Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty-six women with menorrhagia were treated with mefenamic acid during all menstrual periods for more than 1 year. These women had experienced objective and subjective benefit--menstrual blood loss was reduced and other menstrual symptoms improved during a preliminary 4-cycle double-blind placebo-controlled trial with mefenamic acid (placebo cycles: 65.6 +/- 5.3 ml; mefenamic acid cycles: 45.3 +/- 5.1 ml, mean +/- SEM). This reduction in menstrual blood loss was maintained at 6 to 9 months (49.2 +/- 9.9 ml) and at 12 to 15 months (42.8 +/- 4.8 ml) after the trial. These reductions were significant at the 6- to 9-month (paired t test = 2.18; P less than .05) and the 12- to 15-month interval (paired t test =- 4.40; P less than .001). Significant sustained reductions in blood loss were seen in the women with menorrhagia due to ovulatory dysfunctional bleeding and in those who had undergone tubal sterilization. Significant reductions were also seen in dysmenorrhea, headache, nausea, diarrhea, depression, number of sanitary towels used, and number of mefenamic acid capsules taken. A significant increase in serum ferritin was found between admission and completion of the follow-up trial in 11 women (P less than .01).
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PMID:Long-term treatment of menorrhagia with mefenamic acid. 633 54

Whole colon perfusion studies and measurements of luminal prostaglandin E2 were carried out in a 41-year-old female with collagenous colitis to investigate pathophysiological mechanisms for the diarrhea. Biopsies of the colorectal mucosa had revealed a continuous 25- to 60-micron subepithelial collagenous layer, but normal junctional complexes and capillaries. When the patient fasted, the diarrhea persisted and fecal electrolytes, as estimated from the concentration of sodium, potassium, and their anions, accounted for all the osmolality (284 mosm/kg) of stool water, the pH of which was above 8.0. The lumen-negative electrical potential difference in the rectum was -64 mV vs -45 +/- 2 mV (mean +/- SEM) in healthy controls. Profuse secretion of fluid and electrolytes occurred during colonic perfusion with saline. Transport of sodium appeared to be passive with flux ratios equal to those predicted for passive sodium movements, while chloride transport against a steep electrical gradient indicated active secretion. Perfusion with an "ileal output"-like solution decreased fluid and electrolyte secretion, suggesting that bicarbonate, in addition to chloride, may be a major determinant of secretion rates. Since immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 levels following in vivo equilibrium dialysis of feces ranged from 555 to 650 pg/ml vs 55 to 235 pg/ml (99% confidence limits) in healthy controls, it is speculated that prostaglandins synthesized locally in response to mucosal hypoxia might be the mediators of anion secretion.
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PMID:Colonic transport of water and electrolytes in a patient with secretory diarrhea due to collagenous colitis. 658 Oct 38

Our aim was to determine whether or not postprandial retrograde duodenal pacing would abolish the canine postgastrectomy dumping syndrome. Five dogs underwent truncal vagotomy, distal hemigastrectomy, gastroduodenostomy, and circumferential proximal duodenal myotomy to facilitate pacing. Bipolar stimulating electrodes from an implanted pacing unit were attached to the bowel 35 cm distal to the gastroduodenostomy, and six monopolar recording electrodes were applied at 5-cm intervals proximal to the pacing electrodes. After recovery, gastric emptying was assessed in the fasted conscious dogs using 300-ml gastric instillates of 25% dextrose marked with [14C]polyethylene glycol, while pulse, hematocrit, and defecation were monitored. Each dog underwent five tests with and five tests without retrograde duodenal pacing. Without pacing, the dogs emptied a mean +/- SEM of 237 +/- 14 ml of the instillate by 20 min and developed tachycardia (change in pulse, 45 +/- 4), hemoconcentration (change in hematocrit, 8 +/- 1), and diarrhea in 13 of 25 tests. Retrograde duodenal pacing slowed gastric emptying (157 +/- 20 ml, p less than 0.05) and minimized the adverse cardiovascular sequelae (change in pulse, 25 +/- 5, change in hematocrit, 6 +/- 1; p less than 0.05) and the diarrhea (only 2 of 25 tests, p less than 0.01). We concluded that intestinal pacing ameliorated the postgastrectomy dumping syndrome in dogs. Such an approach may be applicable to humans.
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PMID:Intestinal pacing for canine postgastrectomy dumping. 660 Feb 26

