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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
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Ingestion of larval nematodes (family: Anisakidae) can cause the human disease known as anisakiasis. After ingestion, Anisakis larvae can be invasive, penetrating host stomach or intestinal wall. Observation of larvae penetrating the tissue layers of human stomach in vitro by SEM showed tunnels and burrows were formed in the mucosa and submucosa. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that secreted proteases may be involved in the degradation of host tissue macromolecules to allow tunnel formation. Using a model of connective tissue extracellular matrix (ECM), we found that as few as 5 Anisakis simplex larvae could degrade approximately 25% of the ECM in a 16-mm culture well in 24 hr. Further characterization of the secreted proteases using synthetic peptide substrates and inhibitors revealed that there were 2 classes of proteases present: a metallo aminopeptidase and a trypsinlike serine protease. Extracts of Anisakis larvae contained a 25-kDa protease that was recognized by rabbit anti-rat trypsin antibody on western blots. This suggests that there is structural as well as functional similarity between the Anisakis trypsin and vertebrate trypsins.
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PMID:Identification of the secreted neutral proteases from Anisakis simplex. 221 5

Anisakid larvae were found from the liver and stomach of the codfish (Notothenia neglecta) caught from the Antarctic Ocean, South Pole, where the Polar Research Center of The Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute is operating. Through observations by scanning electron (SEM) and light microscopy (LM), they were identified as the third stage larvae of Pseudoterranova decipiens, a potential agent of human codworm anisakiasis. They measured 25.0-28.5 mm in length, and 0.6-0.8 mm in width. The SEM revealed a prominent boring tooth, three lips, and excretory pore at the anterior end, and a small but prominent mucron at the posterior end. From whole mounts and cross sections of the larvae the ventriculus, intestinal cecum and a Renette cell were found characteristically at the same plane. Raw eating of the codfish caught from the Antarctic Ocean near the South Pole should be avoided so as to prevent human codworm anisakiasis in this area.
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PMID:Recovery of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Anisakidae) larvae from codfish of the Antarctic Ocean. 852 31

One out of 45 (2.2%) Orange-spotted trevally, Carangoides bayad (Carangidae), collected off the coast of Egypt in the Red Sea was naturally infected with juveniles of a species of Anisakis (Anisakidae). Most of the juveniles were found free in the body cavity and unencapsulated on the surface of the liver. The morphology of juveniles was studied using both light microscopy and SEM. The anterior extremity of larvae had a circle of 4 papillae; the characteristic boring tooth, and lateral amphids arranged around a triangular mouth; a cylindrical, esophagus that is light colored with muscular and ven-tricular portions; colorless excretory canals; excretory pore situated just behind the boring tooth. The cuticular surface of the entire body except the cephalic region was striated with discontinuous, undulating longitudinal bands and transverse striations. The posterior extremity was rounded with a distinct mucron. The external morphological features of the juveniles were compared to the previous described genera and species in family Anisakidae harboring the Red Sea fishes.
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PMID:Studies on the juveniles of a species of Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the orangespotted trevally, Carangoides bayad (Carangidae), from the Red Sea, Egypt. 1838 5

Cetaceans are definitive hosts of anisakid nematodes known to cause human anisakidosis. Despite the reported strandings of different cetaceans in the Philippines, studies on anisakids from these definitive hosts are limited. Here, the morphologically and molecularly identified anisakid species, specifically those of the genus Anisakis Dujardin, 1845 in stranded Pygmy Sperm Whale Kogia breviceps Blainville, 1838 in the west Pacific region off Philippine waters are presented. Morphological data using SEM and LM revealed multi-infections with different Anisakis species belonging to Anisakis type I and type II groups. Molecularly, PCR-RFLP on the ITS rDNA and sequence data analyses of both ITS rDNA and mtDNA cox2 regions identified those from Anisakis type I group as A. typica (Diesing, 1860), whereas those from type II group as A. brevispiculata Dollfus, 1968, and A. paggiae Mattiucci et al. (Syst Parasitol 61:157-171, 2005). This is the first record of Anisakis infection from this host stranded in the west Pacific region off the coast of Philippine waters and new geographical record for A. paggiae.
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PMID:Anisakis Dujardin, 1845 infection (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Pygmy Sperm Whale Kogia breviceps Blainville, 1838 from west Pacific region off the coast of Philippine archipelago. 2730 Jul 4

The third stage larvae (L3) of Anisakis typica were detected in 2 species of threadfin bream, Nemipterus hexodon and N. japonicus, from the Gulf of Thailand, and were morphologically and molecularly characterized. Total 100 threadfin breams, 50 Nemipterus hexodon and 50 N. japonicus, were examined with naked eyes after the opening of abdominal cavity with scissors. Almost all infected larvae remained alive and active even the fish were transported for 1-2 days. Anisakid larvae were exclusively distributed in the body cavity and rarely in the liver. The prevalence of A. typica L3 were 68.0% and 60.0% in N. hexodon and N. japonicus and their infection intensities were 3.5 and 4.2 per fish infected each. Morphological and morphometric analysis were performed by viewing specimens under both a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Interestingly, the protruded mucron of Anisakis typica under SEM showed a distinct cylindrical shape that differed from the cone shape of A. simplex. The protruded mucron could be used to identify A. typica L3 larvae in the future. A comparison of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA nucleotide sequences of these species revealed high blast scores with A. typica. Conclusively, it was confirmed that A. typica L3 are prevalent in threadfin breams from the Gulf of Thailand, and their morphological and molecular characters are something different from those of other anisakid larvae, including A. simplex and A. pegreffii.
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PMID:Morphological and Molecular Characteristics of Anisakis typica Larvae in Two Species of Threadfin Bream, Nemipterus hexodon and N. japonicus, from the Gulf of Thailand. 3214 23