Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The impact of malnutrition on peptide and amino acid absorption has been studied in the immediate postweaning period. At this time peptide uptake is quantitatively more important than amino acid uptake and the vulnerability of the infant to malnutrition is great. Everted rings of rat jejunum were used to investigate the uptake of the peptide glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar) and the amino acid L-leucine. The animals had been weaned on to isocaloric diets containing 18% or 4% protein. The rats deprived of protein at this age showed a marked growth disturbance with considerable reduction in gut length in addition to poor weight gain. Mediated influx of Gly-Sar and leucine per centimeter of jejunum was reduced in the malnourished animals: Vmax, 77 +/- 7.1 (SEM) and 65 +/- 3.6 compared with 85 +/- 10.6 and 77 +/- 4.4 nmol . min-1 . cm-1., respectively. But, when expressed in relation to body weight, the maximal transport capacity showed a marked increase with malnutrition, values being 126 and 111 nmol-1 . cm-1 . 100 g-1 body weight compared with 39 and 35 nmol-1 . cm-1 . 100 g-1 body weight for Gly-Sar and leucine respectively.
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PMID:Kinetics of uptake of L-leucine and glycylsarcosine into normal and protein malnourished young rat jejunum. 642 21

This investigation intended to clarify the effects of malnutrition in utero on enzymes of glycerol metabolism and the stores of phosphorylated glycerol intermediates in liver, striated muscle, and brain in the rat. Pregnant Wistar rats were restricted to an intake of 50% (M) of ad libitum fed controls (C) from the seventh day of gestation onward. Fetuses were removed 2 days (-2), or 1 day (-1), before term, or at the day of birth (DOB) The M fetuses and newborn rats were stunted. Their hepatic alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase (GPO) levels were lower than those of C in utero (mean +/- SEM: M = 23.1 +/- 1.5, 15.8 +/- 1.1, and 31.6 +/- 4.5; C = 34.8 +/- 4.9, 39.8 +/- 7.0, and 23.6 +/- 5.0 nmol/min X cm at -2, -1, and DOB, respectively; F = 7.29 [1,57], P less than .01). In muscle, this enzyme, as well as liver and brain alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), alpha-glycerophosphate (GP), and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), only varied with the developmental stage. Although the latter was a significant differential factor in all the determinations, maternal diet only affected brain DHAP stores (M = 1.85 +/- 0.36, 1.03 +/- 0.16, 0.74 +/- 0.10; C = 2.33 +/- 0.46, 1.87 +/- 0.21, 1.13 +/- 0.18 mumol/g at -2, -1, and DOB, respectively; F = 9.03 [1,53], P less than .01). These findings support the contention that intrauterine malnutrition can alter normal ontogenesis of glycerol metabolism enzymes in certain organs and become a negative factor disturbing normal gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, with potential disruption of energy homeostasis immediately after birth.
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PMID:Intrauterine malnutrition in the rat: alterations of fetal glycerol metabolism. 665 62

In 10 patients with active gastroenterological disease and protein-malnutrition (weight: 77.3 +/- 2.6 (mean +/- SEM) percent of ideal body weight, serum-albumin levels: 2.59 +/- 0.17 mg/100 ml) a randomized crossover study was performed to assess the effects of two energy:nitrogen ratios on body cell replenishment. After at least 3 days for equilibration, the total parenteral nutrition (TPN) study carried out with 354 +/- 5 mg of casein hydrolysate-nitrogen/kg/day, divided in two 7-day periods during which two nonprotein calorie supplies of 47 +/- 1 kcal/kg/day and 81 +/- 4 kcal/kg/day were given. The same 50 +/- 5% dextrose and fat emulsion energy sources were used in the two periods. Nitrogen (Kjeldahl method) and potassium retention, and weight and serum albumin concentration gains were all significantly better (Student t test) during the hypercaloric regimen than during the normocaloric regimen. In the 10 patients, the protein-sparing effect of nonprotein calories "added" during the hypercaloric regimen was demonstrated and represented 17% of the constant infused nitrogen. The more catabolic patient was prior to TPN, the more energy-dependent was the protein-sparing effect observed (r = +0.638). Preliminary data obtained with 3-methylhistidine urine determination suggests that the protein-sparing effect of "added" calories was due to an increased protein synthesis. Finally, body cell replenishment was better with the higher 230 +/- 6 energy:nitrogen ratio than with the lower 132 +/- 4 energy:nitrogen ratio, which suggests that the hypercaloric TPN regimen was useful in such patients.
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PMID:Effects of two energy: nitrogen ratios in patients with gastroenterological disease and malnutrition. 677 8

