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 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Long-duration or damaging exercise initiates reactions that resemble the acute phase response to infection and induces neutrophil priming for oxidative activity. Our objective was to establish the status of the antioxidant defences and of the oxidative equilibrium in the neutrophils of sportsmen prior to and after intense physical exercise. Nine voluntary male professional cyclists participated in this study. The exercise was a cycling mountain stage (171 km) and the cyclists took a mean +/- SEM of 270 +/- 12 min to complete it. We determined the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), the levels and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the concentrations of ascorbate, glutathione and glutathione disulphide (GSSG) and DNA levels in neutrophils. The cycling stage decreased enzyme activities expressed per DNA units: CAT (33%), SOD (38%), GPx (65%); increased ascorbate concentration in neutrophils and decreased the GSH/GSSG ratio and the enzyme activities expressed per DNA units. Neutrophils could contribute to plasma antioxidant defences against oxidative stress induced by exercise because they probably provide antioxidant enzymes and ascorbate.
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PMID:Acute phase immune response to exercise coexists with decreased neutrophil antioxidant enzyme defences. 1251 82

Recently, decreased glutamate (Glu) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were reported in the quadriceps femoris of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Glu and GSH levels are also modified in the diaphragm of these patients. Nine male COPD patients (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) range 28-68% of the predicted value) and seven male patients with normal pulmonary function (mean +/- SD FEV1 86 +/- 3% pred) submitted to thoracotomy were included. Biopsy specimens were taken from the diaphragm (both groups) and the quadriceps femoris (COPD group alone) in order to assess fibre size, myosin heavy chain expression, GSH levels and amino acid profile. The COPD group was characterised by preserved fibre size, a higher proportion of type I fibres (mean +/- SEM 70 +/- 3 versus 26 +/- 4%), and higher Glu and GSH content in the diaphragm compared to the quadriceps muscle. However, Glu and GSH levels were similar in diaphragm from the COPD and control groups. Glu level correlated with GSH level in both muscles. No significant correlation was found between Glu or GSH level and fibre size or proportions. This study shows that glutamate and reduced glutathione levels are preserved in the diaphragm of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Alterations in glutamate and reduced glutathione metabolism are muscle-specific in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, affecting the quadriceps femoris but not the diaphragm. Glutamate and reduced glutathione levels are strongly interrelated in both muscles, independent of fibre type distribution and fibre size.
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PMID:Glutathione and glutamate levels in the diaphragm of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 1508 52

The purpose of this study was to compare oxidative modification of blood proteins, lipids, DNA, and glutathione in the 24 hours following aerobic and anaerobic exercise using similar muscle groups. Ten cross-trained men (24.3 +/- 3.8 years, [mean +/- SEM]) performed in random order 30 minutes of continuous cycling at 70% of Vo(2)max and intermittent dumbbell squatting at 70% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), separated by 1-2 weeks, in a crossover design. Blood samples taken before, and immediately, 1, 6, and 24 hours postexercise were analyzed for plasma protein carbonyls (PC), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), and whole-blood total (TGSH), oxidized (GSSG), and reduced (GSH) glutathione. Blood samples taken before and 24 hours postexercise were analyzed for serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). PC values were greater at 6 and 24 hours postexercise compared with pre-exercise for squatting, with greater PC values at 24 hours postexercise for squatting compared with cycling (0.634 +/- 0.053 vs. 0.359 +/- 0.018 nM.mg protein(-1)). There was no significant interaction or main effects for MDA or 8-OHdG. GSSG experienced a short-lived increase and GSH a transient decrease immediately following both exercise modes. These data suggest that 30 minutes of aerobic and anaerobic exercise performed by young, cross-trained men (a) can increase certain biomarkers of oxidative stress in blood, (b) differentially affect oxidative stress biomarkers, and (c) result in a different magnitude of oxidation based on the macromolecule studied. Practical applications: While protein and glutathione oxidation was increased following acute exercise as performed in this study, future research may investigate methods of reducing macromolecule oxidation, possibly through the use of antioxidant therapy.
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PMID:Effects of acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise on blood markers of oxidative stress. 1590 62

