Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit is secreted as a free molecule as well as a molecule combined to a glycoprotein hormone beta-subunit. In human subjects, plasma levels of the free alpha-subunit were measured by means of a specific radioimmunoassay. Plasma concentrations were high during the neonatal period, then decreased to a nadir at the age of 6 years. A significant pubertal increase occurred in both sexes, more pronounced in girls. In female subjects mean levels (+/- SEM) were 0.21 +/- 0.05 before puberty and 0.51 +/- 0.03 ng 1 degrees IRP-hCG alpha/ml in follicular phase. During menstrual cycle, a typical preovulatory surge was seen simultaneous with the LH surge. During aging, plasma levels increased slowly in males, abruptly in menopausal females. The pituitary reserve as assessed by LH-RH stimulation test (100 micrograms i.v./m2) exhibited a significant pubertal maturation in boys and girls. Chronic administration of LH-RH agonist induced a marked increase of alpha-subunit levels, whereas LH levels were deeply suppressed. LH-RH injections in children treated for precocious puberty with a LH-RH agonist induced a significant release of alpha-subunit despite an almost complete abolition of LH release. In conclusion, from a quantitative point of view, the glyco-protein hormone alpha-subunit is a major secretory product of the pituitary. It seems that there is a specific regulation of its secretion, resembling but not identical to LH secretion regulation. Whether or not it plays a biological role remains uncertain.
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PMID:[Free alpha-subunit glycoprotein hormones: physiological and pathological data]. 248 Nov 54

Some endothelial-injury syndromes, including atherosclerosis, may involve herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Examining the mechanism of injury, we found adherence of unstimulated granulocytes to HSV infected endothelium to be twice that to uninfected endothelium (34.8 +/- 1.1 versus 18.8 +/- 0.5%; mean +/- SEM; p less than 0.001) which further increased in the presence of anti-HSV antibodies. Enhanced adhesion was accompanied by excessive granulocyte-mediated lysis of 51Cr-labeled, HSV-infected endothelium (16.4 +/- 0.9%, HSV-infected versus 0.9 +/- 4.5% for uninfected endothelium; p less than 0.01). HSV infection also increased granulocyte-mediated endothelial cell detachment from its substratum (14.7 +/- 1.7% versus 3.3 +/- 0.3% for uninfected endothelium; p less than 0.001), which further increased (p less than 0.01) in the presence of immune complexes (IgG-sensitized erythrocytes). This suggests that neo-Fc receptors of infected endothelium bind IgG-coated particles, which, in turn, attract and stimulate granulocytes. In support, granulocyte-mediated detachment was not enhanced by immune complexes if endothelium was infected with a mutant HSV strain (E3/3) that does not produce glycoprotein E, the viral glycoprotein having Fc-receptor activity. Exaggerated endothelial detachment correlated with poor binding of infected endothelial cells to the substratum matrix protein, fibronectin. Resuspended, virus-infected endothelial cells bound significantly less well to tissue-culture wells coated with both low (p less than 0.001) and high (p less than 0.05) concentrations of fibronectin as compared with uninfected endothelial cells, a dichotomy further worsened in the presence of granulocyte-released elastase. We conclude that HSV-infected human endothelium is vulnerable to granulocyte-mediated injury by opposing alterations in its adhesive properties: its increased binding of granulocytes and its weakened tethering to matrix fibronectin, particularly when exposed to secreted granulocyte proteases, such as elastase.
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PMID:Granulocyte-mediated injury to herpes simplex virus-infected human endothelium. 253 63

Normal human B cell proliferation is controlled by various immunoregulatory signals including the T cell-derived lymphokine B cell growth factor (BCGF). Human BCGF provides the final proliferative signal to normal, activated B cells. We herein show that anti-CR2 monoclonal antibodies inhibit human B cell responsiveness to purified BCGF. Addition of anti-CR2 antibody, AB5, was capable of completely inhibiting BCGF-mediated enhancement of either anti-mu or staphylococcal protein A-activated human B cells (191 +/- 21 cpm vs. 3942 +/- 622 cpm, mean +/- SEM). Inhibition of B cell response to BCGF by AB5 occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Monoclonal antibody anti-B2, which recognizes the same 140-kDa glycoprotein as AB5, in comparable concentrations also inhibited B cell responsiveness to BCGF. Monoclonal antibodies of the same subclass (IgG1) showed no inhibitory effect on BCGF enhancement of B cell proliferation. The F(ab')2 fragment of AB5 generated by pepsin digestion was similarly inhibitory as was the intact Ig. AB5-mediated inhibition was independent of the target B cell state of activation. Both resting and activated B cells (anti-mu or staphylococcal protein A activated) incubated with similar concentrations of AB5 were unresponsive to BCGF. The ability of anti-CR2 antibodies to block BCGF-dependent B cell proliferation suggests that occupancy of C3d membrane receptors may result in modulation of B cell proliferation in physiologic or clinical disease states.
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PMID:Inhibition of B cell growth factor (BCGF) by monoclonal antibodies directed against the C3d receptor (CR2). 293 67

