Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) induces different morphological changes in different cell lines. This is demonstrated by comparative scanning (SEM and transmission (TEM) electron microscopic investigations of cell cultures prepared under identical conditions. SEM of HSV-1 infected HEp-2 cells reveals a slightly altered cell surface: only the number of the microvilli is reduced. Large amounts of released virions are detectable adhering to the outer plasma membrane. Ultra-thin sections show typical virus maturation steps in the nuclei (formation of nucleocapsids and virus budding from the inner lamella of the nuclear membrane) and in the cytoplasm (egress of enveloped nucleocapsids through membranous structures). HSV-infected primary chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells are characterized by crumpled and rough surfaces without virus particles adhering to the membrane. Ultra-thin sections exhibit atypical virus maturation with many unenveloped nucleocapsids within the cytoplasm. The distribution of HSV-induced antigen(s) on the surface of the infected cells is identical in the two cell systems as determined by the peroxidase labelling technique. The c.p.e. (as seen by phase contrast light microscopy) is similar in both HEp-2 and CEF cells: both fusion and rounding up is induced in the infected cells.
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PMID:Differences in the morphology of herpes simplex virus infected cells: I. Comparative scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies on HSV-1 infected HEp-2 and chick embryo fibroblast cells. 23 Feb 92

The penetration of ampicillin into middle ear effusions after oral administration of 800 mg bacampicillin to patients with acute otitis media was studied and compared with the serum levels. One hour after administration a mean (+/- SEM) concentration of 2.4 +/- 0.4 micrograms/ml ampicillin was found in the effusions and the mean serum level was 7.7 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml. After twelve hours a mean concentration of 0.6 +/- 0.2 micrograms/ml was found in the middle ear effusions and 0.1 +/- 0.03 micrograms/ml in the serum. The high concentration of ampicillin in middle ear effusions after twelve hours suggests that a twice daily dosage of bacampicillin should be given in acute otitis media.
Infection 1979
PMID:Ampicillin concentrations in middle ear effusions in acute otitis media after administration of bacampicillin. 51 60

The penetration of ampicillin into sinus mucosa and secretion after oral bacampicillin was studied in 30 patients subjected to radical maxillary sinus surgery. Bacampicillin in a dose of 1200 mg was administered orally before the operation and the concentrations in serum, sinus mucosa and secretion were assayed. The mean serum concentration (+/- SEM) reached its maximum of 13.4 +/- 1.2 micrograms/ml in about one hour. The mean concentrations in the secretion and mucosa after two to five hours were 1.6 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml and 1.6 +/- 0.4 micrograms/ml respectively. The clinical course of the patients was mostly uneventful. Adverse effects probably caused by the drug were found in two cases.
Infection 1979
PMID:A pharmacokinetic study of bacampicillin in patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis. 51 61

The pharmacokinetic properties of rufloxacin, a new quinolone antibacterial agent, were evaluated in ten patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Patients were given 400 mg of rufloxacin once a day for seven to nine days. Plasma concentrations of the drug were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and bioassay at regular intervals during treatment. After the first administration, maximal plasma concentrations were 3.17 +/- 0.36 mg/l (mean +/- SEM) and were reached at 4.2 +/- 0.7 h. At the end of treatment peak plasma concentrations increased to 7.26 +/- 0.52 mg/l. Elimination half-life was 38.2 +/- 2.9 h, with a mean extent of accumulation of 2.96 +/- 0.30. Treatment was well tolerated, with no abnormalities noted during routine laboratory examinations. Two days after the last administration, measurable levels of rufloxacin were still observed in plasma, indicating that the long half-life of rufloxacin assures valuable antibacterial activity even after discontinuation of treatment.
Infection
PMID:Pharmacokinetics of rufloxacin once daily in patients with lower respiratory tract infections. 131 13

