Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Nitrogen metabolism and plasma insulin level were studied postoperatively in 14 patients (six males and eight females) with a disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract and therefore operated on electively. The patients received one of the two isocaloric parenteral nutrition regimens postoperatively: one, on the average, with 1.2 g of amino acids/kg/day and the other with 3.1 g of amino acids/kg/day. During postoperative intravenous alimentation rich in amino acids the cumulative nitrogen balance over 3 days was +13.1 (interval from -1.3 to +21.4) gN but -10.1 (interval from -12.1 to -2.4) gN during parenteral nutrition with a smaller amount of amino acids. The difference was significant (p less than 0.001). During parenteral nutrition rich in amino acids the changes of the serum albumin level, ie, -0.4 (SEM 1.1) g/liter, and of the serum transferrin level, ie; -0.16 (SEM 0.22) g/liter, were statistically insignificant (p greater than 0.05). During intravenous alimentation poor in amino acids serum albumin decreased by 3.8 (SEM 1.2) g/liter (p less than 0.01) and serum transferrin by 0.44 (SEM 0.05) g/liter (p less than 0.001). The differences of the changes between the groups were significant (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.01, respectively). These various effects of the two parenteral nutrition regimens were not dependent on the different fluid balances during intravenous alimentation or on the different plasma insulin levels. It is concluded that a rich supply of amino acids--more than 1.2 g/kg/day--in postoperative parenteral nutrition better maintains the visceral protein levels in the serum, which possibly depends on the greater protein production in the liver.
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PMID:Maintenance of visceral protein levels in serum during postoperative parenteral nutrition. 314 41

Thirty-six brain-dead children were managed to allow organ harvesting, which was possible in 21 (7 multi-organ). Optimal ventilation allowed for normal PaO2 and PaCO2 (mean +/- SEM FiO2 = 0.50 +/- 0.05). The management of hemodynamics was quite difficult and cardiac arrest may be due to patient transport, electrolyte disorders and dehydration. Vascular filling was of main importance and required standard solutes (5 or 2.5% glucose, normal saline, Ringer lactate) at a rate of 3.0 +/- 0.5 ml/kg/h, adapted for electrolytes (mainly KCl); sometimes, other solutes may be used: blood (17 patients), human 20% serum albumin (17 patients), plasma (9 patients). This filling was sufficient for 15 patients; the others required inotropic agents: dopamine (17 +/- 8 micrograms/kg/min), dobutamine (42 +/- 18 micrograms/kg/min). Diuresis was more than 3 ml/kg/h in 38% of the patients and desmopressin was used in 3 cases. Hypothermia (minimum 31.2 degrees) had no major consequence. No infection was found. Quality of management of brain-dead patients is of main importance; the possibility of organ harvesting must be evoked in such situations and is the first step in organ transplantations.
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PMID:[Resuscitation of children in the brain death state from the view of organ procurement for therapeutic purposes]. 324 51

In order to study the integrity of dialysis membranes to pyrogens, the dialysate side of a closed loop hemodialysis (HD) circuit was challenged with E. coli microfiltrate containing 500 ng/ml endotoxin. Three solutions, a) tissue culture medium/saline, b) 5% human serum albumin, and c) 10% fresh human plasma, were circulated in the blood loop for five hours. Samples drawn from the blood side were assayed for interleukin-1 (IL-1)-inducing activity on human mononuclear cells (MNC) in vitro. No IL-1-inducing substances were detected when saline or culture medium was circulated in the blood loop. Circulating 5% human serum albumin revealed IL-1-inducing activity in the samples drawn only after five hours of HD. However, the addition of 10% fresh human plasma to the blood side resulted in the appearance of an IL-1-inducing substance(s) after 15 minutes of HD. After 30 minutes, maximum IL-1-inducing activity was observed (control stimulation index, 3.30 +/- 0.67 SEM vs. 7.59 +/- 1.50, P less than 0.02). The IL-1-inducing activity of the samples was completely inhibited by polymyxin B, a cationic antibiotic which blocks the IL-1-inducing activity of endotoxin. Additional experiments demonstrated that in vitro MNC IL-1-production induced by the same E. coli microfiltrate is enhanced in the presence of 10% plasma. These studies demonstrate that: (a) in the presence of plasma, IL-1-inducing factors pass into the blood compartment of a dialysis system challenged with bacterial pyrogen; and (b) MNC production of IL-1 is enhanced in the presence of plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Detection of endotoxin-like interleukin-1-inducing activity during in vitro dialysis. 328 Aug 53