The postoperative results of 50 patients who underwent straight ileoanal anastomosis after total colectomy and mucosal proctectomy were compared with those of 74 patients who underwent ileal pouch--anal anastomosis. No deaths occurred. Of the straight ileoanal anastomoses, 32% failed because of sepsis or diarrhea and necessitated abdominal ileostomy; only 1.3% failed in the pouch-anal group (P less than .05). Stool frequency among patients followed up for three months or more (straight ileoanal, n = 30; pouch-anal, n = 33) was less in the pouch-anal group (mean +/- SEM, 7 +/- 1 stools per 24 hours) than in the straight ileoanal group (11 +/- 1/24 hr, P less than .01). Major nocturnal incontinence was also less in the pouch-anal group than in the straight ileoanal group (0% v 20%), and patient satisfaction was better, as measured on a scale of 1 (very poor functional result) to 10 (excellent result) (pouch-anal score, 9; straight ileoanal score, 6; P less than .02). We concluded that ileal pouch-anal anastomosis resulted in less diarrhea, better continence, and an improved quality of life when compared with straight ileoanal anastomosis.
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PMID:Straight ileoanal anastomosis v ileal pouch--anal anastomosis after colectomy and mucosal proctectomy. 684 64

A phase I clinical trial of N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartic acid (PALA) and 5-fluorouracil (FUra) was performed on 30 patients. PALA was given as a 15-minute iv infusion once daily for 5 days, and FUra was given as a bolus injection on days 2, 3, 4, and 5. Cycles of treatment were repeated every 3 weeks. Dose-limiting toxicity was manifested by stomatitis and diarrhea. Skin rash was observed also but was not dose limiting. No consistent hematopoietic or renal toxicity was observed. Seventeen patients with disseminated metastatic melanoma and measurable disease were evaluated for response. One partial response was seen; however, the response was associated with significant toxicity, and the treatment could not be repeated. Stable disease was observed in 3 patients with melanoma, 1 patient with colon carcinoma, and 1 patient with ovarian carcinoma. Our findings suggest that the clinical activity of PALA and FUra given according to the above schedule for melanoma is less than 25% (P less than 0.05). Pharmacokinetic studies of FUra revealed no consistent effect of PALA pretreatment on FUra disappearance in plasma. The mean FUra elimination half-line in plasma was 7.11 +/- 0.84 minutes (SEM), which is no different from that reported for FUra alone. The recommended doses on this schedule for phase II studies are 1,000 mg PALA/m2/day iv daily for 5 days and 200 mg FUra/m2/day iv on days 2, 3, 4, and 5.
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PMID:Phase I-phase II trial of N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartic acid given by intravenous infusion and 5-fluorouracil given by bolus injection. 695 Jan 56

In two groups of gallstone patients ideally suited for medical treatment, the effect of six to 18 months' therapy was compared retrospectively in 52 given chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and 46 given ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). The minimum dose (mg kg-1 day-1) required to desaturate bile consistently was 10.1 for UDCA and 14.3 for CDCA. In patients completing six months' treatment, 23 of 35 (66%) taking a mean of 7.7 (+/- SEM 0.5) mg UDCA and 34 of 42 (81%) taking 14.7 +/- 0.2 mg CDCA showed partial or complete dissolution of gallstones. The mean dose in the UDCA-treated patients, however, was artefactually lowered by previous dose-response studies: in those who had not taken multiple doses, the mean UDCA intake in the 'responders' at six months was 9.1 +/- 0.3 mg kg-1 day-1. At six months, more UDCA (five of 35 or 14.3%) than CDCA (four of 42 or 9.5%)-treated patients showed complete dissolution of gallstones, but, by one year, the situation was reversed, 20 of 41 (49%) CDCA-treated and eight of 30 (27%) UDCA-treated patients showing complete dissolution of gallstones. Cumulative efficacy at one year had risen to 76% for UDCA and 89% for CDCA. Both treatments reduced the frequency of dyspepsia and biliary colic; 37% of CDCA and 2.6% of UDCA-treated patients showed hypertransaminasaemia; diarrhoea developed in 60% of the CDCA group but in none of the UDCA group.
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PMID:Retrospective comparison of 'Cheno' and 'Urso' in the medical treatment of gallstones. 707 15

