eating Inventory disinhibition (P = 0.023) and hunger (p = 0.004) scores. The overeaters' diet had a higher fat content 34 +/- 1% (p = 0.007). Also, overeaters took a larger percentage of their daily energy, than that of undereaters, 27 +/- 1 energy intake in the evening, 13 +/- 2%, compared to undereaters, 7 +/- 1% (p = 0.005). We conclude that the Eating Inventory is useful for identifying reduced-obese women at risk of overeating, and these individuals may benefit from dietary counseling aimed at reducing fat intake and evening snacking.
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PMID:Effect of exercise and dietary restraint on energy intake of reduced-obese women. 866 33

To evaluate the effects of cisapride on gastric emptying of extracellular fat and hunger and fullness 10 volunteers consumed a meal consisting of 60 ml technectium-99m (99mTc)-V-thiocyanate labelled olive oil and 290 ml indium-113m (113mIn) labelled soup after taking cisapride (10 mg four times daily orally) and placebo, each for four days, in randomised, double blind fashion. Gastric emptying was quantified scintigraphically. Hunger and fullness before and after the meal were evaluated using visual analogue scales. Cisapride accelerated gastric emptying of oil and aqueous components by reducing the lag phase mean (SEM) (20.3 (7.0) min v 40.7 (4.1) min (p < 0.05) for oil and 4.1 (2.5) min v 10.0 (3.1) min (p < 0.05) for aqueous). Cisapride had no effect on the post-lag emptying rate of oil. Treatment with cisapride was associated with reduced retention of oil in the proximal stomach (p < 0.05). Subjects were more hungry before ingestion of the meal while receiving cisapride (6.7 (0.9) v 3.9 (0.7), p < 0.001). The scores for hunger at 120 and 180 minutes were inversely related to gastric emptying of oil on both cisapride (r > -0.62, p < 0.05) and placebo (r > -0.86, p < 0.001). Fullness increased after the meal while receiving placebo (p < 0.01), but not cisapride and postprandial fullness was less with cisapride at (30 min; 0.4 (0.3) v 3.3 (1.0), p < 0.05). With placebo, but not cisapride, the score for fullness at 15 minutes was inversely related to emptying of the aqueous phase (r = 0.68, p < 0.05). These results show that in normal volunteers after ingestion of an oil/aqueous meal: (a) postprandial hunger is inversely related to gastric emptying of oil, while fullness is inversely related to gastric emptying of the aqueous phase, (b) cisapride affects the intragastric distribution and accelerates gastric emptying of both oil and aqueous meal components, and (c) cisapride increases preprandial hunger and reduces postprandial fullness.
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PMID:Effects of cisapride on gastric emptying of oil and aqueous meal components, hunger, and fullness. 867 80


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