To determine airway mucosal permeability, radiolabeled albumin in sputum was examined on the basis of a 2-h period of sputum collection for as long as 8h after intravenous administration of 131I-labeled human serum albumin. This technique was applied to 12 patients with bronchial asthma associated with hypersecretion or chronic bronchitis. Group A consisted of 6 asthmatics (2 females and 4 males, 56.0 +/- 6.4 yr of age, mean +/- SEM); Group B consisted of 6 bronchitics (3 females and 3 males, 53.8 +/- 6.5 yr of age). Between Groups A and B, there was no significant difference in sputum volume per day or in obstructive impairment. Radiolabeled albumin concentration (cpm/ml) was obtained from radiocount of each sputum sample and then divided by serum concentration at the time of each sampling (2, 4, 6, and 8 h after administration). Group B showed large values compared with those in Group A. In Group A, the ratios were 2.0 +/- 0.8, 2.5 +/- 0.5, 2.2 +/- 0.2, and 1.5 +/- 0.4% (mean +/- SEM) at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the administration, respectively, whereas in Group B, the ratios were 3.0 +/- 0.6, 7.0 +/- 1.8, 7.2 +/- 1.8, and 7.4 +/- 2.4%, respectively. The differences between Groups A and B were statistically significant (two-way analysis of variance). These findings suggest that an increase in airway mucosal permeability is due to mucosal epithelial damage by chronic inflammation in bronchitics and not to the underlying abnormality of asthma.
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PMID:Airway mucosal permeability in chronic bronchitics and bronchial asthmatics with hypersecretion. 335 93

A simple and reliable radioimmunoassay for the determination of 5-androstene-3 beta,17 beta-diol (5-Adiol) in peripheral plasma and in breast cyst fluid, after chromatography on Celite microcolum has been described and evaluated. The antiserum used was raised in the rabbit injected with dehydroepiandrosterone-15 alpha-carboxymethyl-bovine serum albumin. In men below 40 years of age the levels ranged from 0.85 to 2.80 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM: 1.52 +/- 0.11; n = 24) and from 0.50 to 2.20 ng/ml (mean: 0.93 +/- 0.09; n = 20) in men aged between 41 and 62 years. The mean level was significantly different (p less than 0.001) between the two groups. A significant correlation (r = -0.56 p less than 0.01) was demonstrated between age and all male levels. In women the mean plasma level was in the follicular phase: 0.81 +/- 0.07 ng/ml (range: 0.40 - 1.50; n = 17; age: 19-41 years) and in the luteal phase: 0.83 +/- 0.05 ng/ml (range: 0.40 - 1.30; n = 29; age: 18-43 years). No cyclical change and no correlation with age could be evidenced. A significant difference (p less than 0.001) was shown between females and the young male group. In breast cyst fluid the levels of unconjugated 5-Adiol ranged from 0.05 to 13.70 ng/ml (mean: 2.21 +/- 0.73; n = 23) whereas the sulfate concentrations ranged from 75 to 7,500 ng/ml (mean: 1,973 +/- 543; n = 18), thus demonstrating very wide inter-individual variations.
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PMID:[Radioimmunoassay of 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol in plasma and breast cyst fluid]. 353 36