Two boys with congenital diarrhea, steatorrhea, and growth failure were studied. Preliminary investigations indicated that the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids was interrupted. Radiographically, ileal structure was normal; ileal function was normal when assessed by vitamin B12 absorption. To confirm our clinical suspicion that the patients had an isolated defect of ileal active bile acid transport, peroral terminal ileal biopsies were performed. Ileal mucosa was incubated in vitro in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing 10 mM glucose and 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 mM taurocholic acid at 37 degrees C. Ileal uptake from the patients was 0.10 and 0.34 mumol/g dry wt . min in 0.1 mM taurocholic acid, 1.20 and 2.39 mumol/g dry wt . min in 1.0 mM taurocholic acid, and 21.19 and 11.14 mumol/g dry wt . min in 10.0 mM taurocholic acid. At every concentration, significant (p less than 0.05) reductions were present compared with ileum from 7 ileostomy controls, 0.5 to 27 yr old whose uptake was 1.40 +/- 0.28 mumol/g dry wt . min (mean +/- SEM) at 0.1 mM; 6.36 +/- 1.33 mumol/g dry wt . min at 1.0 mM, and 76.20 +/- 19.30 mumol/g dry wt . min at 10.0 mM taurocholic acid. Ultrastructural examination of the ileal mucosa failed to demonstrate a significant structural abnormality. Significant reduction in ileal uptake of taurocholic acid accompanying clinical and biochemical findings of interruption of the enterohepatic circulation in the absence of mucosal disease suggests that these children have a previously undescribed, congenital transport defect that includes absence of active ileal bile acid transport presenting as diarrhea in infancy.
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PMID:Primary bile acid malabsorption: defective in vitro ileal active bile acid transport. 710 11

An infant with 21 months of chronic protracted diarrhea, associated with intestinal mucosal atrophy, decreased crypt mitotic activity, and anti-intestinal antibodies is reported. During a 4-month period, cimetidine was used in an attempt to stimulate mucosal growth. Thirty-minute postprandial serum gastrin levels rose significantly during cimetidine therapy (663 /+- 115 pg/ml, mean /+- SEM). Coincident with the cimetidine therapy, the jejunal mucosa showed progressive histologic improvement and the index of crypt mitotic activity (MI) steadily rose: pretreatment MI = 1.3 (mitoses/100 crypt cells); mid-study, 3.3; end of study, 4.5. There was a direct correlation between 30-min pp serum gastrin and MI (r = 0.989, P less than 0.005). The patient died in renal failure one month after cessation of cimetidine. At autopsy, the small bowel had returned to an atropic state. It is proposed that cimetidine may have influenced jejunal mucosal growth, possibly through meal-stimulated hypergastrinemia.
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PMID:Chronic protracted diarrhea and jejunal atrophy in an infant. Cimetidine-associated stimulation of jejunal mucosal growth. 746 Jul 19

Honey contains fructose in excess of glucose, which may lead to incomplete fructose absorption associated with abdominal symptoms and/or diarrhea. This hypothesis was investigated in 20 healthy volunteers (13 males, 7 females) with a mean (+/- SD) age of 35.9 +/- 12.1 y. Each subject drank the following aqueous solutions in random order: 20 g lactulose, 100 g honey, 50 g honey, and 35 g each of a glucose and fructose mixture. The breath-hydrogen concentration was measured every 15 min for 6 h. Semiquantitative estimates of carbohydrate malabsorption were assessed with lactose as a nonabsorbable standard. Breath-hydrogen concentrations increased by 52 +/- 6, 30 +/- 4, 20 +/- 3, and 4 +/- 1 ppm (mean +/- SEM) after each of the four test solutions, respectively. The estimated carbohydrate malabsorption was 10.3 +/- 1.8, 5.9 +/- 1.2, and 0.5 +/- 0.2 g after 100 g honey, 50 g honey, and the glucose-fructose mixture, respectively (F[2,57] = 16.05, P < 0.001). Within 10 h after the ingestion of 100 g honey, 50 g honey, and the glucose-fructose mixture, six, three and none of the volunteers, respectively, reported loose stools (chi 2 = 7.1, df = 2, P < 0.03). The results of this study suggest that carbohydrate malabsorption after ordinary doses of honey is frequent in healthy adults and may be associated with abdominal complaints. Honey may have a laxative effect in certain otherwise healthy individuals, probably because of incomplete fructose absorption.
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PMID:Honey may have a laxative effect on normal subjects because of incomplete fructose absorption. 749 82

We investigated the effect of adding psyllium to a standard electrolyte solution in 10 calves with diarrhea. The calves were tested with the standard solution on one day and standard solution plus psyllium on the alternate day. The order of treatments was randomized. Psyllium converted the solution into mucilage, but did not affect fecal consistency. Mean +/- SEM area under the glucose absorption curve was lower for mucilaginous than for nonmucilaginous solutions, 2.1 +/- 0.62 vs 3.75 +/- 1.18 mmol.h, respectively, but the difference was not significant. The area under the breath hydrogen curve was marginally lower for mucilaginous than nonmucilaginous solutions, 102 +/- 20 and 209 +/- 60 ppm.h, respectively. The usefulness of such decreased bacterial fermentation is doubtful.
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PMID:Effect of psyllium on plasma concentration of glucose, breath hydrogen concentration, and fecal composition in calves with diarrhea treated orally with electrolyte solutions. 769 50


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