Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Beagle puppies infected with both canine parainfluenza virus type 2 (CPI2) and Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) develop more severe acute bronchiolitis and airways hyperresponsiveness than do those infected with CPI2 or Bb alone. The aim of our study was to characterize the inflammatory response associated with airway hyperresponsiveness, and to determine whether the inflammatory cell response of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) reflected changes in the bronchioles in this model. We investigated 25 beagle puppies (ages 76 +/- 5 days, mean +/- SEM) in four groups: controls (n = 6), or puppies inoculated with both CPI2 and Bb (CPI2-Bb) (n = 11), with only CPI2 (n = 4), or only Bb (n = 4). The puppies were killed 3-4 days after inoculation, the lungs excised, the intermediate lobe lavaged, and BALF and the bronchiolar wall tissue examined for neutrophils and other inflammatory cells. Control puppies had no evidence of inflammation. However, the CPI2-Bb puppies had developed cough and rhinitis, positive cultures for CPI2 and Bb, and a neutrophilic cellular response in both the bronchioles and the BALF. Puppies inoculated with only CPI2 or Bb had milder illnesses and no significant bronchiolar and BALF neutrophilic response. For all groups, the severity of bronchiolar wall inflammation correlated with the total number of BALF inflammatory cells, and bronchiolar wall neutrophil counts correlated with the percentage of neutrophils in the BALF. The illness and the airway hyperresponsiveness observed in the CPI2-Bb group were associated with airway neutrophilia. Our studies support the hypothesis that neutrophils are associated with airway dysfunction in this model, and the use of BALF to study the process.
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PMID:Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology reflects airway inflammation in beagle puppies with acute bronchiolitis. 131 65

1. To investigate the role of mast cells and eosinophils in the pathogenesis of nocturnal asthma, the plasma methylhistamine concentration, serum eosinophil cationic protein level and peak expiratory flow rate were measured 2-hourly for 24 h in 10 patients with nocturnal asthma and in 10 healthy control subjects. Nocturnal asthma was defined as at least one nocturnal awakening per week due to cough, wheeze or breathlessness with an average overnight fall in peak expiratory flow rate of at least 15% during a 2-week run-in period. 2. The lowest peak expiratory flow rate occurred at 02.00-04.00 hours in the group with nocturnal asthma, whose overnight fall in peak expiratory flow rate was 29 +/- 5% in comparison with 5 +/- 1% (means +/- SEM) in the normal subjects. 3. Plasma methylhistamine levels at night (0.200-04.00 hours) were lower than during the day (10.00-20.00 hours) in both asthmatic patients and normal subjects (asthmatic patients: day, median 0.22 ng/ml, 95% confidence intervals 0.18-0.34 ng/ml; night, 0.17 ng/ml, 0.13-0.24 ng/ml; P < 0.01; normal subjects: day, 0.31 ng/ml, 0.24-0.41 ng/ml; night, 0.24 ng/ml, 0.21-0.33 ng/ml; P < 0.01). 4. The serum eosinophil cationic protein level was higher by day (30 ng/ml, 8-47 ng/ml) than by night (21 ng/ml, 5-34 ng/ml; P < 0.04) in the group with nocturnal asthma, but did not change significantly with the time of day in the normal subjects (day: 8 ng/ml, 4-14 ng/ml; night: 8 ng/ml, 5-21 ng/ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Circulating histamine and eosinophil cationic protein levels in nocturnal asthma. 132 39

We studied recovery in 25 adult patients, ASA I, undergoing elective orthopaedic procedures after anaesthesia with 0.65 MAC desflurane (n = 16) or isoflurane (n = 9) with 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Early emergence from anaesthesia was assessed in the operating room by measuring time to spontaneous movement, cough, response to painful pinch, tracheal extubation, opening of the eyes and stating correct age, name and body parts. The return of cognitive functions in the late recovery phase was assessed in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) by post-anaesthesia recovery scores (PARS), the Trieger dot test (TDT), and the digit substitution test (DST). In the early recovery phase, time to tracheal extubation, opening eyes, telling correct name, age and body parts occurred significantly faster in the desflurane group than in the isoflurane group (P < 0.05). The mean "triple orientation" time (to name, age, body parts) was 10.9 (SEM 0.9) min for desflurane, compared with 18.6 (2.5) min for isoflurane (P < 0.01). In the late recovery phase, desflurane patients had significantly greater PARS, more correct responses to the DST and fewer error responses to the TDT. Recovery times were not increased by increased duration of desflurane anaesthesia. The desflurane patients showed no delirium, minimal sedation and less shivering during the entire postoperative course. We conclude that desflurane anaesthesia was superior to isoflurane anaesthesia, not only in emergence, but also in the recovery of cognitive functions.
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PMID:Recovery of cognitive functions after anaesthesia with desflurane or isoflurane and nitrous oxide. 138 42