The in vitro protein binding behavior of diclofenac sodium (sodium[o-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetate) in plasma and synovial fluid was investigated by equilibrium dialysis. The drug was highly protein bound (approximately 99.5%) and the extent of binding remained constant for drug concentrations of 2-10 micrograms/mL. Comparable results were obtained with human serum albumin solution (45 g/L) indicating that albumin is probably the responsible protein. The extent of binding remained relatively constant for drug concentrations of 0.25-10 micrograms/mL when albumin concentrations were greater than 25 g/L. For albumin concentrations less than 10 g/L, the extent of binding tended to decrease with increased drug concentration. This concentration (10 g/L) is substantially lower than that usually observed in plasma or synovial fluid of arthritic patients. Curvature of the Scatchard plot indicated the existence of two classes of sites. Excellent results were obtained from fitting of the data according to two classes of sites (r2 greater than 0.999). Parameter estimates (SEM) of the number of binding sites, n1 and n2, and the corresponding association constants, k1 and k2, were 2.26 (0.55), 10.20 (0.69), and 1.32 (0.54) X 10(5) M-1, and 3.71 (1.11) X 10(3) M-1, respectively. Simultaneous samples obtained from arthritic patients indicate considerably higher total protein and albumin concentrations in plasma compared with synovial fluid, but the albumin:total protein ratios were essentially the same. There was very little difference in plasma binding in arthritic patients compared with normal subjects. The extent of binding in synovial fluid samples was consistently lower than that for plasma samples (mean +/- SD of 99.5 +/- 0.2% versus 99.7 +/- 0.1%, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:In vitro protein binding of diclofenac sodium in plasma and synovial fluid. 357 45

We studied the effects of crystalloid (75 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate) or colloid (6% dextran-70, 6% hydroxyethyl starch, or 25 ml/kg of 5% human serum albumin) fluid infusions or no treatment (control) on the calculated lung capillary (Pc)-plasma oncotic pressure (pi c) gradient and pulmonary edema. Two sets of mongrel dogs were studied: uninjured (n = 25; 14 to 22 kg) and pulmonary fibrin-microembolized (n = 25; 15 to 23 kg). In both sets of experiments, left atrial pressure was controlled (15 mm Hg) throughout the 4-h plus experimental period. In the uninjured set, the Pc-pi c gradient averaged +1.0 and -0.2 mm Hg in the hydroxyethyl starch and dextran groups, +0.7 and +2.3 mm Hg in the human serum albumin and control groups, and +6.2 mm Hg in the Ringer's lactate group. In the fibrin-microembolized group, this gradient averaged 2.6, 2.4, 3.0, 5.3, and 9.5, respectively. The extravascular lung water to bloodless dry lung wet weight ratios in the no-fluid treatment group of the uninjured and microembolism groups with increased pressure (3.8 +/- 0.3 to 4.1 +/- 0.4 [SEM]; NS) are consistent with interstitial or perivascular edema. There were, however, no significant differences noted between the respective control groups or any fluid treatment group in either set of experiments. These data support the view that infusion of either colloid or crystalloid solutions in normal or pulmonary fibrin-microembolized lungs does not produce sufficient change in the Pc-pi c gradient to elevate edemagenesis when pulmonary capillary pressure is limited to 22 mm Hg in dogs.
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PMID:Effects of colloid or crystalloid solutions on edemagenesis in normal and thrombomicroembolized lungs. 367 64