The plasma protein binding of clonazepam was investigated in healthy volunteers, cirrhotic patients, chronic uremic patients maintained on hemodialysis, and patients with reduced renal function. Each group consisted of six subjects. The unbound fraction of clonazepam (mean +/- SEM) was 13.9 +/- 0.2% in volunteers. 17.1 +/- 1.0% in cirrhotic patients, 1.56 +/- 0.5% before and 12.2 +/- 0.4% after hemodialysis in chronic uremic patients, and 16.0 +/- 0.7% in patients with poor renal function. The figure for the healthy subjects was significantly different from that of cirrhotic patients only. Binding of clonazepam to albumin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein was also studied. Clonazepam bound preferentially to albumin.
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PMID:Plasma protein binding of clonazepam in hepatic and renal insufficiency and after hemodialysis. 342 2

Mucous secretion and mucosal permeability by the larynx and trachea, isolated in situ, was investigated in normal rats and in those in which 'chronic bronchitis' was induced by daily exposure to cigarette smoke for 2 weeks. Fucose was used as a specific marker for the secretion of mucus glycoprotein, and hexose and protein were markers both for mucus and plasma-type glycoproteins present in tissue fluid transudate. Albumin was used as an indicator of the contribution of serum to the secretions. After equilibration, the mean basal secretion of fucose (microgram/30 min collection) was significantly higher in 'bronchitic' rats than in the controls (P less than 0.01). Mean values for controls were: fucose 3 (SEM 1: n = 9), hexose 41 (SEM 9; n = 8), protein 1082 (SEM 385; n = 8), albumin less than 2 (n = 8); for 'bronchitic' rats the values were: 24 (SEM 6; n = 7), 101 (SEM 26; n = 8), 2000 (SEM 520; n = 8) and less than 2 micrograms (n = 7) respectively. In control and bronchitic animals acute administrations of cigarette smoke, blown directly through the laryngo-tracheal segment after equilibration, caused significant (P less than 0.05) transient increases in the secretion of fucose, hexose and protein, but not of albumin.
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PMID:Cigarette smoke-induced 'chronic bronchitis': a study in situ of laryngo-tracheal hypersecretion in the rat. 358 89

Cholesterol gallstones were obtained from patients undergoing cholecystectomy and the mucus glycoprotein extracted. The biliary mucus glycoprotein was separated from other contaminants by Sepharose 4B gel filtration and the PAS staining excluded volume used to estimate mucus glycoprotein content of the gallstones. Hexosamine and sialic acid analysis of the glycoprotein indicated it was compositionally similar to the human mucus glycoprotein from bile. The mucus glycoprotein content of the nine stones analysed individually varied between 0.75 and 2.3 mg (a 3-fold variation) (1.27 +/- 0.16 mg, mean +/- SEM), whereas stone weight varied between 0.076 and 5.885 g (a 77-fold variation) (1.27 +/- 0.63 g, mean +/- SEM). When a pool of smaller stones, average weight 47 mg, was extracted, only 1.73 mg of glycoprotein was isolated, an average of 0.01 mg/stone. Analysis of the mucus glycoprotein by gel filtration on Sepharose 2B showed the majority of the glycoprotein was excluded as is the case with the mucus glycoprotein in bile. These results are consistent with biliary mucus glycoprotein being involved in the initial stages of gallstone formation but not in subsequent growth.
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PMID:Mucus glycoprotein content of human cholesterol gallstones. 359 75

Bovine conceptuses from Days 16 (n = 4), 19 (n = 6), 22 (n = 3), and 24 (n = 4), and chorion from Day 69 (estrus/mating = Day 0) were cultured for 24 h in modified minimum essential medium (MEM) in the presence of radioactive L-leucine [( 3H] leucine) to characterize de novo synthesis and release of proteins. Proteins released into MEM were identified by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fluorography, and gel and ion exchange chromatography. Major polypeptides identified in MEM were different from those identified in conceptus and chorionic tissues. Both uptake of [3H] leucine and quality of polypeptides produced de novo and released into MEM were related to stage of conceptus development. Percent retention of [3H] leucine in MEM was lowest (P less than 0.01) in Day 16 cultures (1.2 +/- 4.1%), increased in Days 19 (16.8 +/- 3.7%) and 22 cultures (20.9 +/- 5.8%), and decreased (P less than 0.07) in Day 24 cultures (6.9 +/- 4.1%). Complexity of polypeptides increased after Day 16. Days 16, 19, 22 and 24 conceptus culture MEM was enriched in low-Mr, acidic polypeptides (Mr/isoelectric point ranges: 22K-26K/6.5-5.6, 20K-26K/5.5-5.4, and 16K-20K/5.0-4.5), which were not prominent products of Day 29 and 69 tissues. A high-Mr (Mr +/- SEM; 735K +/- 22K) glycoprotein was produced by all conceptus and chorionic tissues. The transient nature of production of low-Mr polypeptides suggests that they may be required during the periattachment period.
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PMID:Characterization of proteins produced in vitro by periattachment bovine conceptuses. 399 35

