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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rats from the H-Tx strain develop hydrocephalus through a developmental obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct. The progressive ventriculomegally is accompanied by thinning of the cerebral cortex which is already present 10 days after birth. However, a previous study found that the CSF pressure was not significantly raised until 21 days after birth. New experiments have now been performed over a 90 min. period using control and hydrocephalic 10-day-old rats under light pentobarbitone anaesthesia, in order to study the level, time-course and morphology of the resting intraventricular pressure. The mean pressure and its fluctuations were calculated for each minute. Control rats had a mean pressure of 19.3 +/- 1.23 (SEM) mm H2O (n = 9, range: 13.6-24.7) and in hydrocephalic rats, pressure was significantly higher at 23.5 +/- 1.13 mm H2O (n = 9, range: 18.1-28.3). There was no consistent trend with time and no significant difference between groups in pressure fluctuations, but at least two of the hydrocephalic rats showed episodic waves similar to "B"-waves in humans.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in 10-day-old rats with congenital hydrocephalus. 180 75

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which was discovered from rat atria, has been implicated in the regulation of systemic water and electrolyte balances. Recently, ANP and that specific receptor was identified in rat brain. These observations suggest the additional central effect of ANP. In this study, the effect of ANP on the intracranial pressure, brain water content and brain sodium concentration was studied with congenital hydrocephalus rats (HTX strain). This strain of rat has a high incidence of congenital hydrocephalus (50%), and the survival period of hydrocephalic rat was 4-5 weeks. Using this hydrocephalic HTX rats, the intracranial pressure was measured through the fine needle of 26 gauge which was placed in the ventricle stereotaxically. The water content was measured by dry-weight method. The brain tissue sodium concentration was measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Shimazu Corp., AA-670). Because ANP did not pass through the blood-brain barrier, ANP was administered into the cerebral ventricle with direct puncture. Intraventricular administration of 2 micrograms of alpha-hANP decreased the intracranial pressure significantly (p less than 0.01), from 5.25 +/- 0.60 (mean +/- SEM) mmHg to 3.00 +/- 0.35 mmHg (n = 10), from 7.38 +/- 1.13 mmHg to 5.20 +/- 1.32 mmHg (n = 5) after 40 minute in both 21 and 28 days HTX rats, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[The effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on intracranial pressure in a congenital hydrocephalic model]. 214 47

To assess the necessity and feasibility of introducing a home-based palliative care program for children admitted to our neurosurgical unit and diagnosed as being terminally ill, we conducted an analysis of all such patients admitted to our unit over an 18-month period. Of a total of 30 patients, 22 (73.4%) had central nervous system tumors, 6 (20.0%) had myelomeningocele/hydrocephalus, and 2 (6.6%) had arteriovenous malformations. The mean duration +/- SEM of hospitalized days prior to death and the proportion of time spent hospitalized during the terminal phase of illness were 28.8 +/- 4.77 and 0.327 respectively, for the 23 patients who died and on whom adequate data were available. Sixteen (70.6%) of these 23 patients died in hospital. Nine (30.0%) of the total group of patients were studied prospectively during the last 6 months of this study to determine the extent of their symptoms and to ascertain whether it would be feasible for them to be managed at home. The most troublesome symptoms in this subgroup were feeding difficulties, gastrointestinal symptoms, breathing difficulty, and seizures. These symptoms were managed either by (a) medications administered orally or by feeding tube or rectally, or by (b) noninvasive procedures carried out by a nurse under the direction of the admitting neurosurgeon. This study suggests that prolonged hospitalization for children diagnosed as being terminally ill can be avoided by introducing a home-based palliative program with involvement from a nurse and a physician familiar with drug therapy for terminally ill children.
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PMID:Home-based palliative care for children--Part 1: The institution of a program. 233 18

Soluble glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was quantified in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and amniotic fluid. A normal value in lumbar CSF of 4.3 +/- 0.7 ng GFAP/ml (mean +/- SEM) was obtained from 18 non-neurological patients. Increased GFAP concentrations in CSF were found in patients with intracranial tumours or with normal pressure hydrocephalus, while normal values were found in multiple sclerosis patients and in patients with degenerative dementia. In addition, a concentration gradient between ventricular and lumbar CSF was demonstrated, the GFAP content being significantly higher in ventricular than in lumbar samples. Amniotic fluids from normal pregnancies contained 13 +/- 5.5 ng GFAP/ml (N = 117). Increased GFAP concentrations were observed in amniotic fluid from some but not all pregnancies with fetal anencephaly or encephalocele, but not from pregnancies with fetal spina bifida or any of the other fetal malformations investigated. The quantification method was an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay employing a monoclonal antibody specific for GFAP.
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PMID:Quantification of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in human body fluids by means of ELISA employing a monoclonal antibody. 400 33