Conventional aerosol techniques were used to determine if inhalation of lidocaine can supplement topical anesthesia applied during bronchoscopy. Aerosols of either saline or lidocaine (50 mg at either 2 or 4% concentrations) were generated by jet nebulizer and administered with or without intermittent positive-pressure breathing. Patients (n = 38) after aerosol inhalation were administered 2% lidocaine (atomized and instilled) for suppression of the gag reflex, control of cough, and airway anesthesia. For five of the patients, prior to bronchoscopy, additional studies with radioaerosols and scintillation scans were accomplished with the same aerosol methodology to demonstrate lung distribution of deposited aerosol. For five patients who received 2% lidocaine aerosol prior to bronchoscopy, the subsequent topical dose of anesthetic required for the procedure was 186 +/- 34 (SEM) mg lidocaine. Nine patients in a control group received saline aerosol and required significantly more anesthetic, i.e., 308 +/- 26 mg; procedures were completed on average within 50 min. The largest difference was in the amount delivered to the upper airway (naris, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx), i.e., 144 +/- 26 mg for saline control versus 48 +/- 16 mg for lidocaine aerosol protocol. Airways distal to the cords required less anesthesia also, on average, 77 mg for the saline control versus 46 mg for the lidocaine aerosol protocol (p < 0.05). Topical anesthetic dosage data were replicated in 12 additional patients studied by a different bronchoscopist. No additional benefit was afforded by premedication with 4% lidocaine aerosol rather than the 2% aerosol (n = 12). We conclude that aerosol modalities can supplement topical anesthesia during bronchoscopy, primarily by reducing the dose required to anesthetize the upper airway.
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PMID:Aerosolized lidocaine reduces dose of topical anesthetic for bronchoscopy. 148 50

In cross country skiing use of hot wax is of importance. 90% of the active swiss cross country skiers have their own, self maintained equipment. Long unprotected exposure to hot wax fumes may cause disturbance of lung function. To examine short lasting disturbance in pulmonary function, CO-diffusion capacity and dynamic and static lung volumes in five healthy human subjects after exposure for one hour to hot wax (containing Paraffin and Cera-F) were determined. The subjects complained about burning eyes and tears, sore throat and coughing. Immediately after exposure all subjects showed a significant decrease of the CO-diffusion capacity of 10.6% (SEM 3.9), related to the ventilated alveolar space (DCOSB/VA). Maximal decrease of 13.6% (SEM 2.4) was after 90 min. After 24 hours the reduction persisted with 9.4% (SEM 2.1). The dynamic and static lung volumes remained unchanged. In summary a reduction of the CO-diffusion capacity after inhalative hot wax exposure was observed for at least 24 hours.
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PMID:[Acute deterioration of the CO diffusion capacity following exposure to ski-wax vapors]. 163 48

The study was designed to ascertain the movement of mucus from proximal and peripheral regions within the human lungs during cough and the forced expiration technique (FET). Mucus movement was measured using a radioaerosol technique. Seven patients (mean +/- SEM age: 63 +/- 3 years) with airways obstruction (% predicted FEV1: 44 +/- 4) participated in the study. Each patient underwent three assessments in a randomized manner: control/cough/FET. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was measured at the mouth during cough and FET. None of the patients produced sputum during the assessment periods. Both cough and FET compared with control increased, on average, mucus clearance from all regions; statistical significance was achieved only for central lung regions with cough (P less than 0.05). There was no significant correlation between PEFR during cough/FET and regional lung clearance.
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PMID:The effect of unproductive coughing/FET on regional mucus movement in the human lungs. 203 31

The effect of positive expiratory pressure breathing, alone and in combination with coughing, was investigated in eight patients with cystic fibrosis. Functional residual capacity and total lung capacity was measured with a body plethysmograph before, during, and immediately after breathing with expiratory pressure of 5 and 15 cm H2O, and after a coughing period. The positive expiratory pressure breathing was carried out five times for two minutes with a two minute interval between each period. Mucus transport was measured in a peripheral lung region and over the whole lung by a radioactive aerosol tracer technique. Clearance measurements were carried out continuously during positive expiratory pressure breathing and during a control period. Two minutes' breathing with an expiratory pressure of 5 and 15 cm H2O caused an increase in mean (SEM) functional residual capacity from 2.6 (0.1) to 3.6 (0.3) and 4.4 (0.5) 1 and an increase in total lung capacity from 5.1 (0.2) to 5.9 (0.3) and 6.9 (0.4) 1. Lung volumes were higher during breathing with an expiratory pressure of 15 cm H2O than with 5 cm H2O; both returned to baseline values immediately after positive expiratory pressure breathing. Spontaneous mucus clearance and mucus clearance by coughing were not influenced by positive expiratory pressure breathing at either expiratory pressure. Thus in patients with cystic fibrosis positive expiratory pressure breathing increases lung volumes in relation to the expiratory pressure imposed; these changes in lung volume did not, however, lead to an improvement of mucus transport.
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PMID:Effect of positive expiratory pressure breathing in patients with cystic fibrosis. 153 53