We investigated whether protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) exacerbates brain injury in global ischemia. It was hypothesized that PEM would increase secondary brain damage by worsening ischemia-induced depletion of glutathione (GSH) and increasing oxidative stress. Adult male gerbils were fed an adequate protein (12.5%; C) or low protein (2%; PEM) diet for 4 weeks and subjected to 5 min of bilateral carotid artery occlusion (Ischemia) or sham surgery (Sham). At 12 h post-ischemia, GSH and markers of oxidative stress were measured in hippocampus and neocortex. The remaining gerbils were tested in the open field on days 3, 7, and 10, with viable hippocampal CA1 neurons assessed on day 10. Although the habituation of C-Ischemia gerbils in the open field was normal by day 7, PEM-Ischemia gerbils failed to habituate even by day 10 and spent greater time in the outer zone (P < 0.05). Mean (+/-SEM) total number of viable CA1 neurons at 10 days post-ischemia were C-Sham = 713 (13), C-Ischemia = 264 (48), PEM-Sham = 716 (12), and PEM-Ischemia = 286 (66). Although PEM did not increase CA1 neuron loss caused by ischemia, a subset (4/12) of PEM-Ischemia gerbils showed dramatic reactive gliosis accompanied by extensive neuronal loss. Hippocampal protein thiols were decreased by PEM and ischemia. Although the mechanism is yet to be established, the finding that PEM worsens functional outcome following global ischemia is clinically relevant since 16% of elderly are nutritionally compromised at the time of admission for stroke.
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PMID:Protein-energy malnutrition impairs functional outcome in global ischemia. 1617 6

Oxidative stress during islet isolation induces a cascade of events injuring islets and hampering islet engraftment. This study evaluated islet isolation and transplantation outcomes after intra-ductal glutamine administration. Human pancreata deemed unsuitable for pancreas or islet transplantation were treated with either a 5 mM solution of l-glutamine (n = 6) or collagenase enzyme alone (n = 6) through the main pancreatic duct. Islet yield, viability, in vitro function; markers of oxidative stress [malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione (GSH)] and apoptosis were assessed. Islet yields were significantly increased in the glutamine group compared to controls (318, 559 +/- 25, 800 vs. 165, 582 +/- 39, 944 mean +/- SEM, p < 0.01). The amount of apoptotic cells per islet was smaller in the glutamine group than the control. The percentage of nude mice rendered normoglycemic with glutamine-treated islets was higher than the controls (83% n = 10/12 vs. 26% n = 6/23; p < 0.01), and the time to reach normoglycemia was decreased in the glutamine group (1.83 +/- 0.4 vs. 7.3 +/- 3 days; p < 0.01). Glutamine administration increased GSH levels (7.6 +/- 1.7 nmol/mg protein vs. 4.03 +/- 0.5 in control, p < 0.05) and reduced lipid-peroxidation (MDA 2.45 +/- 0.7 nmol/mg of protein vs. 6.54 +/- 1.7 in control; p < 0.05). We conclude that intra-ductal administration of glutamine reduces oxidative injury and apoptosis and improves islet yield and islet graft function after transplantation.
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PMID:Intra-ductal glutamine administration reduces oxidative injury during human pancreatic islet isolation. 1630 95

Two sets of mice (Mus musculus) were chronically fed 0.06% p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (p-DAB) and 0.05% Phenobarbital (PB) for 90 and 120 days, respectively, and several cell biological and hematological parameters were studied against normal diet fed controls. The cell biological studies included: (i) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and reduced glutathione content (GSH), and (ii) ultra-structural changes in liver through scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopies. Further, changes in some other parameters like blood glucose level, cholesterol and hemoglobin contents, serum cortisol concentration and rate of viability of lymphocytes were also recorded. The serum hormonal levels of estradiol and testosterone were also measured in view of the observation that mice subjected to chronic feeding of p-DAB and PB had dramatically reduced reproductive abilities. All results clearly indicated that the chronic feeding of the carcinogens induced considerable toxicity and palpable hepato-cellular injuries along with some other changes during the carcinogenetic process in liver.
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PMID:Assessment of hepatocellular damage and hematological alterations in mice chronically fed p-dimethyl aminoazobenzene and phenobarbital. 1718 31

In the present study, a new fluorescence microplate screening assay for evaluating scavenging activity against singlet oxygen (1O2) was implemented. The chemical generation of 1O2 was promoted using the thermodissociable endoperoxide of disodium 3,3'-(1,4-naphthalene)bispropionate (NDPO2). The detection of 1O2 was achieved using dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR), a nonfluorescent molecule that is oxidizable to the fluorescent form rhodamine 123 (RH). The combined use of a 1O2-selective generator and a highly sensitive probe (DHR) was then successfully applied to perform a screening assay of the 1O2 scavenging activities of ascorbic acid, penicillamine, cysteine, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), methionine, reduced glutathione (GSH), dihydrolipoic acid, lipoic acid, and sodium azide. All of these antioxidants exhibited concentration-dependent 1O2 scavenging capacities. They could be ranked according to observed activity: ascorbic acid>cysteine>penicillamine>dihydrolipoic acid>GSH>NAC>sodium azide>lipoic acid (IC50 values of 3.0+/-0.2, 8.0+/-0.7, 10.9+/-0.8, 25.2+/-4.5, 57.4+/-5.9, 138+/-13, 1124+/-128, 2775+/-359 microM, mean+/-SEM, respectively)>methionine (35% of scavenging effect at 10 mM). In conclusion, the use of NDPO2 as a selective generator for 1O2 and its fluorescence detection by the highly sensitive probe DHR is shown to be a reliable and resourceful analytical alternative means to implement a microplate screening assay for scavenging activity against 1O2.
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PMID:New noncellular fluorescence microplate screening assay for scavenging activity against singlet oxygen. 1722 96