The normal flora of the intestinal tract, mainly consisting of anaerobic bacteria, protects the host against colonization by pathogenic microorganisms. Antimicrobial treatment with ceftriaxone may influence the colonic microflora and as a consequence, the protective effect. Ten healthy volunteers received 1 g of ceftriaxone intramuscularly for five days. This resulted in a significant decrease (p less than 0.05) of the mean cultural counts (+/- SEM) of total anaerobes from 10.67 (0.11) (prior to treatment) to 9.02 (0.45) and 8.97 (0.46) at days 3 and 5, respectively (during treatment). After treatment (days 10 and 15-19), the cultural counts of anaerobes returned to 10.17 (0.16) and 10.44 (0.18), respectively. Bacterial enzymes may serve as an indicator of protective microflora. beta- aspartylpeptidase and deoxycholate hydrolase activity was determined in faecal supernatants of the volunteers and compared with anaerobic culturing. Both enzymatic activities show a significant correlation with the total number of anaerobes present at day 3 of deftriaxone treatment. At day 5 and 8 only beta-aspartylpeptidase showed significant correlations with cultural counts of total anaerobes, Bacteroides spp. or bifidobacteria. At day 15 to 19 (ten to 14 days after treatment) beta-aspartylpeptidase showed only a significant correlation with the number of Bacteroides spp. This indicates that changes in the indigenous bacterial flora during and shortly after treatment with ceftriaxone can be monitored by determination of beta-aspartylpeptidase. Recovery of the intestinal flora is difficult to assess in this manner.
Infection
PMID:The effect of ceftriaxone on the anaerobic bacterial flora and the bacterial enzymatic activity in the intestinal tract. 180 Mar 69

Follow-up studies on 56 patients who suffered from antibiotically untreated, acute, monophasic neuroborreliosis five to 23 years ago revealed significant positive levels of IgG antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 20 patients (IFT, ELISA, Bb-specific IgG Western blot, Bb-specific IEF-IgG immunoblot). Nine of 10 tested patients had a definitely positive T-cell proliferative response to whole B. burgdorferi, with a mean (+/- -SEM) stimulation index of 7.2 +/- 1.8. Because the patients studied exhibited no, or only mild to medium sequelae without any evidence of a chronic-progressive disease, we interpret the long-term persistence of specific T- and B-lymphocyte responses to B. burgdorferi as an "immunological scar syndrome". Finally, diagnostic criteria of active neuroborreliosis are proposed.
Infection
PMID:Long-term persistence of specific T- and B-lymphocyte responses to Borrelia burgdorferi following untreated neuroborreliosis. 227 18

Ten Holstein cows were fed a selenium-deficient (SeD) diet containing 0.04 mg of Se/kg of dry matter for 3 months before and throughout their first lactation. A selenium-supplemented (SeS) group of 10 cows was fed an additional 2 mg of Se/head/d to increase dietary Se concentration of the dry matter to approximately 0.14 mg/kg of body weight. An intracisternal challenge exposure of 40 to 60 colony-forming units (CFU) of Staphylococcus aureus was administered into 1 or 2 quarters of the udder of each trial cow at about the twenty-second week of lactation. Blood Se concentration (micrograms/ml +/- SEM) at the time of challenge exposure was 0.035 +/- 0.002 in SeD and 0.139 +/- 0.006 in SeS cows. Infections were established in 14/16 of the challenge-exposed quarters in SeD and 16/19 of the challenge-exposed quarters in SeS cows. The infection in 1 quarter of each Se group cleared without treatment by the end of the 8-week trial period. Log10 peak bacterial concentrations in milk from infected SeD quarters (5.04 +/- 0.25 CFU/ml) were higher (P less than 0.05) than those of infected SeS quarters (4.40 +/- 0.12 CFU/ml). Log10 peak somatic cell count (SCC) in milk from infected SeD quarters (7.18 +/- 0.08 cells/ml) did not differ from that of SeS quarters (7.17 +/- 0.05 cells/ml). Peak bacterial concentrations were attained sooner (P less than 0.05) in SeD quarters (9.5 +/- 4.0 days) than in SeS quarters (20.7 +/- 3.1 days). Similarly, peak SCC were reached earlier (P less than 0.05) in SeD (4.3 +/- 1.1 days) than in SeS quarters (13.3 +/- 3.8 days).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in selenium-deficient and selenium-supplemented dairy cows. 238 87