Methacholine challenges were performed in ten subjects with mild asthma at 2 h before and 20 min after placebo or 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg of inhaled verapamil given in a single-blind randomized crossover manner on different days. While verapamil did not have a bronchodilator effect, the 10-mg dose modestly increased the concentration of methacholine required to decrease FEV1 by 20 percent (PC20). The mean (+/- SEM) increase in PC20 from baseline was 2.1 +/- 0.2 times baseline after 10 mg of verapamil, compared to 1.1 +/- 0.1 times baseline after placebo (p less than 0.001). Unexpectedly, bronchoconstriction (greater than 10 percent decrease in FEV1) associated with cough or wheezing was observed in seven of ten subjects at doses of 20 mg or more. This adverse effect was not related to the osmolarity of the nebulized solutions. Thirty minutes before a standardized exercise challenge, 13 subjects inhaled placebo, 10 mg, or the highest dose of verapamil tolerated during the methacholine study (20 to 160 mg) in a double-blind randomized crossover manner. The exercise challenge was aborted in three subjects because of bronchospasm that occurred after administration of the higher dose. The mean (+/- SEM) maximum change in FEV1 after exercise in the ten subjects completing all three regimens of treatment was -17.1 +/- 4.0 percent after placebo, -12.7 +/- 4.3 percent after 10 mg (p less than 0.05), and -6.4 +/- 3.6 percent after the highest dose (p less than 0.05). We conclude that increasing the dose of verapamil above 10 mg did not provide greater benefit but, paradoxically, induced bronchoconstriction in most of the subjects. Because of this potential bronchoconstrictor effect, high doses of oral or intravenous verapamil should be used with caution in asthmatic subjects.
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PMID:Inhaled verapamil-induced bronchoconstriction in mild asthma. 206 Mar 39

Excessive active absorption of sodium is a unique abnormality of the airway epithelium in patients with cystic fibrosis. This defect is associated with thickened mucus and poor clearance of airway secretions and may contribute to the pulmonary disease in these patients. To study whether the inhibition of excessive absorption of sodium might affect the course of lung disease in cystic fibrosis, we performed a double-blind, crossover trial comparing aerosolized amiloride (5 mmol per liter; 3.5 ml four times daily), a sodium-channel blocker, with vehicle alone. Fourteen of the 18 adult patients initially enrolled in the study completed the one-year trial (25 weeks for each treatment). The mean (+/- SEM) loss of forced vital capacity (FVC) was reduced from 3.39 +/- 1.13 ml per day during treatment with vehicle alone to 1.44 +/- 0.67 ml per day during treatment with amiloride (P less than 0.04). A measured index of sputum viscosity and elasticity was abnormal during treatment with vehicle alone and improved during treatment with amiloride. Calculated indexes of mucociliary and cough clearance also improved during amiloride treatment. No systemic, respiratory, or subjective toxic effects of amiloride were noted. We conclude from this preliminary study that aerosolized amiloride can be safely administered to adults with cystic fibrosis. The slowing of the loss of FVC and the improvement in sputum viscosity and elasticity suggest a beneficial clinical effect. Aerosolized amiloride deserves further evaluation in the treatment of lung disease in patients with cystic fibrosis.
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PMID:A pilot study of aerosolized amiloride for the treatment of lung disease in cystic fibrosis. 240 69

An estimate of the absolute pulmonary deposition of nebulised pentamidine isethionate was obtained in nine patients with AIDS. Two nebuliser systems were compared, System 22 Mizer (Medic-Aid) and Respirgard II (Marquest), with 50 and 150 mg doses of pentamidine in a 3 ml solution driven by an air flow of 6 l/min with the patient in the sitting position. The 50 mg pentamidine dose was repeated with a 6 ml fill with both devices. The nebuliser cloud was labelled with technetium-99m human serum albumin (Ventocol) and lung deposition was measured with a gamma camera. Of the two nebulisers studied, System 22 Mizer delivered more drug to the lungs as a whole and to each individual lung region, including the peripheral and upper zones. For the 50 mg dose the mean (SEM) total pulmonary deposition with the 3 and the 6 ml fill respectively was 2.63 (0.34) and 3.71 (0.41) mg for the System 22 Mizer and 1.37 (0.26) and 1.45 (0.18) mg for the Respirgard II. For the 150 mg dose the System 22 Mizer delivered 7.16 (1.02) mg and the Respirgard II 4.34 (0.57) mg. Increasing the volume of fill from 3 to 6 ml increased pulmonary deposition with System 22 Mizer, and this was related to an increase in nebuliser output. Neither pulmonary deposition nor nebuliser output was increased by using a 6 ml solution in the Respirgard II. Increasing the volume of fill prolonged the time required for nebulisation with both nebulisers. The System 22 Mizer produced more nonpulmonary (gastric and oropharyngeal) deposition of drug, more frequent local adverse effects (cough, burning in the throat, and a metallic taste), and small reductions in lung function, particularly with the 150 mg pentamidine dose. Thus nebuliser type, volume of fill, and nebuliser dose affect the pulmonary deposition of pentamidine. A 300 mg dose of pentamidine via a Respirgard II is generally recommended as providing effective prophylaxis; our results suggest that similar pulmonary deposition can be produced with System 22 Mizer and 150 mg pentamidine. A clinical trial would be needed to show whether this regimen provides similar prophylactic benefit.
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PMID:Pulmonary deposition of nebulised pentamidine isethionate: effect of nebuliser type, dose, and volume of fill. 239 91


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