Urinary free and total carnitine excretions were measured in 41 normal adults and seven surgical patients on fat-free total parenteral nutrition for 8 to 45 days. The means (+/-SEM) of urinary free and total carnitine excretion in normal adults were 162 +/- 19 and 328 +/- 28 micrometers/days, respectively. All of the patients exhibited protein-calorie malnutrition with a mean carnitine intake of 11.6 +/- 1.5 micrometers/day. Under this stringent carnitine economy with the adequate supply of lysine and methionine, urinary total carnitine excretion significantly reduced to 127 to 162 micrometers/day. This probably reflects the carnitine biosynthetic rate. However, during the periods of operation and/or infection, urinary total carnitine excretion significantly increased 2- to 7-fold that of normal levels. Significant positive correlation was found between the two forms of urinary carnitine and total nitrogen excretions. Serum free and total carnitine levels in patients were significantly higher than normal adults. Such findings can be explained by the endocrine responses to the stress phenomenon and indicate a catabolic response of skeletal muscle in which most of the body carnitine resides. This can impair their carnitine status.
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PMID:Urinary carnitine excretion in surgical patients on total parenteral nutrition. 680 Dec 84

Skeletal muscle function was studied in 10 malnourished patients with various gastrointestinal disorders and in 22 normal subjects. The function of the adductor pollicis muscle was assessed by electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve. The objective parameters of muscle function measured were: 1) Force of contraction expressed as a percentage of the maximal force obtained with electrical stimulation at 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100 Hz. 2) Maximal relaxation rate expressed as percentage force loss/!10 ms. 3) Endurance expressed as percentage force loss/30 s. The force of contraction at 10 Hz was higher in malnourished patients compared with normal subjects, with a mean +/- SEM (n) of 43.0 +/- 4.2% (n = 10) and 28.8 +/- 1.2% (n = 22), respectively, (p less than 0.001). The maximal relaxation rate was slower in patients compared with normals with a mean +/- SEM (n) of 7.2 +/- 0.4% (n = 9) ad 9.6 +/- 0.2% (n = 22), respectively, (p less than 0.001). Muscle endurance testing showed an increased force loss with prolonged tetanic stimulation in patients compared with normals, with a mean +/- SEM (n) of 29.1 +/- 4.0% (n = 7) and 3.5 +/- 0.8% (n = 22), respectively, (p less than 0.001). Four patients were restudied after a 4-wk period of total parenteral nutrition, with a significant improvement in muscle function parameters. Malnutrition results in both increased muscle fatiguability and an altered pattern of muscle contraction and relaxation which are reversible by nutritional supplementation. This technique promises to be valuable in assessing the functional effects of malnutrition and the response to nutritional support.
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PMID:Skeletal muscle function in malnutrition. 681 9

Immunologic studies were performed in ten iron-deficient children, aged 12 to 30 months, before and after iron replacement. Chronic infection, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiency were excluded. Mean hemoglobin levels went from 8.2 +/- 0.2 (SEM) to 12.3 +/- 0.3 g/dL after iron replacement. Mean T-cell percentage increased from 50% +/- 3.0% to 58% +/- 3.7%. Absolute numbers of T cells were unchanged. Three children converted negative in vitro proliferative responses to Candida or tetanus antigen. Mean stimulation indexes increased for Candida (6.8 +/- 1.7 to 17.9 +/- 6.7) and tetanus (19.5 +/- 6.0 to 31.7 +/- 8.5). Nine of 16 delayed hypersensitivity skin tests were positive before and ten of ten were positive after iron therapy. The IgG and IgA levels did not change significantly, but IgM levels decreased from 181 +/- 13 to 128 +/- 5 mg/dL. We conclude that T-cell immunity is slightly impaired in pure iron deficiency and that these subtle defects can be corrected with oral iron replacement.
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PMID:Immune function in pure iron deficiency. 698 45

To investigate nutritional growth retardation and the adaptive response to malnutrition in cystic fibrosis (CF), body composition and muscle protein catabolism were studied in nine malnourished CF children and eight healthy controls by anthropometry, measurement of whole body potassium, urinary creatinine excretion, creatinine height index, and urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion, an index of myofibrillar protein catabolism. CF children had a significant deficit of body mass (p less than 0.001), derived from both the body fat and the fat-free compartments, including a deficit in muscle mass (p less than 0.005). A deficit of muscle mass in CF was also reflected by a lower creatinine height index (mean +/- 1 SEM = 0.66 +/- 0.04 in CF, versus 0.85 +/- 0.5 in controls, p less than 0.02). Urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion was elevated in CF children and the mean (+/- 1 SEM) rate of muscle protein catabolism was 0.82 +/- 0.06 versus 0.53 +/- 0.04 kg-1 24 h-1 in CF and controls, respectively (p less than 0.01). 3-Methylhistidine excretion rates did not correlate with severity of disease as assessed by clinical score. We conclude that nutritional growth retardation in CF is characterized by a protein energy deficit resembling that of protein-energy malnutrition, but that in contrast to the normal adaptive response to protein-energy malnutrition, muscle protein catabolism is markedly increased. These data may have important implications regarding the clinical course and prognosis of CF and the design of optimal therapy.
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PMID:Altered body composition and muscle protein degradation in nutritionally growth-retarded children with cystic fibrosis. 711 55