The pressure-volume index (PVI) technique of bolus manipulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was used to measure neural axis volume-buffering capacity and resistance to the absorption of CSF in 16 hydrocephalic infants prior to shunting. The mean steady-state intracranial pressure (ICP) was 11.7 +/- 5.7 mm Hg (+/- standard deviation (SD], representing a modest elevation of ICP in infants. The mean measured PVI was 28.1 +/- 1.5 ml (+/- standard error of the mean (SEM] compared to the predicted normal level for these infants of 12.1 +/- 2.7 ml (+/- SD) (p less than 0.001). This resulted from an enhanced volume storage capacity in the hydrocephalic infants. The PVI was not related to ventricular size in these hydrocephalic infants. Although absorption of the additional bolus of fluid did not occur at steady-state ICP, it was readily absorbed once ICP was raised above a mean threshold pressure of 16.0 +/- 5.0 mm Hg (+/- SD) in 13 of the 16 infants. Above this pressure, the mean CSF absorption resistance was 7.2 +/- 1.3 mm Hg/ml/min (+/- SEM) which is twice the normal values as measured by the bolus injection technique. The biomechanical profile of infantile hydrocephalus described in this study indicates that two factors are required for progression of ventricular volume. While an absorptive defect may initiate the hydrocephalic process, progressive volume storage requires an alteration in the mechanical properties of the intracranial compartment.
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PMID:Biomechanical and hydrodynamic characterization of the hydrocephalic infant. 400 77

The response of plasma and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin concentration to short-time induced intracranial hypertension was studied in 8 patients with hydrocephalus, defined as ventricular enlargement on computerized tomography. In connection with measurement of conductance to cerebrospinal fluid outflow, the concentration of vasopressin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid was measured during perfusion at a low (less than 10 mmHg) and at a high (greater than 20 mmHg) intraventricular pressure level. Mean plasma vasopressin concentration was increased from 2.4 +/- 0.4 pg/ml (SEM) during perfusion at the low pressure level to 4.2 +/- 0.8 pg/ml (p less than 0.01) at the high pressure level. The cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of vasopressin at the low and high intraventricular pressure were 1.2 +/- 0.1 pg/ml and 1.7 +/- 0.2 pg/ml (p less than 0.05), respectively. However, only half of the patients responded to the increase in intraventricular pressure with an increase in cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin concentration exceeding 50%. The results of the present study suggest that an increase in the intracranial pressure might be a stimulus for vasopressin release in both the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma vasopressin during short-time induced intracranial hypertension. 403 77

The concentration of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured in 12 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) 11 patients with primary degenerative dementia (PDD), 8 patients with various other neurological diseases, and 18 patients without signs of organic nervous disease (controls). Mean CSF GFAP concentration was significantly higher in NPH patients: 96 +/- 23 ng/ml (SEM) when compared with PDD patients: 8.2 +/- 1.9 ng/ml (P less than 0.01), or with controls: 4.3 +/- 0.7 ng/ml (P less than 0.01). Only 2 NPH patients had a GFAP concentration within the range of the control group (2-14 ng GFAP/ml CSF). No significant differences were found between the PDD patients and the control group, or between the group of patients with other neurological diseases and the control group. In addition, a rostro-caudal gradient of GFAP in CSF could be demonstrated. In 6 NPH and 2 PDD patients both ventricular and lumbar CSF samples were investigated. In all cases the ventricular GFAP concentration was higher than the lumbar concentration. The difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Our results suggest that determination of CSF GFAP concentration might be of diagnostic value in discrimination between NPH patients and patients with enlarged ventricles associated with degenerative brain disease.
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PMID:High cerebrospinal fluid concentration of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. 405 22

The present report describes SEM observations on a variety of subjects, such as the walls of cerebral ventricles under pathological circumstances (hydrocephalus) as well as the surface morphology of abnormal cavities like arachnoid cysts and subdural hematomas. In the human specimens with hydrocephalus the changes consisted of degeneration of ependymal cilia, progressing to denudation of the ependyma while rupture of the ependymal layer was also seen. In experimental animals where the hydrocephalus was induced by agents (presumably irritant to the tissue), the presence of reactive supraependymal cells was observed next to the manifestations of ependymal degeneration. With the SEM the wall of arachnoid cysts showed numerous microvilli of stubby appearance with interspersed projections of diverse shape in the individual cases. SEM may aid in the diagnosis of arachnoid cysts, particularly in differentiating them from traumatic leptomeningeal cysts.
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PMID:Some applications of scanning electron microscopy for the study of biopsies in central nervous system pathology. 663 42

In 16 patients with primary degenerative dementia mean CSF vasopressin concentration was lower (0.9 +/- 0.1 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM)) than in 28 control patients (1.3 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SEM)) (p less than 0.01). In 18 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus and potentially reversible dementia mean CSF vasopressin concentration (1.2 pg/ml +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SEM)) was not different from that found in controls. Several of the demented patients had inappropriate plasma vasopressin concentrations suggesting a defect in osmoregulation. These findings encourage further clinical trials of vasopressin in patients with primary degenerative dementia, but it is emphasised that the low CSF vasopressin concentration in these patients might be only a nonspecific phenomenon due to the diffuse loss of cells within the central nervous system.
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PMID:CSF and plasma vasopressin concentrations in dementia. 664 15

The synaptic membrane glycoprotein D2 was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma in 13 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), in 14 patients with primary degenerative dementia of Alzheimer type (PDD), and in 24 patients without evidence of organic nervous disease (controls). Mean CSF D2 concentration was significantly lower in NPH patients: 299 +/- 48 ng/ml (SEM) (P less than 0.001) than in PDD patients: 658 +/- 50 ng/ml (SEM) and in controls 641 +/- 45 ng/ml (SEM). Plasma D2 concentrations were higher in PDD patients compared with those found in controls. Determination of CSF D2 concentrations might be of diagnostic value in discrimination between patients with NPH and PDD patients with enlarged ventricles associated with diffuse brain atrophy.
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PMID:Low cerebrospinal fluid concentration of brain-specific protein D2 in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. 666 78


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