Ten Holstein heifers were fed a selenium-deficient (SeD) diet (0.04 mg of Se/kg on a total ration dry-matter basis) 3 months before calving and throughout their first lactation. A selenium-supplemented (SeS) diet (2 mg of Se/head/d) was fed to a group of 10 heifers. In about the 14th week of lactation, the cows were challenge-exposed to Escherichia coli by administering 15 to 40 colony-forming units (CFU) into 1 mammary gland. Selenium concentration (microgram/ml) in blood around the time of challenge exposure was 0.033 +/- 0.002 (mean +/- SEM) in SeD and 0.132 +/- 0.006 in SeS cows. Infections were established in all challenge-exposed quarters. The frequency of quarter atrophy and agalactia, and reduction in whole-udder milk yield in the first 4 days after challenge exposure, were greater (P less than 0.05) in the SeD cows. Log10 peak bacterial concentrations in milk were higher (P less than 0.05) in SeD (7.63 +/- 0.34 CFU/ml) than in SeS cows (5.57 +/- 0.66 CFU/ml). Mean log bacterial concentration was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) from 12 to 20 hours after challenge exposure in SeD than in SeS cows. Duration of infection was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in SeD (162.0 +/- 12.0) than in SeS cows (114.4 +/- 18.0 hours). Milk somatic cell counts increased significantly more slowly (P less than 0.05) in SeD than in SeS cows from 8 to 16 hours after challenge exposure. Ratios of milk somatic cells to bacteria in milk were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in SeD than in SeS cows at 12 and 16 hours after challenge exposure.
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PMID:Induction of Escherichia coli mastitis in cows fed selenium-deficient or selenium-supplemented diets. 255 2

Infections in the immunocompromised host are difficult to treat. The local and systemic effect of penicillin therapy, supplemented by immunoglobulins, and pentoxifylline on wounds infected by Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated in mice irradiated with 6.5 Gy 60Co gamma-rays. Three days after irradiation a suspension of S. aureus was inoculated subcutaneously over the gluteus muscle of anesthetized mice. The skin and the muscle were incised at the site of the inoculation. Treatment with 62.5 mg/kg penicillin-G was administered for 10 days. Numbers of bacteria per mg muscle and presence of organisms in spleens and livers were determined. Numbers of bacteria were significantly reduced from 7.3 (+/- 0.3) to 5.3 (+/- 0.4) log10 CFU/mg (+/- SEM) muscle in treated animals. Administration of immunoglobulin G i.v. or pentoxifylline i.p. alone, or in addition to penicillin-G, did not further reduce the number of bacteria. Increase in the dose of penicillin to 250 mg/kg decreased the number of bacteria more than 62.5 mg/kg. Bacteria were recovered from spleens and/or livers of all 13 untreated mice, and only in six of the 13 penicillin-treated mice (P less than 0.05). Penicillin therapy reduced the systemic spread of S. aureus. The model provides a means to evaluate regimens for treatment of bacterial wound infections in irradiated animals. The data illustrated the ability of antimicrobial agents to contain but not cure the infection in the immunocompromised host, and the lack of efficacy of immunoglobulins in neutropenic mice.
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PMID:Treatment of wound sepsis in irradiated mice. 256 11

The polycation protamine sulfate was compared to polybrene, the usual agent employed, for its ability to increase the efficiency of retroviral infection. The murine retroviral vector SAX, which contains the neoR gene and the human adenosine deaminase (ADA) cDNA, was used as a marker of cell infection. SAX viral supernate was titered on NIH 3T3 cells in varying concentrations of polycation. The highest infection efficiency for protamine was seen at 5 micrograms/ml and was 7-fold greater than infections performed in the absence of polycation. Infection efficiency using protamine averaged 92% +/- 11 (SEM) of the highest efficiency obtained with polybrene. Total ADA activity attained when human-ADA deficient T cells were exposed to SAX supernate in the presence of protamine was 83% of that attained with polybrene. The infection rate of mouse bone marrow early progenitor cells (CFU-S) was similar with each polycation. In summary, for supernate infections, concentrations of 5-10 micrograms/ml of protamine provided essentially the same infection efficiency as polybrene with low toxicity on a range of cell types. Since protamine is approved for human use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration it provides an effective alternative to polybrene when developing human gene therapy protocols.
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PMID:Protamine sulfate as an effective alternative to polybrene in retroviral-mediated gene-transfer: implications for human gene therapy. 278


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