In order to examine the effects of serum proteins on the biologic activity of estrogens, we superfused uteri from ovariectomized rats with Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (KRP), 4% human serum albumin (HSA) in KR or charcoal-stripped human plasma (HP), alone or with estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) or estriol (E3), 5 x 10(-10), 10(-9) and 10(-8) M. Following superfusion, the uteri were homogenized and the cytosol and nuclear receptors were measured by an exchange technique. Since we could detect no significant difference in the percent of receptors in the nucleus when the time of superfusion was varied from 30-120 min, all studies were done using a 30 min superfusion at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. In control studies using KRP alone (n = 12) 23.8 +/- 1.8 (mean +/- SEM) of the receptors were present in the nucleus at the end of the 30 min superfusion. Addition of E1, E2 or E3 5 x 10(-10) M resulted in a significant increase compared to controls in the percent of receptors in the nucleus. The percent of nuclear receptors was significantly greater for E2 and E3 (46.5 +/- 3.2% and 43.6 +/- 1.8%) compared to E1 (34.0 +/- 0.9%). Superfusions of uteri with either E2 or E3 at 10(-9) M or 10(-8) M resulted in a significantly greater percent of nuclear receptors compared to equimolar infusions of E1. When uteri were superfused with E1 at 5 x 10(-10), 10(-9) or 10(-8) M or with E3 at 5 x 10(-10) or 10(-9) M in HSA or HP the percent of nuclear receptors was not different compared to the respective infusion of equimolar concentrations of E1 or E3 in KR. However, superfusions of E2 5 x 10(-10), 10(-9) or 10(-8) M in HSA or HP resulted in a significant decrease in the percent nuclear receptors compared to the percent after equimolar superfusions of E2 in KR. Superfusions of E2 in HSA or HP resulted in the same percent of receptors in the nucleus. The percent of receptors in the nucleus increased with increasing concentrations of E2, but at each concentration the percent of receptors was the same with HA as with HP. Using the percent of nuclear receptors as an index of biological activity, E1 has less activity than either E2 or E3. Interaction with serum proteins does not modulate the activities of either E1 or E3, except at the concentration of 10(-8) M for E3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of serum proteins on estrogen-mediated receptor translocation in the superfused rat uterus. 369 19

A simple and reliable radioimmunoassay for the determination of 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol in peripheral plasma and in breast cyst fluid, after a chromatography on Celite microcolumn has been described and evaluated. The antiserum used was raised in rabbits injected with dehydroepiandrosterone-15 alpha-(O-carboxymethyl)-bovine serum albumin. In men below 40 years of age the levels ranged from 0.85 to 2.80 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM: 1.52 +/- 0.11; n = 24) and from 0.50 to 2.20 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM: 0.93 +/- 0.09; n = 20) in men aged between 41 and 62 years. The mean level was significantly different (P less than 0.001) between the 2 groups. A significant correlation (r = -0.56; P less than 0.01) was demonstrated between age and all male levels. In females the mean plasma level was in the follicular phase: 0.81 +/- 0.07 ng/ml (range: 0.40-1.50; n = 17; age: 19-41 years) and in the luteal phase: 0.83 +/- 0.05 ng/ml (range: 0.40-1.30; n = 29; age: 18-43 years). No cyclical change and no correlation with age could be evidenced. A significant difference (P less than 0.001) was shown between females and the young male group. In breast cyst fluid the levels ranged from 0.05 to 13.70 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM: 2.36 +/- 0.86; n = 20) whereas the sulfate concentrations ranged from 75 to 7500 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM: 1891 +/- 565; n = 15), thus demonstrating very wide inter-individual variations.
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PMID:Radioimmunoassay of 5-androstene-3 beta,17 beta-diol in plasma and in breast cyst fluid. 370 61

We investigated the influence of human milk protein and medium-chain triglyceride supplementations of human milk feedings on the growth of very low birth weight infants during their first weeks of life. A group of 44 preterm infants with birth weights of less than 1,520 g and a mean gestational age of 30.3 weeks was randomly divided into four groups to receive plain human milk or human milk supplemented with human milk protein (0.9 g/dL), with medium-chain triglycerides (1 g/dL), or with both. The medium-chain triglyceride oil supplementation did not influence the growth of these infants. The infants given supplementary protein gained weight faster during weeks 4 to 6 than those without (18.5 +/- 0.7 v 15.1 +/- 0.6 g/kg/d; mean +/- SEM; P = .001). After 4 weeks of age the infants given supplementary protein had a mean weight gain equal to the mean intrauterine rate, in contrast to the infants of the other groups, who grew more slowly until age 6 weeks. Furthermore, we found a correlation between serum albumin concentration and weight gain during the seventh week of life (P = .018). The length growth velocity for the infants with protein supplementation was 0.99 +/- 0.06 cm/wk (mean +/- SEM) and for those without 0.83 +/- 0.05 cm/wk (P = .043). There was no difference in growth of head circumference between the groups. We conclude that human milk protein supplementation improves the growth of small premature infants fed human milk, and that the protein concentration of bank milk is insufficient for their adequate growth.
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PMID:Supplementation with human milk protein improves growth of small premature infants fed human milk. 370 32


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