A universal nitric oxide (NO) generating surface is assembled via Layer-by-Layer (LbL) deposition of sodium alginate (Alg) and organoselenium modified polyethyleneimine (SePEI) on quartz and polymeric substrates. The immobilized SePEI species is capable of catalytically decomposing S-nitrosothiol species (RSNO) to NO in the presence of thiol reducing agents (e.g., glutathione, cysteine, etc.). The stepwise buildup of the multilayer films is monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy, SEM and surface contact angle measurements. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to study the stoichiometry between the polyanion and polycation, and also the presence of Se in the catalytic LbL film. A reductive annealing process is necessary to improve the stability of freshly coated multilayer films via chain rearrangement. Chemiluminescence measurements illustrate the ability of the LbL films to generate NO from S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in the presence of glutathione (GSH). Enhanced NO fluxes can be achieved by increasing the number of catalytic (SePEI/Alg) bilayers coated on the substrates. Nitric oxide generation is observed even after prolonged contact with sheep whole blood. Preliminary applications of this LbL on silicone rubber tubings and polyurethane catheters reveal similar NO generation behavior from these biomedical grade polymeric substrates.
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PMID:Generic nitric oxide (NO) generating surface by immobilizing organoselenium species via layer-by-layer assembly. 1871 Feb 68

A novel sol-gel 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) modified silica coating was developed for capillary microextraction (CME) of trace Cu, Hg and Pb prior to their on line determination by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). This organic-inorganic hybrid coating was in situ created on the inner walls of fused silica capillary using a sol solution containing TMOS (tetramethoxysilane) as a precursor, MPTS as a co-precursor, ethanol as the solvent and hydrochloric acid as a catalyst. The structure of the capillary coating was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, SEM and TEM. The factors affecting on the capillary microextraction of analytes such as pH, sample flow rate and volume, elution solution and interfering ions had been investigated, and the optimized experimental parameters were obtained. Under the optimized conditions, the absorption capacity of MPTS-silica coated capillary was found to be 1.17, 1.96 and 1.19mugm(-1) for Cu, Hg and Pb, and the limits of detection were as low as 0.17 0.22 and 0.52ngmL(-1), respectively. With a sampling frequency of 12h(-1), the relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) were 4.2, 2.6 and 3.8% (C=4ngmL(-1), n=7, sample volume=1mL) for Cu, Hg and Pb, respectively. The proposed method had been successfully applied to the determination of Cu, Hg and Pb in human urine, human serum and preserved egg. To validate the proposed method, certified reference materials of BCR151 milk powder, GBW07601 (GSH-1) human hair, GSBZ 50016-90 and GSB 07-1183-2000 water samples were analyzed and the determined values were in a good agreement with the certified values.
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PMID:MPTS-silica coated capillary microextraction on line hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of Cu, Hg and Pb in biological samples. 1907 42

High-intensity exercise is associated with increased oxidative stress. Rowing is very demanding requiring maintenance of high power mostly produced from aerobic metabolism. The present study aimed at investigating selective blood oxidative stress markers in response to a rowing race simulation test, consisting of 2,000 m maximal effort on a rowing ergometer, in well-trained male rowers during the preseason preparatory training period. Mean time for the 2,000-m trial was 409.4 +/- 4.0 seconds, and heart rate at 2,000 m was 198 +/- 1 b x min (mean +/- SEM). Blood lactate concentration was 11.2 +/- 0.6 mmol x L. Postexercise whole blood lysate oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentration significantly increased (19%), whereas reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration remained unchanged, resulting in an overall decreased postexercise GSH:GSSG ratio (20%). Postexercise serum thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance concentration and protein carbonyls increased by 45 and 70%, respectively, as compared with the pre-exercise levels. Likewise, postexercise catalase activity (105%) and total antioxidant capacity (9%) significantly increased. In agreement with other studies, our data illustrate that a 2,000-m rowing ergometer race induces significant blood oxidative stress despite the rowers' high training status. In scheduling an evaluation rowing test or a competition, coaches should allow sufficient recovery time elapsed between the test and the last intensive training session. The 2,000-m rowing performance appears to be a suitable test to assess oxidative stress in rowers and could potentially serve as a model to study oxidative damage in sports science.
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PMID:Increased oxidative stress blood markers in well-trained rowers following two thousand-meter rowing ergometer race. 1962 Sep 24


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