In 1976 we isolated a novel glycoprotein labeled EDC1, Mr 27,500, which is immunologically related to the normal plasma protein inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor (IATI, Mr 160,000) and which is the major component of cancer-associated proteinuria. Urinary excretion of EDC1 (mg/g creatinine) may be classified in four ranges: i) low (less than 15); ii) light (15-30); iii) intermediate (31-45); and iv) heavy (greater than 45). Normal healthy women excrete 8.0 +/- 2.2 mg/g creatinine (average +/- SEM), whereas patients with metastatic breast cancer excrete 98.2 +/- 11.6 mg/g creatinine. Patients with a variety of non-malignant disorders excreted 14.6 +/- 4 mg EDC1/g creatinine, but patients with renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis, and infectious diseases averaged 130.3 +/- 60. Sixty-five to 95 percent of urinary immunoreactive EDC1 in the latter group was of higher molecular weight, perhaps reflecting increased renal clearance of plasma IATI. In patients undergoing excisional biopsy of breast lesions, preoperative EDC1 excretion was 21.5 +/- 3.4 in those whose lesions were benign and 43.1 +/- 7.6 in those whose lesions were malignant. Eight of these latter patients were heavy excretors; EDC1 excretion fell postoperatively in these patients. In normal serum the immunoreactive IATI (IR-IATI) exists in three molecular weight forms 160,000, 120,000 and 58,000. In patients who were heavy excretors of EDC1, the IR-IATI corresponding to Mr 58,000 was absent and total serum IR-IATI was about two-thirds of normal. There was also a negative correlation between serum levels of IATI and urinary EDC1 in these patients. These data suggest that urinary EDC1 may arise as a result of interaction between IATI and tumor-associated proteases.
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PMID:Urinary cancer-related protein EDC1 and serum inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor in breast cancer. 608

Approximately 45% of human mammary carcinoma cases express an antigen which cross reacts in formalin fixed tissues with antiserum prepared against the purified 52,000 molecular weight structural glycoprotein (gp52) of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). Breast carcinoma immunoperoxidase marking is abolished by antiserum adsorption with MMTV. Adsorption with murine leukemia virus failed to block immunoperoxidase marking. No correlation was seen in the cases analyzed between gp52-like antigen expression and family history of mammary carcinoma, age, or pathological classification. The evidence linking an oncornaviral agent in human mammary carcinoma is reviewed with respect to the structure and biology of a known etiological agent, MMTV, in murine mammary cancer. The potential role of SEM in amplifying the surface area available for analysis in malignant and premalignant human breast epithelia is considered.
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PMID:Molecular and morphological evidence for type B retrovirus (oncornavirus) expression in human mammary carcinoma. An overview using scanning electron microscopy, immunoperoxidase staining, and transmission electron microscopy. 625 36

Ultrastructural studies with the transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopes have added greatly to our knowledge of cellular structure and function in the liver. The normal polyhedral hepatocyte has numerous subcellular organelles, such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes and complex rough (rer) and smooth (ser) endoplasmic reticulum. The normal hepatocyte stores glycogen, and sometimes lipid droplets, and secretes bile through the bile canaliculi between adjacent liver cells. It receives nutrients from the sinusoidal lumen across a fenestrated endothelium which is separated by the Space of Disse' from the plasma membrane. The Space of Disse' contains a scant network of reticulin fibers but no basal lamina. Two types of parasinusoidal cells are found in Disse's space: the fat storing cells of Ito, and the Pit cells which may have an endocrine function. The diseased liver has yielded much information in studies with TEM and SEM. The studies with TEM have been most helpful in studying the etiology of infectious diseases such as hepatitis B; have revealed organelle changes such as megamitochondria in cirrhosis and the fibrillar nature of alcoholic hyaline; have led to the identification of specific deposits in metabolic and storage diseases such as hemochromatosis (iron). Wilson's disease (copper), and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (glycoprotein) have proven useful in identifying drug induced liver cell changes such as proliferation of SER and cholestasis, and are useful for identifying specific cell types in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. In the future, both TEM and SEM coupled with histochemical, cytochemical, immunohistochemical and other analytic techniques will continue to add greatly to our understanding of the liver in health and disease.
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PMID:Ultrastructure of the liver and biliary tract in health and disease. 637 90


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