The enzyme glyoxalase I (Glyox I) is involved in metabolic detoxification, and requires glutathione (GSH) as a cofactor. Given the low concentration of whole blood GSH in children with oedematous malnutrition, it is possible that the function of this pathway may be compromised in these children. Glyox I activity was therefore assayed in erythrocytes taken from 133 severely malnourished children and 21 age-matched controls. The mean values (+/- SEM) for the marasmic group (Marasmus: 105 +/- 4/u/gm Hb) and the group with kwashiorkor (Kwash: 103 +/- 4/u/gm Hb) were not significantly different from controls (Cont: 104 +/- 2 u/gm Hb). In the group with marasmic-kwashiorkor (M-K: 88 +/- 4 u/g Hb) Glyox I activity was significantly lower than in controls (p < 0.005), as well as in children with Marasmus (p < 0.005), and kwashiorkor (p < 0.05). Enzyme activity was lower than normal in 45% of the MK group. Seven children died subsequent to admission; in five cases Glyox I activities were exceedingly low. There was a weak positive correlation between Glyox I activity and whole blood levels of GSH (r = 0.215). We conclude that Glyox I activity is relatively unaffected in malnutrition, except in those with M-K and especially those who do not survive the acutely malnourished state.
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PMID:Glyoxalase I activity in erythrocytes from severely malnourished children. 779 9

Renal patients are prone to malnutrition. This is of particular concern in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis because of the loss of protein in the dialysate. Data comparing the adequacy of continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are few. To compare nutritional status and dialysis adequacy, 32 patients were studied (19 CAPD, 13 CCPD). Weight change, dietary intake, degree of edema, and laboratory parameters (hemoglobin, albumin, urea, creatinine) were assessed. Dialysis efficiency was compared using urea and creatinine kinetics [KT/V(urea), normalized protein catabolic rate (PCRN), efficacy number, weekly creatinine clearance]. Age was similar in each group [CAPD 56.5 years (34-75 years); CCPD 53.5 years (14-76 years)]. There were no significant differences in hemoglobin, albumin [29 +/- 1.3 g/L CAPD; 32 +/- 1.5 g/L CCPD (mean +/- SEM)], urea, or creatinine between groups, nor in KT/V (1.72 +/- 0.15 CAPD; 1.93 +/- 0.17 CCPD) and PCRN (0.79 +/- 0.05 CAPD; 0.97 +/- 0.08 CCPD). The efficacy number was significantly higher in the CCPD patients (6.95 +/- 0.66 CAPD; 9.93 +/- 1.3 CCPD; p = 0.03). This study indicates that the nutritional status of CCPD patients at our center was similar to that of CAPD patients. Adequacy of dialysis was also similar in CCPD patients as compared with CAPD patients.
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PMID:Nutritional status and efficiency of dialysis in CAPD and CCPD patients. 810 68

Malnutrition and low serum albumin values predict increased mortality in uremic patients. Infrared interactance represents a novel approach to the estimation of body composition. We have examined total body fat, body water and fat-free weight in our male haemodialysis (n = 24) and peritoneal dialysis (n = 17) patients. There were no differences between the groups in a cross-sectional study. A longitudinal study showed a significant increase of total body fat (%) in the peritoneal dialysis patients after five months (mean values +/- SEM) (from 19.8 +/- 2.3 to 22.6 +/- 2.4, p < 0.05), and a significant decrease of body water (%) (from 59.9 +/- 1.5 to 58.2 +/- 1.6, p < 0.05). The difference in total body fat between the haemodialysis (n = 14) and peritoneal dialysis (n = 10) groups reached statistical significance (16.5 +/- 1.7 versus 22.6 +/- 2.4, p < 0.05). No difference was found in serum albumin. Infrared interactance has the capacity to characterize time-dependent differential changes of body composition in various dialysis modalities. Further studies are needed to describe the validity of the method for identification of patients with increasing malnutrition.
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PMID:[Estimation of body composition in patients on dialysis by means of near-infrared interaction ]. 833 49


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